scholarly journals Economic burden and prevalence of malaria in companies in Douala, Cameroon

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Mbohou Nchetnkou ◽  
Herve Nyabeyeuh Nyabeyeuh ◽  
Calvin Tonga ◽  
Lafortune Kangam ◽  
Loick Pradel Kojom Foko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Health Spending ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Related Absenteeism ◽  
External Management ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Background: Malaria is a public health concern in Africa. At the socio-economic level, it represents a brake on the national growth through an increase of health spending, drop of productivity and high rate of absenteeism at the workplace. Some companies have implemented malaria control measures to improve their performance, but the vast majority are slow to follow this approach. Using the cost-of-illness approach, the objective of this study was to estimate the economic impact of malaria in two companies with 24-hour daily activity based in Douala, Cameroon: an agro-food industry nicknamed "AGRO" and a security company nicknamed "SECU".Method: A retrospective analysis of medical and financial records of these companies was carried out to calculate the economic cost of absenteeism, prophylaxis, Internal Management of Malaria cases (IMM) and External Management of Malaria cases (EMM) to these companies. A malaria screening campaign was carried out also in each company in one day from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. The clinical, anthropometric and socio-demographic data of the employees were collected before the collection of a drop of blood which was subsequently analyzed under the Cyscope fluorescence microscope (Partec-Sysmex, Münster, RFA). Results: Analysis of retrospective data revealed that the prevalence of symptomatic malaria cases had decreased by 8.9% and 25.1% respectively at AGRO and SECU between 2010 and 2012. Regarding the prospective component, 372 employees of the two companies were included in the study. The prevalence of malaria was 26.83% and 26.44% respectively at AGRO in January 2013 and SECU in February 2013. Malaria-related absenteeism accounted for 5% and 17% of general absenteeism at AGRO and SECU respectively. The cost of an EMM accounted for 19.5% and 40.5% of the monthly income of AGRO and SECU workers respectively. Each year, malaria generates a shortfall of US$ 26,426 and US$ 136,824 respectively to AGRO and SECU. Conclusion: Malaria have a negative impact on companies. However, early detection of suspected cases, campaigns to distribute insecticide-treated mosquito nets, Information, Education and Communication within the company could reduce this impact.

scholarly journals Biological and Chemical Control of Mosquito Population by Optimal Control Approach

Games ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Juddy Heliana Arias-Castro ◽  
Hector Jairo Martinez-Romero ◽  
Olga Vasilieva
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Optimal Control ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
External Control ◽  
Modeling Framework ◽  
Control Intervention ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Predacious Species

This paper focuses on the design and analysis of short-term control intervention measures seeking to suppress local populations of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, the major transmitters of dengue and other vector-borne infections. Besides traditional measures involving the spraying of larvicides and/or insecticides, we include biological control based on the deliberate introduction of predacious species feeding on the aquatic stages of mosquitoes. From the methodological standpoint, our study relies on application of the optimal control modeling framework in combination with the cost-effectiveness analysis. This approach not only enables the design of optimal strategies for external control intervention but also allows for assessment of their performance in terms of the cost-benefit relationship. By examining numerous scenarios derived from combinations of chemical and biological control measures, we try to find out whether the presence of predacious species at the mosquito breeding sites may (partially) replace the common practices of larvicide/insecticide spraying and thus reduce their negative impact on non-target organisms. As a result, we identify two strategies exhibiting the best metrics of cost-effectiveness and provide some useful insights for their possible implementation in practical settings.

scholarly journals The annual cost of providing paid maternity leave in the informal sector in Indonesia 

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adiatma Siregar ◽  
Pipit Pitriyan ◽  
Donny Hardiawan ◽  
Paul Zambrano ◽  
Mireya Vilar-Compte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Informal Sector ◽  
Annual Cost ◽  
Maternity Leave ◽  
Health Spending ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Cash Transfer ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
The Cost

