scholarly journals Potential Local Adaptation of Corals at Acidified and Warmed Nikko Bay, Palau

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haruko Kurihara ◽  
Atsushi Watanabe ◽  
Asami Tsugi ◽  
Izumi Mimura ◽  
Chuki Hongo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Reference Site ◽  
Seawater Temperature ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Adaptation Capacity ◽  
Coral Coverage ◽  
Reciprocal Transplantation ◽  
Turf Algae ◽  
Zooxanthellate Coral

Abstract Ocean warming and acidification caused by the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide are now thought to be major threats to coral reefs on a global scale. Here we evaluated the environmental conditions and benthic community structures in semi-closed Nikko Bay at the inner reef area in Palau, which has high pCO2 and seawater temperature conditions with high zooxanthellate coral coverage. This bay is a highly sheltered system with organisms showing low connectivity with surrounding environments, making this bay a unique site for evaluating adaptation and acclimatization responses of organisms to warmed and acidified environments. Seawater pCO2/Ωarag showed strong graduation ranging from 380 to 982 µatm (Ωarag: 1.79-3.66) and benthic coverage, including soft corals and turf algae, changed along with Ωarag while hard coral coverage did not. In contrast to previous studies, net calcification was maintained in Nikko Bay even under very low mean Ωarag (2.44). Reciprocal transplantation of the dominant coral Porites cylindrica showed that the calcification rate of corals from Nikko Bay did not change when transplanted to a reference site, while calcification of reference site corals decreased when transplanted to Nikko Bay. Corals transplanted out of their origin sites also showed the highest interactive respiration (R) and lower photosynthesis (P) to respiration (P:R). The results of this study give important insights about the potential local acclimatization and adaptation capacity of corals to different environmental conditions including pCO2 and temperature.

scholarly journals Potential local adaptation of corals at acidified and warmed Nikko Bay, Palau

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Haruko Kurihara ◽  
Atsushi Watanabe ◽  
Asami Tsugi ◽  
Izumi Mimura ◽  
Chuki Hongo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Reference Site ◽  
Seawater Temperature ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Gross Photosynthesis ◽  
Adaptation Capacity ◽  
Coral Coverage ◽  
Reciprocal Transplantation ◽  
Zooxanthellate Coral

AbstractOcean warming and acidification caused by increases of atmospheric carbon dioxide are now thought to be major threats to coral reefs on a global scale. Here we evaluated the environmental conditions and benthic community structures in semi-closed Nikko Bay at the inner reef area in Palau, which has high pCO2 and seawater temperature conditions with high zooxanthellate coral coverage. Nikko Bay is a highly sheltered system with organisms showing low connectivity with surrounding environments, making this bay a unique site for evaluating adaptation and acclimatization responses of organisms to warmed and acidified environments. Seawater pCO2/Ωarag showed strong gradation ranging from 380 to 982 µatm (Ωarag: 1.79–3.66), and benthic coverage, including soft corals and turf algae, changed along with Ωarag while hard coral coverage did not change. In contrast to previous studies, net calcification was maintained in Nikko Bay even under very low mean Ωarag (2.44). Reciprocal transplantation of the dominant coral Porites cylindrica showed that the calcification rate of corals from Nikko Bay did not change when transplanted to a reference site, while calcification of reference site corals decreased when transplanted to Nikko Bay. Corals transplanted out of their origin sites also showed the highest interactive respiration (R) and lower gross photosynthesis (Pg) to respiration (Pg:R), indicating higher energy acquirement of corals at their origin site. The results of this study give important insights about the potential local acclimatization and adaptation capacity of corals to different environmental conditions including pCO2 and temperature.

scholarly journals Predicting photosynthesis and transpiration responses to ozone: decoupling modeled photosynthesis and stomatal conductance

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 3113-3130 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Lombardozzi ◽  
S. Levis ◽  
G. Bonan ◽  
J. P. Sparks
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Water Exchange ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Community Land Model ◽  
Climate Regulation ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Tulip Poplar

Abstract. Plants exchange greenhouse gases carbon dioxide and water with the atmosphere through the processes of photosynthesis and transpiration, making them essential in climate regulation. Carbon dioxide and water exchange are typically coupled through the control of stomatal conductance, and the parameterization in many models often predict conductance based on photosynthesis values. Some environmental conditions, like exposure to high ozone (O3) concentrations, alter photosynthesis independent of stomatal conductance, so models that couple these processes cannot accurately predict both. The goals of this study were to test direct and indirect photosynthesis and stomatal conductance modifications based on O3 damage to tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) in a coupled Farquhar/Ball-Berry model. The same modifications were then tested in the Community Land Model (CLM) to determine the impacts on gross primary productivity (GPP) and transpiration at a constant O3 concentration of 100 parts per billion (ppb). Modifying the Vcmax parameter and directly modifying stomatal conductance best predicts photosynthesis and stomatal conductance responses to chronic O3 over a range of environmental conditions. On a global scale, directly modifying conductance reduces the effect of O3 on both transpiration and GPP compared to indirectly modifying conductance, particularly in the tropics. The results of this study suggest that independently modifying stomatal conductance can improve the ability of models to predict hydrologic cycling, and therefore improve future climate predictions.

