Fully-Automated SPE Coupled to UPLC-MS/MS Method for Simultaneous Detection of Trace Sulfonamides, Quinolones, and Macrolide antibiotics in Water
Abstract A fully automated solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) method was developed for analysis of antibiotics (sulfonamides, quinolones, and macrolide) in water matrices. Sample preparation optimization included the selection of the best SPE material and configuration (HLB disks), sample volume (500−1000 mL water sample (pH = 3)) with a flow rate at 1−2 mL min− 1, and an elution procedure with 2 ⋅ 6 mL methanol, 2 ⋅ 6 mL acetone-methanol (V/V = 1/1). Meanwhile, the parameters for UPLC-MS/S detection of each analyte was optimized, including LC retention time, and MS parameters. The instrumental limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of analytes ranged from 0.01−0.72 µg L− 1 and 0.05−2.39 µg L− 1, respectively, with good linear correlation (R2 > 0.995) and precision (< 9.9%). Matrix spike recoveries ranged between 63.3−99.2% in pure water, 60.8−91.3% in surface water (SW), and 59.9−102.8% in wastewater effluent (WWE) with relative standard deviations (RSD) below 11%. The matrix effects (MEs) observed for most of the analytes were ion suppression (0−25.8%) except for four compounds that had enhancement (0−8.0 %) in SW or WWE. This method can basically meet the needs of trace antibiotic residues detection in waters. Trace levels of sulfonamides, quinolones and macrolides using the developed antibiotic method were below LOQ (BQL) −94.47 ng L− 1 in WWEs and BQL−15.47 ng L− 1 in SW in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River Basin.