scholarly journals Prevotella Copri Increases Fat Accumulation in Pigs Fed by Formula Diets

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Congying Chen ◽  
Shaoming Fang ◽  
Hong Wei ◽  
Maozhang He ◽  
Hao Fu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Fat Accumulation ◽  
Serum Metabolites ◽  
Formula Diets

Abstract Background: Excessive fat accumulation of pigs is undesirable, as it severely affects economic returns in the modern pig industry. Studies in humans and mice have examined the role of the gut microbiome in host energy metabolism. Commercial Duroc pigs are often fed formula diets with high energy and protein contents. Whether and how the gut microbiome under this type of diet regulates swine fat accumulation is largely unknown.Results: In the present study, we systematically investigated the correlation of gut microbiome with pig lean meat percentage (LMP) in 698 commercial Duroc pigs and found that P. copri was significantly associated with pig fat accumulation. Fat pigs had significantly higher abundance of P. copri in the gut. High abundance of P. copri was correlated with increased concentrations of serum metabolites related to chronic inflammation, e.g., lipopolysaccharides, branched chain amino acids, aromatic amino acids, and the metabolites of arachidonic acid. Host intestinal barrier permeability and chronic inflammation response were increased. A gavage experiment using germ-free mice confirmed that the P. copri isolated from experimental pigs was a causal species increasing host fat accumulation and altering serum metabolites. Colon, adipose tissue, and muscle transcriptomes in gavage mice indicated that P. copri colonization activated host chronic inflammatory responses through the TLR4 and mTOR signaling pathways and significantly upregulated the expression of the genes related to lipogenesis and fat accumulation, but attenuated the genes associated with lipolysis, lipid transport, and muscle growth.Conclusions: Taken together, the results identified and confirmed that P. copri in the gut microbial communities of pigs fed by commercial formula diets results in significantly increased host fat deposition. We propose a possible mechanism of P. copri affecting fat accumulation. The results provide fundamental knowledge for reducing pig fat accumulation through regulating the gut microbial composition.

scholarly journals Prevotella Copri Increases fat Accumulation in Pigs fed by Formula Diets

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Congying Chen ◽  
Shaoming Fang ◽  
Hong Wei ◽  
Maozhang He ◽  
Hao Fu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Arachidonic Acid Metabolism ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Fat Accumulation ◽  
Formula Diets

Abstract Background: Excessive fat accumulation of pigs is undesirable. It severely affects economic return of modern pig industry. Studies in humans and mice have examined the role of the gut microbiome in host energy metabolism. Commercial Duroc pigs are often fed formula diets with high energy and protein. Whether and how the gut microbiome under this type of diets regulates swine fat accumulation is largely unknown.Results: In the present study, we systematically investigated the correlation of gut microbiome with pig lean meat percentage (LMP) in a total of 698 commercial Duroc pigs. We demonstrate that the gut microbiome of fat pigs was dominated by P. copri which occupied 23.53% and 5.76% of relative abundance in average in the discovery and validation cohort, respectively. High abundance of P. copri in the gut resulted in a higher abundance of serum metabolites associated with chronic inflammation, e.g., branched chain amino acids, aromatic amino acids, the metabolites of arachidonic acid metabolism and lipopolysaccharides. Host intestinal barrier permeability and chronic inflammation response were increased. A gavage experiment using germ-free mice confirmed that the P. copri isolated from experimental pigs was a causal species increasing host fat accumulation. Host colon, adipose tissue, and muscle transcriptomes indicated that P. copri colonization significantly upregulated the expression of the genes related to immune and inflammatory responses, lipogenesis, and fat accumulation, but attenuated the genes associated with lipolysis, lipid transport, and muscle growth.Conclusions: Taken together, we identified and confirmed that P. copri in the gut microbial communities of pigs fed by commercial formula diets results in the significantly increased fat deposition of pigs, and proposed a possible mechanism of P. copri affecting fat accumulation. The results provided fundamental knowledges for reducing pig fat accumulation through regulating the gut microbial composition in pig industry.

scholarly journals Prevotella copri increases fat accumulation in pigs fed with formula diets

Microbiome ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Congying Chen ◽  
Shaoming Fang ◽  
Hong Wei ◽  
Maozhang He ◽  
Hao Fu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Mtor Signaling ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Fat Accumulation ◽  
Serum Metabolites ◽  
Formula Diets