scholarly journals Global biogeography of living brachiopods: Bioregionalization patterns and possible controls

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e0259004
Author(s):  
Facheng Ye ◽  
G. R. Shi ◽  
Maria Aleksandra Bitner
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Coastal Upwelling ◽  
Seawater Temperature ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Biodiversity Hotspots ◽  
Network Analyses ◽  
Ocean Gyres ◽  
Ecological Variable

The global distribution patterns of 14918 geo-referenced occurrences from 394 living brachiopod species were mapped in 5° grid cells, which enabled the visualization and delineation of distinct bioregions and biodiversity hotspots. Further investigation using cluster and network analyses allowed us to propose the first systematically and quantitatively recognized global bioregionalization framework for living brachiopods, consisting of five bioregions and thirteen bioprovinces. No single environmental or ecological variable is accountable for the newly proposed global bioregionalization patterns of living brachiopods. Instead, the combined effects of large-scale ocean gyres, climatic zonation as well as some geohistorical factors (e.g., formation of land bridges and geological recent closure of ancient seaways) are considered as the main drivers at the global scale. At the regional scale, however, the faunal composition, diversity and biogeographical differentiation appear to be mainly controlled by seawater temperature variation, regional ocean currents and coastal upwelling systems.

scholarly journals Potential Acclimatization and Adaptive Responses of Adult and Trans-Generation Coral Larvae From a Naturally Acidified Habitat

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haruko Kurihara ◽  
Yuri Suhara ◽  
Izumi Mimura ◽  
Yimnang Golbuu
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Control Site ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Early Life Stages ◽  
Calcification Rate ◽  
Reciprocal Transplantation ◽  
First Results ◽  
And Control

Coral reefs are one of the most susceptible ecosystems to ocean acidification (OA) caused by increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). OA is suspected to impact the calcification rate of corals as well as multiple early life stages including larval and settlement stages. Meanwhile, there is now a strong interest in evaluating if organisms have the potential for acclimatization or adaptation to OA. Here, by taking advantage of a naturally acidified site in Nikko Bay, Palau where corals are presumably exposed to high CO2 conditions for their entire life history, we tested if adult and the next-generation larvae of the brooder coral Pocillopora acuta originating from the high-CO2 site are more tolerant to high CO2 conditions compared to the individuals from a control site. Larvae released from adults collected from the high-CO2 site within the bay and a control site outside the bay were reciprocally cultivated under experimental control or high-CO2 seawater conditions to evaluate their physiology. Additionally, reciprocal transplantation of adult P. acuta corals were conducted between the high-CO2 and control sites in the field. The larvae originating from the control site showed lower Chlorophyll-a content and lipid percentages when reared under high-CO2 compared to control seawater conditions, while larvae originating from the high-CO2 site did not. Additionally, all 10 individuals of adult P. acuta from control site died when transplanted within the bay, while all P. acuta corals within the bay survived at both control and high-CO2 site. Furthermore, P. acuta within the bay showed higher calcification and net photosynthesis rates when exposed to the condition they originated from. These results are one of the first results that indicate the possibility that the long-living corals could enable to show local adaptation to different environmental conditions including high seawater pCO2.

Climate change driven massive extirpation of native species from the Israeli Mediterranean shelf

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo G. Albano ◽  
Jan Steger ◽  
Marija Bošnjak ◽  
Beata Dunne ◽  
Zara Guifarro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Seawater Temperature ◽  
Maximum Size ◽  
Extreme Environment ◽  
Time Range ◽  
Indigenous Species ◽  
Shallow Subtidal ◽  
Non Indigenous Species