Abstract BackgroundThe economic cost of not breastfeeding in Indonesia is estimated at US$1.5–9.4 billion annually, the highest in South East Asia. Half of the 33.6 million working women of reproductive age (WRA) in Indonesia (15-49 years) are informal employees, meaning they are working as casual workers or they are self-employed (small scale business) and assisted by unpaid/family worker(s). No specific maternity protection entitlements are currently available for WRA working informally in Indonesia. This study aims to estimate the cost of providing maternity leave cash transfer (MCT) for WRA working in the informal sector in Indonesia.MethodThe costing methodology used is the adapted version of the World Bank methodology by Vilar-Compte et al (2019), following pre-set steps to estimate costs using national secondary data. We used the 2018 Indonesian National Socio-Economic Survey to estimate the number of women working informally who gave birth within the last year. The population covered, potential cash transfer’s unitary cost, the incremental coverage of the policy in terms of time and coverage, and the administrative costs were used to estimate the cost of MCT for the informal sector. ResultAt 100% coverage for 13 weeks of leave, the annual cost of MCT ranged from US$175million (US$152/woman) to US$669million (US$583/woman). The share of the annual costs did not exceed 0.5% of Indonesian Gross Domestic Product (GDP).ConclusionThe yearly cost of providing MCT for eligible WRA working in the informal sector is economically attractive as it amounts to less than 0.5% of GDP nominal of Indonesia. While such a program would be perceived as a marked increase from current public health spending at the onset, such an investment could substantially contribute to the success of breastfeeding and substantial corresponding public health savings given that more than half of working Indonesian WRA are employed in the informal sector. Such policies should be further explored while taking into consideration realistic budget constraints and implementation capacity.

scholarly journals The financing need for providing paid maternity leave in the informal sector in Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adiatma Siregar ◽  
Pipit Pitriyan ◽  
Donny Hardiawan ◽  
Paul Zambrano ◽  
Mireya Vilar-Compte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Informal Sector ◽  
Annual Cost ◽  
Maternity Leave ◽  
Health Spending ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Cash Transfer ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Background The economic cost of not breastfeeding in Indonesia is estimated at US$1.5–9.4 billion annually (Walters et al, 2016; Siregar et al, 2018; Walters et al, 2019), the highest in South East Asia. Half of the 33.6 million working women of reproductive age (WRA) in Indonesia are informal employees, and less than 50% exclusive breastfeed. No maternity protection entitlements are currently available for WRA working informally in Indonesia. This study aims to estimate the cost of providing maternity leave cash transfer (MCT) for WRA working in the informal sector in Indonesia.Method The costing methodology used is the adapted version of the World Bank methodology by Vilar-Compte et al (2019), following pre-set steps to estimate costs using national secondary data. We used the 2018 Indonesian National Socio-Economic Survey to estimate the number of women working informally who gave birth within the last year. The population covered, potential cash transfer’s unitary cost, the incremental coverage of the policy in terms of time and coverage, and the administrative costs were used to estimate the cost of MCT for the informal sector. Result At 100% coverage for 13 weeks of leave, the annual cost of MCT ranged from US$175million (US$152/woman) to US$669million (US$583/woman). The share of the annual costs did not exceed 0.5% of Indonesian Gross Domestic Product (GDP).Conclusion The yearly cost of providing MCT for eligible WRA working in the informal sector is significantly lower than the current annual cost of not breastfeeding in Indonesia, as computed in previous work (Walters et al, 2016; Siregar et al, 2018; Walters et al, 2019). While such a program would be perceived as a marked increase from current public health spending at the onset, such an investment could substantially contribute to the success of breastfeeding and substantial corresponding public health savings given that more than half of working Indonesian WRA are employed in the informal sector. Such policies should be further explored while taking into consideration realistic budget constraints and implementation capacity.

The Impact of Epidemic Outbreak

Crisis ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul S.F. Yip ◽  
Y.T. Cheung ◽  
P.H. Chau ◽  
Y.W. Law
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Older Adult ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Completed Suicide ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Background: Previous studies revealed that there was a significant increase in suicide deaths among those aged 65 and over in 2003. The peak coincided with the majority of SARS cases being reported in April 2003. Aims: In this paper we examine the mechanism of how the SARS outbreak resulted in a higher completed suicide rate especially among older adults in Hong Kong. Methods: We used Qualitative data analysis to uncover the association between the occurrence of SARS and older adult suicide. Furthermore, we used a qualitative study based on the Coroner Court reports to provide empirical evidence about the relationship between SARS and the excessive number of suicide deaths among the elderly. Results: SARS-related older adult suicide victims were more likely to be afraid of contracting the disease and had fears of disconnection. The suicide motives among SARS-related suicide deaths were more closely associated with stress over fears of being a burden to their families during the negative impact of the epidemic. Social disengagement, mental stress, and anxiety at the time of the SARS epidemic among a certain group of older adults resulted in an exceptionally high rate of suicide deaths. Conclusions: We recommend that the mental and psychological well-being of the community, in particular older adults, be taken into careful account when developing epidemic control measures to combat the future outbreak of diseases in the community. In addition, it is important to alert family members to vulnerable individuals who are at potential risk because of their illnesses or anxieties.