Abstract Background Excessive fat accumulation of pigs is undesirable, as it severely affects economic returns in the modern pig industry. Studies in humans and mice have examined the role of the gut microbiome in host energy metabolism. Commercial Duroc pigs are often fed formula diets with high energy and protein contents. Whether and how the gut microbiome under this type of diet regulates swine fat accumulation is largely unknown. Results In the present study, we systematically investigated the correlation of gut microbiome with pig lean meat percentage (LMP) in 698 commercial Duroc pigs and found that Prevotella copri was significantly associated with fat accumulation of pigs. Fat pigs had significantly higher abundance of P. copri in the gut. High abundance of P. copri was correlated with increased concentrations of serum metabolites associated with obesity, e.g., lipopolysaccharides, branched chain amino acids, aromatic amino acids, and the metabolites of arachidonic acid. Host intestinal barrier permeability and chronic inflammation response were increased. A gavage experiment using germ-free mice confirmed that the P. copri isolated from experimental pigs was a causal species increasing host fat accumulation and altering serum metabolites. Colon, adipose tissue, and muscle transcriptomes in P. copri-gavaged mice indicated that P. copri colonization activated host chronic inflammatory responses through the TLR4 and mTOR signaling pathways and significantly upregulated the expression of the genes related to lipogenesis and fat accumulation, but attenuated the genes associated with lipolysis, lipid transport, and muscle growth. Conclusions Taken together, the results proposed that P. copri in the gut microbial communities of pigs fed with commercial formula diets activates host chronic inflammatory responses by the metabolites through the TLR4 and mTOR signaling pathways, and increases host fat deposition significantly. The results provide fundamental knowledge for reducing fat accumulation in pigs through regulating the gut microbial composition.

scholarly journals Gut Microbiome in Psoriasis: An Updated Review

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 463
Author(s):  
Mariusz Sikora ◽  
Albert Stec ◽  
Magdalena Chrabaszcz ◽  
Aleksandra Knot ◽  
Anna Waskiel-Burnat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Beta Diversity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Alpha And Beta Diversity

(1) Background: A growing body of evidence highlights that intestinal dysbiosis is associated with the development of psoriasis. The gut–skin axis is the novel concept of the interaction between skin diseases and microbiome through inflammatory mediators, metabolites and the intestinal barrier. The objective of this study was to synthesize current data on the gut microbial composition in psoriasis. (2) Methods: We conducted a systematic review of studies investigating intestinal microbiome in psoriasis, using the PRISMA checklist. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases for relevant published articles (2000–2020). (3) Results: All of the 10 retrieved studies reported alterations in the gut microbiome in patients with psoriasis. Eight studies assessed alpha- and beta-diversity. Four of them reported a lack of change in alpha-diversity, but all confirmed significant changes in beta-diversity. At the phylum-level, at least two or more studies reported a lower relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, and higher Firmicutes in psoriasis patients versus healthy controls. (4) Conclusions: There is a significant association between alterations in gut microbial composition and psoriasis; however, there is high heterogeneity between studies. More unified methodological standards in large-scale studies are needed to understand microbiota’s contribution to psoriasis pathogenesis and its modulation as a potential therapeutic strategy.

scholarly journals Impairment of Intestinal Barrier Function Induced by Early Weaning via Autophagy and Apoptosis Associated With Gut Microbiome and Metabolites

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenjie Tang ◽  
Jingliang Liu ◽  
Yanfei Ma ◽  
Yusen Wei ◽  
Jianxin Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Clustering Coefficient ◽  
Autophagic Flux ◽  
Early Weaning ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Apoptosis Pathway