<p>We quantify a large-scale extirpation of native species from the Israeli Mediterranean shelf, a region strongly affected by rapidly changing environmental conditions and the introduction of non-indigenous species, based on an extensive sampling programme of mollusks on intertidal to subtidal soft and hard substrata. We reconstruct historical species richness from shelly death assemblages, quantify the time range they cover with radiocarbon dating, and compare their richness with today’s living assemblage diversity. The median native richness is 50% of the historical richness for the intertidal, but only 8% for the subtidal down to 40 m. Samples from the mesophotic zone show a much higher median of 42%, which is likely an underestimation due to sampling constraints. In contrast, non-indigenous species show assemblages matching the historical richness. Seasonality is very strong: autumn samples, after the summer heat peak, are highly impoverished in native species but enriched in non-indigenous ones. Additionally, a comparison between today’s and historical native species maximum size shows that shallow subtidal native populations are mostly non-reproductive. In contrast, non-indigenous species reach reproductive size. These results suggest that a recent large-scale change in environmental conditions is strongly favoring non-indigenous species and is the main cause behind the shallow subtidal native species decline. Such an environmental factor is likely seawater temperature that plays a greater role in the shallow subtidal than in the cooler mesophotic zone, and affects subtidal species more than intertidal ones, pre-adapted to a climatically extreme environment.</p>

Plasticity of marine sponge habitat preferences with regard to light and water motion: the example of Batzella inops (Topsent, 1891) in submerged caves

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (11) ◽  
pp. 1784
Author(s):  
P. Nemoy ◽  
E. Spanier ◽  
N. Kashtan ◽  
A. Israel ◽  
D. L. Angel
Keyword(s):  
Marine Sponge ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Photosynthetic Activity ◽  
Habitat Preferences ◽  
Marine Sponges ◽  
Reciprocal Transplantation ◽  
Preferred Habitat ◽  
Contrasting Habitats ◽  
Transplantation Experiments

This study examined the effects of environmental conditions on the distribution of marine sponges. We measured the abundance of the sponge Batzella inops (Topsent, 1891) in two contrasting habitats: inside submerged caves and on the surfaces of submerged boulders. We hypothesised that caves are a preferred habitat for B. inops over the boulder surfaces, and tested this by descriptive (quadrate sampling) and manipulative (reciprocal transplantation) experiments. In addition, we tested B. inops in situ for the presence of photosynthetic activity. We found that B. inops is more abundant inside the caves (mean ± s.e.m., 1.2 ± 0.6individualsm–2) than on the outside boulder surfaces (0.15 ± 0.19individualsm–2). We also detected photosynthetic activity in B. inops in both habitats. The results of transplantation experiments suggested that the sponge prefers the transfer from inside to outside the cave rather than vice versa. Therefore, we conclude that although B. inops is more abundant in sheltered habitats, such as submerged caves, adult individuals of this sponge can survive transfer to exposed conditions. Altogether, our findings point to the plasticity of B. inops habitat preferences and may aid further research into conservation or mariculture of this and possibly other sponge species.

scholarly journals A global scale mechanistic model of the photosynthetic capacity

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 6217-6266 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Ali ◽  
C. Xu ◽  
A. Rogers ◽  
R. A. Fisher ◽  
S. D. Wullschleger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Transport ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Mechanistic Model ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Plant Functional Types ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Functional Types ◽  
Light Capture ◽  
Earth System Models

Abstract. Although plant photosynthetic capacity as determined by the maximum carboxylation rate (i.e., Vc, max25) and the maximum electron transport rate (i.e., Jmax25) at a reference temperature (generally 25 °C) is known to vary substantially in space and time in response to environmental conditions, it is typically parameterized in Earth system models (ESMs) with tabulated values associated to plant functional types. In this study, we developed a mechanistic model of leaf utilization of nitrogen for assimilation (LUNA V1.0) to predict the photosynthetic capacity at the global scale under different environmental conditions, based on the optimization of nitrogen allocated among light capture, electron transport, carboxylation, and respiration. The LUNA model was able to reasonably well capture the observed patterns of photosynthetic capacity in view that it explained approximately 55 % of the variation in observed Vc, max25 and 65 % of the variation in observed Jmax25 across the globe. Our model simulations under current and future climate conditions indicated that Vc, max25 could be most affected in high-latitude regions under a warming climate and that ESMs using a fixed Vc, max25 or Jmax25 by plant functional types were likely to substantially overestimate future global photosynthesis.

scholarly journals The initiation of modern soft and hard Snowball Earth climates in CCSM4