scholarly journals Views of teenagers on termination of pregnancy at Muyexe high school in Mopani District, Limpopo Province, South Africa

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nditsheni J. Ramakuela ◽  
Tsakani R. Lebese ◽  
Sonto M. Maputle ◽  
Lindiwe Mulaudzi
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Teenage Pregnancy ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Termination Of Pregnancy ◽  
Hiv And Aids ◽  
Limpopo Province ◽  
Self Report ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Rural Village

Background: Teenage pregnancy is a global social health concern especially because of the HIV and AIDS pandemic, sexually transmitted infections, high rate of termination of pregnancy (TOP), adolescents’ parenthood and decreased level of contraceptives.Aim: To explore the views of teenagers on the TOP at Muyexe high school in a rural village of Mopani District, Limpopo Province.Setting: Muyexe high school in a rural village of Mopani District, Limpopo Province, in South Africa.Methodology: A qualitative method using explorative and descriptive designs was used to find in-depth description and understanding of teenagers’ views on TOP. The target population was girls aged 15–19 years at Muyexe high school in Mopani District. Non-probability, convenient sampling was used to select high school teenage girls who had undergone TOP for the study. Data were collected using individual self-report technique (interview). Tesch’s eight steps of qualitative data analysis were used. Measures to ensure trustworthiness and ethical considerations were observed.Results: Two major themes were revealed: (1) Views of teenagers regarding TOP (poverty, relationship problems and single parenthood, negative impact on the teen’s life while attending school) and (2) teenager’s fears regarding pregnancy (stigma, fear of parents and friends, rape and incest and fear of giving birth).Conclusion: Majority of participants had knowledge about TOP; some had experiences about TOP while others held inadequate knowledge. Recommendations were based on the findings by teaching dangers of TOP and various contraceptive methods to prevent unwanted pregnancies and TOP.Keywords: Views, teenagers and termination of pregnancy

scholarly journals Egyptian Public’s Knowledge, Attitudes, Perceptions, and Practices toward COVID-19 Infection and Their Determinants. A Cross-Sectional Study, 2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (E) ◽  
pp. 250-259
Author(s):  
Doaa I. Omar ◽  
Samar A. Amer
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Current Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Cross Sectional

BACKGROUND: The outbreak of coronavirus pandemic in Wuhan, China, since December 2019 has been the major public health concern. With the absence of an effective vaccine or treatment for the disease, current control measures are directed toward preventive measures to lessen disease burden and to curb the spread of the virus. AIM: The aim of the study was to assess knowledge, attitudes, perceptions, and practices (KAPP) of adult Egyptians toward COVID-19 and to study their determinants. METHODS: A community-based cross-sectional survey of a random sample of 999 Egyptian residence aged 16 years and above, it was conducted between April and June 2020 using self-administrated online questionnaire. It consisted of 15, five, and eight questions pertaining to knowledge, attitude, and practices toward COVID-19, respectively, in addition to demographic data. Data were analyzed using SPSS Statistics 23.0 at a level of significant at p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: Out of the 999 participants, 628 (62.8%) were aged (20-<40y), 666 (66.7%) were females 576 (57.6) from urban residence, 665 (66.7%) were married with university educated or higher 605 (60.5%), and only 105 (10.5%) had chronic diseases. The total knowledge score was significantly higher among highly educated, females, in rural areas, married, and governmental workers, while higher educational status, females, married, smokers, and being without chronic diseases and governmental workers were significantly associated with higher practice scores. CONCLUSIONS: Egyptian participates had good level of knowledge, positive attitude about COVID-19 infection and, poor practice; however, community educational campaigns are necessary to ensure to improve on practice campaigns.

