FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF PHARMACEUTICALY STABLE SERUM OF DUCHESNEA INDICA (ARBENAN)

Objective: Arbenan (Duchesnea indica) plants contain saponins, flavonoids, and tannins which have antioxidant activity. The purpose of this research is to perform formulation and evaluation extract ethanol of Arbenan leaves in the form of serum which is pharmaceutically stable. Method: Arbenan leaf powder was macerated with ethanol solvent, and then left for 3-4 days while stirring repeatedly, and then filtering. Furthermore, the liquid ethanol extract that has been obtained is evaporated using a Rotary Vacum Evaporator was used to evaporate the extract. Prepared extract was used to evaluate various parameters like organoleptics, homogeneity, viscosity, and pH. Result: All formulations were having typical smell, light brown color and a little thick consistency. Formulations of leaf extract of Arabenan with four variations bases have shown to have good stability after stress condition. It can be seen from the evaluation result are organoleptics, homogeneity, viscosity, rheology, and pH. Conclusion: Study concludes that a stable leaf extract of Arabenan can be effectively formulated into a serum by the means of various bases. Peer Review History: Received 8 January 2021; Revised 13 February; Accepted 4 March, Available online 15 March 2021 UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Dr. Marwa A. A. Fayed, University of Sadat City, Egypt, [email protected] Prof. Dr. Ali Gamal Ahmed Al-kaf, Sana'a university, Yemen, [email protected] Ahmad Najib, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, Indonesia, [email protected] Similar Articles: PHYTOCHEMICAL, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY, ANALGESIC, ANTIPYRETIC AND ACUTE TOXICITY OF PSIADIA PUNCTULATA GROWING IN YEMEN ANTIHYPERLIPIDEMIC EFFECT OF THE ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF SCAEVOLA TACCADA (GAERTN) ROXB. LEAVES ETHNOBOTANY, PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGY OF OCHNA SCHWEINFURTHIANA: A REVIEW

Identification of a transcriptional regulatory module that reduces leaf temperature in poplar under heat stress

A stable leaf temperature provides plants with a suitable microenvironment for photosynthesis. With global warming, extreme temperatures have become more frequent and severe; therefore, it is increasingly important to understand the fine regulation of leaf temperature under heat stress. In this study, five poplar species (Populus tomentosa, Populus simonii, Populus euphratica, Populus deltoides and Populus trichocarpa) that live in different native environments were used to analyze leaf temperature regulation. Leaf temperatures were more stable in Populus simonii and Populus euphratica (adapted to water-deficient regions) under elevated ambient temperature. Although transpiration contributes strongly to leaf cooling in poplar, the thicker epidermis and mesophyll and lower absorbance of Populus simonii and Populus euphratica leaves also help reduce leaf temperature, since their leaves absorb less radiation. Co-expression network and association analysis of a natural population of P. simonii indicated that PsiMYB60.2, PsiMYB61.2 and PsiMYB61.1 play dominant roles in coordinating leaf temperature, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate in response to heat stress. Individuals with CT-GT-GT genotypes of these three candidate genes have significantly higher water-use efficiency, and balance leaf temperature cooling with photosynthetic efficiency. Therefore, our findings have clarified the genetic basis of leaf cooling among poplar species and laid the foundation for molecular breeding of thermostable, water-conserving poplar varieties.

Reliability of leaf functional traits after delayed measurements

In this study, the effect of temporary storage (at 4°C) on measurement of leaf traits was tested. We collected leaf samples from 25 species, which represented different functional types in the high altitude vegetation of western Himalaya, to measure leaf area (LA), leaf rehydration, specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf dry matter content (LDMC). Repeated trait measurements were performed for up to 7 days. We found that in all the species, LA increased in initial 24 h of rehydration and thereafter remained stable. Leaf rehydration was found to be sensitive to delayed measurements and changed significantly for up to 7 days. For SLA and LDMC, the effect of storage time was significant only for a few species. On the basis of our findings, we recommend that, for samples stored in dark at 4°C, LA, SLA and LDMC can reliably be estimated after a delay of up to 7 days. Further, these key leaf traits should be estimated only after 24 h of rehydration. Also, trait measurements after prolonged rehydration of leaves should be avoided. Outcomes of this study will be beneficial when a large number of samples are collected from locations far away from laboratory and temporary storage is necessitated before trait measurements.