Early weaning piglet is frequently accompanied by severe enteric inflammatory responses and microbiota dysbiosis. The links between the gut microbiome and the etiology of gut inflammation are not fully understood. The study is aimed to investigate the potential molecular mechanisms mediating inflammatory reactivity following early weaning, and to find whether these changes are correlated with gut microbiota and metabolite signatures by comparison between suckling piglets (SPs) and weaning piglets (WPs). Histopathology analysis showed a severe inflammatory response and the disruption of epithelial barrier function. Early weaning resulted in reduced autophagy indicated as the suppression of autophagic flux, whereas induced the TLR4/P38MAPK/IL-1β-mediated apoptotic pathway, as well as activation of the IL-1β precursor. The alpha-diversity and microbial composition were changed in WPs, such as the decreased abundances of Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, Bacillus, Lactobacillus, and Ruminococcus. Microbial co-concurrence analysis revealed that early weaning significantly decreased network complexity, including network size, degree, average clustering coefficient and number of keystone species, as compared with the SP group. Differentially abundant metabolites were mainly associated with amino acid and purine metabolism. Strong correlations were detected between discrepant microbial taxa and multiple inflammatory parameters. In conclusion, we found that dysregulations of autophagy and apoptosis pathway were involved in colon inflammation during weaned period, which may result from gut microbiota dysbiosis. This study may provide possible intervention modalities for preventing or treating post-weaning infections through maintaining gut microbial ecosystem integrity.

scholarly journals Influence of fluconazole administration on gut microbiome, intestinal barrier and immune response in mice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xing Heng ◽  
Yuanhe Jiang ◽  
Weihua Chu
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Control Serum

Antibiotics which can treat or prevent infectious diseases play an important role in medical therapy. However, the use of antibiotics has potential negative effects on the health of the host. For example, antibiotics use may affect the host's immune system by altering the gut microbiota. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the influence of antifungal (fluconazole) treatment on gut microbiota and immune system of mice. Results showed that gut microbial composition of mice receiving fluconazole treatment was significantly changed after the trial. Fluconazole did not affect the relative abundance of bacteria but significantly reduced the diversity of bacterial flora. In the Bacteriome, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria significantly increased, while Bacteroidetes, Deferribacteres, Patescibacteria, and Tenericutes showed a remarkable reduction in fluconazole treated group in comparison with the control group. In the mycobiome, the relative abundance of Ascomycota was significantly decreased and Mucoromycota was significantly increased in the intestine of mice treated with fluconazole compared to the control group. RT-qPCR results showed that the relative gene expression of ZO-1, occludin, MyD88, IL-1β, and IL-6 was decreased in fluconazole-treated group compared to the control. Serum levels of IL-2, LZM and IgM were significantly increased, while IgG level had considerably down-regulated in the fluconazole-treated compared to the control. These results suggest that the administration of fluconazole can influence the gut microbiota and that a healthy gut microbiome is important for the regulation of the host immune responses.

scholarly journals Effect of Immunocastration and Diet on Growth Performance, Serum Metabolites and Sex Hormones, Reproductive Organ Development and Carcass Quality of Heavy Gilts

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1900
Author(s):  
Leticia Pérez-Ciria ◽  
Francisco Javier Miana-Mena ◽  
María Victoria Falceto ◽  
Olga Mitjana ◽  
Maria Angeles Latorre
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Reproductive Organ ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Organ Development ◽  
Serum Metabolites ◽  
Dry Cured Ham

It is desirable to increase fatness in gilts destined for Teruel dry-cured ham production. A total of 192 Duroc × (Landrace × Large White) gilts of 40.3 ± 4.80 kg body weight (BW) were used to assess the impact of immunocastration and feeding on growth performance, serum metabolites and sex hormones, reproductive organ development, and carcass quality. Six treatments were arranged factorially (2 × 3) with two types of gilt (entire gilts (EG) vs. immunocastrated gilts (IG)) and three experimental diets (control vs. high energy vs. low crude protein and amino acids) provided from 76 to 134 kg BW (n = 4 per treatment, being the replicate the pen with eight pigs). Immunocastration was carried out at 58 and 77 kg BW. The IG grew faster and showed lighter reproductive tracts and greater fatness than EG. The experimental feeds had limited effect on carcass quality, but the high-energy diet improved gain-to-feed ratio and the low-protein and -amino-acids diet did not impair growth performance. In conclusion, immunocastration was a better strategy than the tested diets to increase the fatness of gilts intended for Teruel dry-cured ham, although increasing energy or decreasing crude protein and amino acid levels in the diet could be beneficial strategies for pig farmers.