scholarly journals The economic cost of control of the invasive yellow-legged Asian hornet

NeoBiota ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 11-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morgane Barbet-Massin ◽  
Jean-Michel Salles ◽  
Franck Courchamp
Keyword(s):  
Economic Cost ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Control Cost ◽  
Pollination Services ◽  
Vespa Velutina ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Potential Damage ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Yearly Cost ◽  
Accidental Introduction

Since its accidental introduction in 2003 in France, the yellow-legged Asian hornet Vespa velutina nigrithorax is rapidly spreading through France and Europe. Economic assessments regarding the costs of invasive species often reveal important costs from required control measures or damages. Despite the rapid invasion of the Asian yellow-legged hornet in Europe and potential damage to apiculture and pollination services, the costs of its invasion have not been evaluated yet. Here we aimed at studying the costs arising from the Asian yellow-legged hornet invasion by providing the first estimate of the control cost. Today, the invasion of the Asian yellow-legged hornet is mostly controlled by nest destruction. We estimated that nest destruction cost €23 million between 2006 and 2015 in France. The yearly cost is increasing as the species keeps spreading and could reach €11.9 million in France, €9.0 million in Italy and €8.6 million in the United Kingdom if the species fills its current climatically suitable distribution. Although more work will be needed to estimate the cost of the Asian yellow-legged hornet on apiculture and pollination services, they likely exceed the current costs of control with nest destruction. It could thus be worth increasing control efforts by aiming at destroying a higher percentage of nests.

Socio Demographic and Clinical Profile of Indoor Female Patients of RINPAS

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Rajni Suri ◽  
Anshu Suri ◽  
Neelam Kumari ◽  
Amool R. Singh ◽  
Manisha Kiran
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Mentally Ill ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Cross Sectional

The role of women is very crucial in our society. She cares for her parents, partner, children and other relatives. She performs all types of duties in family and also in the society without any expectations. Because of playing many roles, women often face many challenges in their life including both physical and mental. Mental health problems affect women and men equally, but some problems are more common among women including both physical and mental health problems. Aim of the study - The present study is aimed to describe and compare the clinical and socio-demographic correlates of female mentally ill patients. Methods and Materials: The study includes 180 female mentally ill patients based on cross sectional design and the sample for the study was drawn purposively. A semi structured socio-demographic data sheet was prepared to collect relevant information as per the need of the study. Result: The present study reveals that the socio-demographic factors contribute a vital role in mental illness. Findings also showed that majority of patients had mental problems in the age range of 20-30 have high rate. Illiterate and primary level of education and daily wage working women as well as low and middle socio-economic status women are more prone to have mental illness. Other factors like marital status, type of family and religion etc also important factors for mental illness. Keywords: Socio demographic profile, female, psychiatric patient

What's it Worth? Improving Surface Water Quality

1999 ◽  
Vol 40 (10) ◽  
pp. 153-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. Newsome ◽  
C. D. Stephen
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Surface Water Quality ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
The Cost

Many countries are investing in measures to improve surface water quality, but the investment programmes for so doing are increasingly becoming subject to cost-benefit analysis. Whilst the cost of control measures can usually be determined for individual improvement schemes, there are currently no established procedures for valuing the benefits attributable to improved surface water quality. The paper describes a methodology that has been derived that now makes this possible.

The Cost of Being ‘Backward’ in India: Socio-religious Discrimination in the Labour Market

2021 ◽  
pp. 097370302110296
Author(s):  
Soumyajit Chakraborty ◽  
Alok K. Bohara
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Religious Discrimination ◽  
Capital Endowment ◽  
Scheduled Castes ◽  
Sample Survey Data ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Human Capital Endowment

Being from backward castes, classes and Muslims in India has an economic cost associated with the nature of institutional discrimination. Using the 2011–2012 National Sample Survey data, this study identifies that caste and religion still rule the modern Indian labour market. We find that discrimination is evident in the socio-religious earnings gaps. While the parametric decompositions suggest that most of these gaps are due to differential human capital endowment, the nonparametric method almost evenly attributes inequality to discrimination and endowment. The results presented in this study suggest that discrimination against Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, Muslims and Other Backward Classes should be included in policy designs to promote equity in the Indian labour market.

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