Susceptibility to malaria during the Prevention of Re-establishment phase in Sri Lanka

Mapping Intimacies ◽

10.21203/rs.3.rs-53968/v3 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Hamsananthy Jeevatharan ◽

Wickremasinghe AR

Keyword(s):

Sri Lanka ◽

Economic Status ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Wealth Index ◽

Malaria Vectors ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Urban Sector ◽

Overseas Travel ◽

History Of ◽

Establishment Phase

Abstract BackgroundSri Lanka eliminated malaria in November 2012 and was certified as malaria-free by the WHO in September 2016. However, influx of travelers from malarious countries and the presence of malaria vectors in formerly endemic areas make the country both receptive and vulnerable to re-establishment of malaria. As imported cases are still being reported and one introduced malaria case was reported in 2018, prevention of re-establishment of malaria is a challenge for Sri Lanka.Susceptibility to malaria is the predisposition of populations to be infectedby malaria parasites.It is influenced by the age-sex composition, parasitaemia, immunity, pregnancy status, type of residency, socio economic status, migration history of the population; broadly biological and generic factors. Therefore, addressing susceptibility to malaria is crucial for planning and implementing appropriate interventions to sustain malaria-free status of the country.The aim of this study was to assess susceptibility to malaria during the prevention of re-establishment phase in Sri Lanka.MethodsA national survey was conducted among 3,454 households. A multistage cluster sampling technique was used to select the households. Susceptibility was assessed based on pre-defined variables by interviewing heads of households using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Basic socio-demographic information, travel history, history of fever and past malaria infections in the preceding three years were collected. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 package.ResultsThe proportion of population who had been overseas within the last 3 years in the urban sector (4.5%, n=99) was significantly higher than that of the rural (2.8%, n=288) and estate sectors (0.2%, n=2) (χ42=66.103; p<0.001). The proportions reporting overseas travel declined significantly with the wealth index up to the 4thquintile with a slight rise in the 5th quintile (χ82=60.985; P<0.001). In the multivariate analysis, persons from the urban sector were 1.75 times (95% CI 1.38-2.22) more likely to travel overseas as compared to persons from the rural and estate sectors; persons from the upper wealth index quintile were 1.46 times (95% CI-1.16-1.92) more likely to travel overseas than persons from the 1st and 2nd wealth index quintiles after controlling for gender, age group and area of residence. .There were 177 persons who had fever within the past 2 weeks of the survey. None of the surveyed population had malaria parasites on blood examination.Conclusions Urban residents, upper socioeconomic class persons and male gender are more likely to travel overseas and bring the parasite into the country. The malaria screening and awareness programmes should be targeted to these populations during the re-establishment of malaria phase as travel overseas is the most important criterion to assess susceptibility in an island nation.As susceptibility is a dynamic phenomenon, itshould be assessed periodically. Combining it with resilience and receptivity, social vulnerability and risk of re-establishment of malaria could be assessed.

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Susceptibility to malaria during the Prevention of Re-establishment phase in Sri Lanka

10.21203/rs.3.rs-53968/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Hamsananthy Jeevatharan ◽

Wickremasinghe AR

Keyword(s):

Sri Lanka ◽

Economic Status ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Wealth Index ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Malaria Parasites ◽