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 907-918 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Yang ◽  
W. R. Peltier ◽  
Y. Hu
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Sea Ice ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Snowball Earth ◽  
Climate System Model ◽  
Geological Evidence ◽  
Radiative Forcings ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Geochemical and geological evidence has suggested that several global-scale glaciation events occurred during the Neoproterozoic Era in the interval from 750–580 million years ago. The initiation of these glaciations is thought to have been a consequence of the combined influence of a low level of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and an approximately 6% weakening of solar luminosity. The latest version of the Community Climate System Model (CCSM4) is employed herein to explore the detailed combination of forcings required to trigger such extreme glaciation conditions under present-day circumstances of geography and topography. It is found that runaway glaciation occurs in the model under the following conditions: (1) an 8–9% reduction in solar radiation with 286 ppmv CO2 or (2) a 6% reduction in solar radiation with 70–100 ppmv CO2. These thresholds are moderately different from those found to be characteristic of the previously employd CCSM3 model reported recently in Yang et al. (2012a,b), for which the respective critical points corresponded to a 10–10.5% reduction in solar radiation with 286 ppmv CO2 or a 6% reduction in solar radiation with 17.5–20 ppmv CO2. The most important reason for these differences is that the sea ice/snow albedo parameterization employed in CCSM4 is believed to be more realistic than that in CCSM3. Differences in cloud radiative forcings and ocean and atmosphere heat transports also influence the bifurcation points. These results are potentially very important, as they are to serve as control on further calculations which will be devoted to an investigation of the impact of continental configuration. We demonstrate that there exist ''soft Snowball'' Earth states, in which the fractional sea ice coverage reaches approximately 60–65%, land masses in low latitudes are covered by perennial snow, and runaway glaciation does not develop. This is consistent with our previous results based upon CCSM3. Although our results cannot exclude the possibility of a ''hard Snowball'' solution, it is suggested that a ''soft Snowball'' solution for the Neoproterozoic remains entirely plausible.

scholarly journals Consumption of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide through Weathering of Ultramafic Rocks in the Voltri Massif (Italy): Quantification of the Process and Global Implications

Geosciences ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 258
Author(s):  
Francesco Frondini ◽  
Orlando Vaselli ◽  
Marino Vetuschi Zuccolini
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Time Scales ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Chemical Weathering ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Ultramafic Rocks ◽  
Co2 Consumption ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon ◽  
Good Proxy

Chemical weathering is the main natural mechanism limiting the atmospheric carbon dioxide levels on geologic time scales (>1 Ma) but its role on shorter time scales is still debated, highlighting the need for an increase of knowledge about the relationships between chemical weathering and atmospheric CO2 consumption. A reliable approach to study the weathering reactions is the quantification of the mass fluxes in and out of mono lithology watershed systems. In this work the chemical weathering and atmospheric carbon dioxide consumption of ultramafic rocks have been studied through a detailed geochemical mass balance of three watershed systems located in the metaophiolitic complex of the Voltri Massif (Italy). Results show that the rates of carbon dioxide consumption of the study area (weighted average = 3.02 ± 1.67 × 105 mol km−2 y−1) are higher than the world average CO2 consumption rate and are well correlated with runoff, probably the stronger weathering controlling factor. Computed values are very close to the global average of basic and ultrabasic magmatic rocks, suggesting that Voltri Massif is a good proxy for the study of the feedbacks between chemical weathering, CO2 consumption, and climate change at a global scale.

Species separation within the Lessonia nigrescens complex (Phaeophyceae, Laminariales) is mirrored by ecophysiological traits

2015 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-92
Author(s):  
Kristina Koch ◽  
Martin Thiel ◽  
Florence Tellier ◽  
Wilhelm Hagen ◽  
Martin Graeve ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Seawater Temperature ◽  
Species Differentiation ◽  
Total Lipids ◽  
Air Exposure ◽  
Ecophysiological Traits ◽  
Lessonia Nigrescens ◽  
Species Specific

Abstract Lessonia nigrescens used to be an abundant kelp species along the Chilean coast, but recent molecular studies revealed the existence of a L. nigrescens species complex, which includes the two cryptic species Lessonia berteroana and Lessonia spicata. Since these species have different distributions (16°S–30°S for L. berteroana and 29°S–42°S for L. spicata), they experience differences in environmental conditions, such as solar irradiance, seawater temperature and air exposure during low tide. This study tested to what extent the genetic distinctness of each of the two species [identified by a mitochondrial marker (atp8/trnS)] is reflected by ecophysiological traits (total lipids, fatty acid composition, phlorotannins, pigments and variable chlorophyll a fluorescence of PSII) in response to the respective environmental conditions, prevailing along the latitudinal gradient. We studied algal individuals from eight populations (27°S–32°S, including the species overlapping zone). Phlorotannins, pigments and Chl a fluorescence of PSII were most crucial for species-specific adaptations at the respective growth sites, whereas changes in total lipids and fatty acid compositions were negligible. Hence, species differentiation within the L. nigrescens complex is also manifested at the ecophysiological level. These findings may help to predict kelp responses towards future environmental changes.

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