scholarly journals Cinnamaldehyde Promotes the Intestinal Barrier Functions and Reshapes Gut Microbiome in Early Weaned Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lili Qi ◽  
Haiguang Mao ◽  
Xiaohui Lu ◽  
Tingting Shi ◽  
Jinbo Wang
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Epithelial Tissue ◽  
Barrier Integrity ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Hematoxylin And Eosin ◽  
Junction Proteins

Cinnamaldehyde is an aromatic aldehyde isolated from the essential oil of cinnamon. It has been proved to possess various bioactivities such as anti-inflammation, anti-bacteria and antihypertensive. Nevertheless, early weaning could lead to intestinal stress, causing a range of intestinal health problems. The aim of this study is to explore the effects of cinnamaldehyde on gut barrier integrity, inflammatory responses, and intestinal microbiome of early weaned rats. In this study, treatment with cinnamaldehyde (100 or 200 mg/kg bodyweight/day) for 2 weeks significantly promoted the production of mucins in the colonic epithelial tissue of rats. Cinnamaldehyde supplementation significantly upregulated the expression of Muc2, TFF3 and the tight junction proteins (ZO-1, claudin-1, and occludin). Hematoxylin and eosin staining results showed that colonic histopathological changes were recovered by cinnamaldehyde supplementation. The mRNA expression of IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly decreased in the cinnamaldehyde groups while the TNF-α protein levels were significantly decreased in the two cinnamaldehyde groups. Cinnamaldehyde treatment obviously attenuated the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway in rat colonic tissue and suppressed the production of inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, cinnamaldehyde supplementation remodeled the gut microbiome structure, at the genus level, Akkermansia, Bacteroides, Clostridium III, Psychrobacter, Intestinimonas were increased, whereas those of Ruminococcus, Escherichia/Shigella were obviously decreased in the cinnamaldehyde treated groups. These findings indicated that cinnamaldehyde could effectively enhance intestinal barrier integrity, ameliorate inflammatory responses and remodel gut microbiome in early weaned rats.

scholarly journals Aberrant Gut Microbiome Contributes to Intestinal Oxidative Stress, Barrier Dysfunction, Inflammation and Systemic Autoimmune Responses in MRL/lpr Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Wang ◽  
Gangduo Wang ◽  
Nivedita Banerjee ◽  
Yuejin Liang ◽  
Xiaotang Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Barrier Dysfunction ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Fecal Microbiome ◽  
Permeability Changes ◽  
Systemic Autoimmunity ◽  
Junction Protein

Microbiome composition and function have been implicated as contributing factors in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases (ADs), including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis and autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). Furthermore, dysbiosis of gut microbiome is associated with impaired barrier function and mucosal immune dysregulation. However, mechanisms by which gut microbiome contributes to the ADs and whether antioxidant treatment can restore gut homeostasis and ameliorate the disease outcome are not known. This study was, therefore, focused on examining the involvement of gut microbiome and host responses in the pathogenesis of SLE using unique female mouse models (C57BL/6, MRL+/+ and MRL/lpr) of 6 and 18 weeks with varying degrees of disease progression. Fecal microbiome diversity and composition, gut oxidative stress (OS), barrier function and inflammation, as well as systemic autoimmunity were determined. Interestingly, each mouse strain had distinct bacterial community as revealed by β-diversity. A lower Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio in 6-week-old MRL/lpr mice was observed, evidenced by decrease in Peptostreptococcaceae under Firmicutes phylum along with enrichment of Rikenellaceae under Bacteroidetes phylum. Additionally, we observed increases in colonic OS [4-hydroxynonenal (HNE)-adducts and HNE-specific immune complexes], permeability changes (lower tight junction protein ZO-2; increased fecal albumin and IgA levels) and inflammatory responses (increased phos-NF-κB, IL-6 and IgG levels) in 18-week-old MRL/lpr mice. These changes were associated with markedly elevated AD markers (antinuclear and anti-smooth muscle antibodies) along with hepatic portal inflammation and severe glomerulonephritis. Notably, antioxidant N-acetylcysteine treatment influenced the microbial composition (decreased Rikenellaceae; increased Akkeransiaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae and Muribaculaceae) and attenuated the systemic autoimmunity in MRL/lpr mice. Our data thus show that gut microbiome dysbiosis is associated with increased colonic OS, barrier dysfunction, inflammatory responses and systemic autoimmunity markers. These findings apart from delineating a role for gut microbiome dysbiosis, also support the contribution of gut OS, permeability changes and inflammatory responses in the pathogenesis of ADs.