Overseas Travel ◽

Imported Cases ◽

History Of ◽

Establishment Phase

Abstract BackgroundSusceptibility to malaria is the predisposition of populations to be infectedby malaria parasites.It is influenced by the age-sex composition, parasitaemia, immunity, pregnancy status, type of residency, socio economic status, migration history of the population; broadly biological and generic factors. As imported cases are still being reported and one introduced malaria case was reported in 2018, prevention of re-establishment of malaria is a challenge for Sri Lanka.Addressing susceptibility to malaria is crucial for planning and implementing appropriate interventions to sustain malaria-free status of the country. The aim of this study was to assess susceptibility to malaria during the prevention of re-establishment phase in Sri Lanka.MethodsA national survey was conducted among 3,454 households. A multistage cluster sampling technique was used to select the households. Susceptibility was assessed based on a conceptual framework adapted from Kienberger and Hagenlocher [20], using an interviewer-administered questionnaire administered to heads of households. Basic socio-demographic information, travel history, history of fever and past malaria infections in the preceding three years were collected; in addition, subjects were tested for presence of malaria parasites. Data were analysed using SPSS version 20 package.ResultsThe proportion of population who had been overseas within the last 3 years in the urban sector (4.5%, n=99) was significantly higher than that of the rural (2.8%, n=288) and estate sectors (0.2%, n=2) (χ42=66.103; p<0.001). The proportions reporting overseas travel declined significantly with the wealth index up to the 4th quintile with a slight rise in the 5th quintile (χ82=60.985; P<0.001). There were 177 persons who had fever within the past 2 weeks of the survey. None of the surveyed population had malaria parasites on blood examination.Conclusions Urban and upper socioeconomic class population should be targeted for screening and awareness programmes on prevention of re-establishment of malaria. Travel overseas is the most important criterion to assess susceptibility in an island nation.As susceptibility is a dynamic phenomenon, it should be assessed periodically. Combining it with resilience and receptivity, social vulnerability and risk of re-establishment of malaria could be assessed.

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Susceptibility to Malaria During the Prevention of Re-introduction/Re-establishment Phase in Sri Lanka

10.21203/rs.3.rs-53968/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Hamsananthy Jeevatharan ◽

Wickremasinghe AR

Keyword(s):

Sri Lanka ◽

Economic Status ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Wealth Index ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Malaria Parasites ◽

Imported Cases ◽

Establishment Phase ◽

Free Status

Abstract BackgroundSusceptibility to malaria is the predisposition of populations to be infected by malaria parasites. It is influenced by the age-sex composition, parasitaemia, immunity, pregnancy status, type of residency, socio economic status, history migration of the population; broadly biological and generic factors. As imported cases are still being reported and one introduced malaria case was reported in 2018, prevention of re-introduction/re-establishment of malaria is a challenge for Sri Lanka. Addressing susceptibility to malaria is crucial for planning and implementing appropriate interventions to sustain malaria-free status of the country. The aim of this study was to assess susceptibility to malaria during the prevention of re-introduction/re-establishment phase in Sri Lanka. Methods A national survey was conducted among 3,454 households. A multistage cluster sampling technique was used to select the households. Susceptibility was assessed based on a developed conceptual framework adapted from Kienberger and Hagenlocher (2014), and an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 20 package. ResultsThere was zero prevalence of malaria parasites both in the general population and among fever patients. The proportion of population who had been overseas within the last 3 years in the urban sector (4.5%, n=99) was significantly higher than that of rural (2.8%, n=288) and estate sectors (0.2%, n=2) (χ42=66.103; p<0.001) and it significantly declined with the wealth index up to the 4thquintile with a slight rise in the 5th quintile (χ82=60.985; P<0.001).Conclusions Zero prevalence of malaria parasites supports the malaria-free status of the country and pooled blood samples may be tested during reactive case surveillance as a cost-effective approach. Urban and upper socioeconomic class population should be targeted for screening and awareness programmes on prevention of re-establishment of malaria.As susceptibility is a dynamic phenomenon, its assessment should be done periodically. Combining it with the resilience and receptivity, social vulnerability and risk of re-introduction/re-establishment of malaria could be assessed.

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Does the Frequency of Watching Television Matters on Overweight and Obesity among Reproductive Age Women in Ethiopia?

Journal of Obesity ◽

10.1155/2020/9173075 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mohammed Ahmed ◽

Abdu Seid ◽

Adnan Kemal

Keyword(s):

Higher Education ◽

Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Wealth Index ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Reproductive Age Women

Background. Studies in developed countries have revealed an association of different magnitudes between watching television and the risk of being overweight and obese among reproductive age women. Even so, there is no evidence of such an association in the context of the Ethiopian population. Hence, the study aimed to assess the association between watching television with overweight and obesity in a nationally representative sample of Ethiopian women. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted by using secondary data analysis from 2016 Ethiopia demographic and health survey among women aged from 15 to 49 years. The samples were selected using a two-stage stratified cluster sampling technique. A total of 10,074 women were included in the analysis. The outcome variables were both overweight and obesity, whereas the main exposure variable was the frequency of watching television. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed for adjusting potential confounders. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence intervals was used to declare a statistically significant association. Results. The study found that watching television at least once a week was significantly associated with both overweight (AOR: 1.79; 95% CI: 1.20–2.73) and obesity (AOR: 3.76; 95% CI: 2.04–6.95). The study also divulged that the odds of overweight were higher among women aged 25–39 years (AOR: 2.17; 95% CI: 1.25–3.77) and 40–49 years (AOR: 2.69; 95% CI: 1.45–5.00), urban residents (AOR: 1.76; 95% CI:1.17–2.65), attended higher education (AOR:2.11; 95% CI: 1.22–3.65), and richest in the wealth index (AOR: 2.83; 95% CI:1.71–4.68). Similarly, the odds of obesity were higher among women aged 25–39 years and 40–49 years, attended higher education, and the richest in wealth index. Conclusions. The results from this study demonstrated that watching television at least once a week is associated with obesity among reproductive age women in Ethiopia. Therefore, a social behavioral change communication campaign needs to be taken to improve awareness regarding the harmful consequences of watching television for long hours. Further research studies should be conducted among men and adolescents to determine whether this positive association exists among that target population as well.

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Chronic Energy Deficiency and Its Determinant Factors among Adults Aged 18–59 Years in Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1155/2021/8850241 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Samuel Dagne ◽

Yonatan Menber ◽

Yosef Wassihun ◽

Gedefaw Dires ◽

Atitegeb Abera ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health Problem ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Wealth Index ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Limited Information ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Energy Deficiency ◽

Chronic Energy Deficiency

Background. The prevalence of undernutrition in low- and middle-income countries is still remarkably high. Undernutrition during adulthood is a greater risk factor for low productivity, poor health, and mortality. There is limited information on the prevalence and determinants of chronic energy deficiency in Ethiopia. Objective. To assess the prevalence and determinants of chronic energy deficiency among adults aged 18–59 years in Ethiopia. Method. A secondary data analysis was conducted using the data obtained from the 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey. Data were collected using a multistage stratified cluster sampling technique, and the analytic sample consisted of 9,280 adults aged 18–59 years. The chi-square test and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used, and p value <0.05 was taken as statistically significant. Result. A total of 9280 adults aged 18–59 years were included in the study and 2911 (28.7%) (95% CI: 27.0%–30.4%) of whom were chronic energy deficient. Adults who have no work (AOR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.16, 1.72), male adults from Tigray region (AOR = 2.23, 95% CI: 1.61, 3.09), Afar region (AOR = 2.98, 95% CI: 2.04, 4.36), Somali region (AOR = 3.14, 95% CI: 2.19, 4.52), Gambella region (AOR = 1.89, 95% CI: 1.29, 2.76), Harari region (AOR = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.09, 2.19), Amhara region (AOR = 1.53, 95% CI: 1.09, 2.13), Oromia region (AOR = 1.53, 95% CI: 1.07, 2.19), Dire Dawa (AOR = 1.45, 95% CI: 1.03, 2.05), adults live lonely (AOR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.21, 1.71), and adults residing in poor wealth index households (AOR = 1.26 : 95% CI: 1.07, 1.49) were significantly associated with chronic energy deficiency. Conclusion and recommendation. Chronic energy deficiency among male adults in Ethiopia was a high public health problem. Marital status, wealth index, occupation, and region were significant predictors of chronic energy deficiency. The Ministry of Health with other partners should strictly monitor and evaluate interventions that are being applied and should give focus to adult men to prevent malnutrition.

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Prevalence and associations of active trachoma among rural preschool children in Wadla district, northern Ethiopia

10.21203/rs.2.14562/v6 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mesfin Wudu Kassaw ◽

Ayele Mamo Abebe ◽

Kirubel Dagnaw Tegegne ◽

Mikiyas Amare Getu ◽

Woldemichael Tadesse Bihonegn

Keyword(s):

Preschool Children ◽

Economic Status ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Northern Ethiopia ◽