scholarly journals Characterization of gut microbiome in mice model of depression with divergent response to escitalopram treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiajia Duan ◽  
Yu Huang ◽  
Xunmin Tan ◽  
Tingjia Chai ◽  
Jing Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Phospholipid Metabolism ◽  
Mild Stress ◽  
Mice Model ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Serum Metabolites ◽  
Metabolic Functions ◽  
Different Response ◽  
And Function

AbstractDepression is a common and heterogeneous mental disorder. Although several antidepressants are available to treat the patients with depression, the factors which could affect and predict the treatment response remain unclear. Here, we characterize the longitudinal changes of microbial composition and function during escitalopram treatment in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) mice model of depression based on 16 S rRNA sequencing and metabolomics. Consequently, we found that escitalopram (ESC) administration serves to increase the alpha-diversity of the gut microbiome in ESC treatment group. The microbial signatures between responder (R) and non-responder (NR) groups were significantly different. The R group was mainly characterized by increased relative abundances of genus Prevotellaceae_UCG-003, and depleted families Ruminococcaceae and Lactobacillaceae relative to NR group. Moreover, we identified 15 serum metabolites responsible for discriminating R and NR group. Those differential metabolites were mainly involved in phospholipid metabolism. Significantly, the bacterial OTUs belonging to family Lachnospiraceae, Helicobacteraceae, and Muribaculaceae formed strong co-occurring relationships with serum metabolites, indicating alternations of gut microbiome and metabolites as potential mediators in efficiency of ESC treatment. Together, our study demonstrated that the alterations of microbial compositions and metabolic functions might be relevant to the different response to ESC, which shed new light in uncovering the mechanisms of differences in efficacy of antidepressants.

Molecular Docking Analysis of Flavonoid Compounds with Matrix Metalloproteinase-8 for the Identification of Potential Effective Inhibitors

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Taherkhani ◽  
Athena Orangi ◽  
Shirin Moradkhani ◽  
Zahra Khamverdi
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Molecular Docking ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Matrix Metalloproteinase ◽  
Ligand Binding ◽  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Control Test ◽  
Therapeutic Procedures

Background: Matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) participates in degradation of different types of collagens in the extracellular matrix and basement membrane. Up-regulation of the MMP-8 has been demonstrated in many of disorders including cancer development, tooth caries, periodontal/peri-implant soft and hard tissue degeneration, and acute/chronic inflammation. Therefore, MMP-8 has become an encouraging target for therapeutic procedures for scientists. We carried out molecular docking approach to study the binding affinity of 29 flavonoids, as drug candidates, with the MMP-8. Pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties of the compounds were also studied. Moreover, it was attempted to identify the most important amino acids participating in ligand binding based on degree of each of the amino acids in the ligand-amino acid interaction network for MMP-8. Methods: Three-dimensional structure of the protein was gained from the RCSB database (PDB ID: 4QKZ). AutoDock version 4.0 and Cytoscape 3.7.2 were used for molecular docking and network analysis, respectively. Notably, the inhibitor of the protein in the crystalline structure of the 4QKZ was considered as a control test. Pharmacokinetic and toxicological features of compounds were predicted using bioinformatic web tools. Post-docking analyses were performed using BIOVIA Discovery Studio Visualizer version 19.1.0.18287. Results and Discussions: According to results, 24 of the studied compounds considered to be top potential inhibitors for MMP-8 based on their salient estimated free energy of binding and inhibition constant as compared with the control test: Apigenin-7-glucoside, nicotiflorin, luteolin, glabridin, taxifolin, apigenin, licochalcone A, quercetin, isorhamnetin, myricetin, herbacetin, kaemferol, epicatechin, chrysin, amentoflavone, rutin, orientin, epiafzelechin, quercetin-3-rhamnoside, formononetin, isoliquiritigenin, vitexin, catechine, isoquercitrin. Moreover, His-197 was found to be the most important amino acid involved in the ligand binding for the enzyme. Conclusion: The results of the current study could be used in the prevention and therapeutic procedures of a number of disorders such as cancer progression and invasion, oral diseases, and acute/chronic inflammation. Although, in vitro and in vivo tests are inevitable in the future.

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