Active Trachoma ◽

Care Workers ◽

High Prevalence

Abstract Background: Trachoma is a neglected eye disease and an important cause of preventable corneal blindness. In endemic areas, initial infection can occur in early childhood and following recurrent episodes, it progresses to scarring and visual impairment. Trachoma disappeared from developed countries through enhancements of hygiene and sanitation but the disease is still a challenge in developing countries. In Ethiopia, data indicate that Amhara is the region with the highest prevalence of active trachoma. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and associations of active trachoma among rural preschool children in Wadla district, Amhara region, Ethiopia.Methods: In this study, 596 children were screened for signs of active trachoma by using cluster-sampling technique. Following pre-testing of the survey instrument in a different district, questions about socio-demographic status were delivered for heads of households. Integrated eye care workers, previously trained to undertake trachoma screening for one month, performed eye examination. The logistic regression model was used to look for associations of active trachoma.Results: The prevalence of active trachoma among rural preschool children in Wadla district was 22%. Low economic status (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 3.8 (95% CI 1.3–11.4), being 37– 48 months old (4.2; 1.5–12.0), living in a house with thatched roof (4.4;1.4–13.6), presence of flies in a home (4.6;2.1–9.9), once-weekly face-washing frequency (8.6;2.5–29.3), having a face that had not been washed for longer than a week (10.6;2.9–37.7), and not using soap (4.5;1.8–11.3) had association to active trachomaConclusion: The prevalence of active trachoma among rural pre-school children in Wadla district was high. This indicates that Trachoma is still a public health problem in the district. This high prevalence calls for further interventions to prevent future trachomatis blindness.

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Influence Of Demographic Factors And History Of Malaria With The Incidence Malaria In MORU PHC

Jurnal Berkala Epidemiologi ◽

10.20473/jbe.v4i3.2016.338-348 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 338

Author(s):

Sudirman Manumpa

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Economic Status ◽

Demographic Factors ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Simple Random Sampling ◽

Education Level ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

History Of

Malaria morbidity in Moru health center, with parameter Annual Parasite Incident (API), amounted to 16.9% in 2014. This figure was still high when compared to the target of eliminating malaria in Indonesia about <1% in 2030. Incidence of malaria is more common in children aged 5 months - <12 years. This high rates of malaria leads to poverty, low level of learning achievement of children and in pregnant women causing low birth weight in babies and death. The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors that influence the incidence of tertian and Tropikana malaria or combined Tropikana and tertian (mix) in Moru PHC in sub-district Alor Southwestern, Alor Regency.This study used a cross-sectional design, the population of study were all patients undergoing peripheral blood examination in Moru PHC’s laboratory from June to October 2015. The number of samples in this study was 173 respondents. The sampling technique was Simple Random Sampling. Instruments of data collection were a questionnaire and observation sheet.Results of the study by Chi-Square test showed that the factors influencing the incidence of malaria were socioeconomic status (sig 0,000), education level (sig 0.001). By using multivariate analysis with logistic regression test, results were obtained the age of 5 months - <12 value (sig 0.025) and socioeconomic status (sig 0,000) influencing the incidence of malaria.Variables that affect the incidence of malaria were demographic factors such as age, education level, socioeconomic status. It is advisable to harness swamp thus improving the economic status of society and build permanent house.Keywords: incidence malaria, demographic factors, history of malaria

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A Study of Psycho-Educational Variables in the Light Socio-Economic Status

International Journal of Indian Psychology ◽

10.25215/0404.106 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Jawaid Ahmad Ittoo ◽

Mukhtar Ahmad Wani

Keyword(s):

Learning Styles ◽

Learning Strategies ◽

Social Stratification ◽

Economic Status ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Caste System ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

The Social ◽

Lower Castes ◽

Educational Variables

In spite of strict religious prohibition of caste system, yet the social stratification features have deeply crept into some Muslim societies and Kashmiri society is no exception. The proper reason might be due to the fact that Kashmiri people have retained some Pre-Islamic features despite conversion. The Kashmiri society is considered to be composed of 1906 castes which are just like other societies categorised into upper, middle and lower castes. At the upper end are Syeds, Khans and Pathans and at the lower end are watal, teeli, Gurjar, lohar etc. In the light of social psychology, the caste in which an individual is born and reared has a significant effect on the personality of that individual (Linton, 1936). Personality traits are expressed in learning styles, which in turn are reflected in learning strategies which eventually produce a certain learning outcome (Heinstorm, 2000). For the present study a sample of 800 students was drawn from seven castes of Kashmir valley i.e. two from dominant upper caste (Syeds and Khan) and another five from under- privileged lower caste (Hajam, Kumar, Gurjar,Lohar and Teeli,) through cluster sampling technique.

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The Relationship Between Spiritual Health and Successful Aging

Salmand ◽

10.32598/sija.2020.3.2183.2 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 246-257

Author(s):

Fatemeh Yousefi ◽

◽

Fatemeh Mohammadi ◽

Seyedeh Ameneh Motalebi ◽

Saeed Pahlevan Sharif ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Successful Aging ◽

Economic Status ◽

The Elderly ◽

Spiritual Health ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Predicting Factors ◽

Dispersion Indices ◽

History Of ◽

Study Participants

Objectives: Successful aging is a positive inner feeling and satisfaction with the past and present life experiences. Thus, the present study aimed to determine the predicting factors of successful aging in a sample of Iranian elderly. Methods & Materials: This cross-sectional and descriptive-analytic study was conducted on 291 elderly in Qazvin City, Iran, in 2018. The study participants were selected using the two-stage cluster sampling method. Data collection was performed using the demographic characteristics checklist, the Successful Aging Scale, and Paloutzian and Ellison Spiritual Wellbeing Scale. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive tests (frequency, percentage, central & dispersion indices) and a hierarchical linear regression model. Results: The study sample was 291 elderly with a Mean±SD age of 68.3±6.7 years. The obtained results indicated that the spiritual health of 81.1% of the explored elderly was strong; most of the examined elderly presented a good level of successful aging. Besides, spiritual health was a predictor of successful aging in the study participants. Regarding the aspects of spiritual health, existential health positively and significantly impacted successful aging (B=0.65, P<0.001). Furthermore, the obtained data revealed that the employed elderly (B:4.29), compared to housewives (B:-4.25), those with high economic status, compared to those with a moderate (B:-3.44) and low (B:-7.332) economic level, and the elderly without a history of physical (B:-4.55) and mental (B:-2.54) conditions obtained significantly higher scores in successful aging. Conclusion: The existential aspect of spiritual health is among the predictors of successful aging. Given the importance and sensitivity of the issues related to the elderly, by interventions focused on spiritual education, one can increase the quality of this period and enrich it.

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The Analysis of Open Defecation Behaviour After Implementing the Tringger of Pillar 1 in Society Based Total Sanitation at Tulungagung Regency

JOURNAL FOR QUALITY IN PUBLIC HEALTH ◽

10.30994/jqph.v2i1.21 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Ida Ayu Anom Putrika ◽

Indasah Indasah ◽

Siti Farida Noor Laila

Keyword(s):

Family Support ◽

Economic Status ◽

Community Support ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Community Leaders ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Open Defecation ◽

Cultural Variables ◽

A Value ◽

Water Closet

Open defecation behavior is still practiced by some people who have obtained trigger pillar 1 society based total sanitation. The objective of the study is to analyze the factors that influence open defecation behavior after triggering implementation pillar 1 society based total sanitation.The research design used in this research is survey expansion. The population is the head of family with the behavior of open defecation that has obtained trigger pillar 1 in society-based total sanitation at Tulungagung regency. The sample size is 100 respondents by using Cluster sampling technique. Data were collected by using questionnaire, then the data were analyzed by using logistic regression. The results showed that a bad Open Defecation (57%), low economic status (97%), good knowledge (100%), bad culture of defecate (79%), good family support (95%), less community support that is 58 respondents (58%), good community leaders support (100%), distance of house where chapter other than closet (98%). Statistical test results in Overall Statistics with a significance value of (p) 0, 000 which means that there are variables that affect the behavior of OD . When viewed the value (p) on each independent variable is economic status variables have a value (p) of 0, 043; knowledge has value (p) of 1,000; attitude has a value (p) 0.383; cultural variables have value (p) 0,000; family support variables have (p) 0.046; the community support variable has (p) 0.004; support of community leaders have value (p) 0,125 and the distance of trowing feces place another of water closet variable has the value (p) 0, 215. Open defecation behaviour after implementing the tringger of pilar 1 in Society-based total sanitation affected by factor cultur, community support, economic status and family support.

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