Morpho-physiological and proteomic responses to water stress in two contrasting tobacco varieties

To gain insight into the molecular mechanisms underpinning tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) tolerance to drought stress, we integrated anatomical, physiological, and proteomic analyses of drought-tolerant (Yuyan6, [Y6]) and -sensitive (Yunyan87 [Y87]) varieties. In comparison to Y87, Y6 exhibited higher water retention capability, improved photosynthetic performance, delayed leaf-senescence, stable leaf ultrastructure, a stronger antioxidant defense, and lesser ROS accumulation when subjected to water stress. Using an iTRAQ-based proteomics approach, 405 and 1,560 differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) were identified from Y6 and Y87 plants, respectively, of which 114 were found to be present in both cultivars. A subsequent functional characterization analysis revealed that these DAPs were significantly enriched in eight biological processes, six molecular functions, and six cellular components and displayed differential expression patterns in Y6 and Y87 plants, suggesting that the response to water stress between both varieties differed at the proteomic level. Furthermore, we constructed protein coexpression networks and identified hub proteins regulating tobacco defenses to water stress. Additionally, qPCR analysis indicated that the majority of genes encoding selected proteins showed consistency between mRNA levels and their corresponding protein expression levels. Our results provide new insights into the genetic regulatory mechanisms associated with drought response in tobacco plants.

Anatomi Daun Beberapa Talas Liar (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott dari Kabupaten Bogor

Leaf anatomy characters are commonly stable, however some of them can change because of environmental influence. Identification of those characters are necessary to be conducted by observing anatomical structure of the plants grown out side of the natural habitat. The objective of this research is to examine the stability of leaf anatomy characters of wild taro on their natural habitat and after planted in the dry field. Leaf anatomical observation was conducted by preparing paradermal and transversal sections. The result indicated that leaf anatomical character was the number of palisade layers of Ciju-2 and Jonggol grown out side their natural habitat was stable. Leaf anatomical characters of Ciju-2 collection were palisade thickness, sponge thickness, leaf thickness, stoma density on abaxial surface changed after planted on dry field. Whereas on Jonggol collection significant difference were found on papil height on abaxial surface, stomatal index on abaxial surface, and palisade thickness on dry field and natural habitat.

Thermal imaging to phenotype traditional maize landraces for drought tolerance

Searching and identification of new crops or varieties with higher adaptation or resistance to water stress is one of the strategies to make agriculture profitable and more sustainable. Especially en arid and semi areas with limiting water resources. This study establishes a practical, fast and replicable protocol to select maize genotypes for its capability to respond to water stress. Eight Portuguese maize landraces (LD), traditionally grown in areas with different altitude and subjected to potentially different degrees of water stress (low altitude = potentially lower stress; high altitude = potentially higher stress) was used. Seedlings were subjected to continuous watering (FI) or forced to water withholding (non-irrigated) for a period of 7-8 days followed by re-watering (NI). Leaf temperature was determined every 48 h by thermal imaging and the temperature difference between NI and FI plants (ΔTNI-FI) was calculated. We found that those genotypes that traditionally had been grown at higher altitudes kept more stable leaf temperature values under dry or wet conditions (small ΔTNI-FI) even under severe water stress. These results will help to optimize a screening protocol for maize seedlings and select novel genotypes or LDs better adapted to water stress, especially in regions where irrigation water is scarce.

An active and stable Ni/Al2O3 nanosheet catalyst for dry reforming of CH4

A highly active and stable leaf-like nanosheet Ni/Al2O3 catalyst was developed by a simple two-step hydrothermal method.

Response of leaf area index to density for two contrasting tree species

It is commonly assumed that mature forest stands with closed canopies support constant amounts (weight or area) of foliage, independent of stand density. For stand leaf area to be constant, mean leaf area must be plastic with respect to density. We examined the relationship between density and both leaf area index and mean leaf area for two contrasting tree species, lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta var. latifolia Engelm.) and subalpine fir (Abieslasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.). In lodgepole pine, leaf area index tended to be constant over a wide range of absolute and relative densities, but in subalpine fir, leaf area index increased with density. Consistent with these results, mean leaf area of lodgepole pine was more plastic with respect to density than mean leaf area of subalpine fir. The presumption of stable leaf area index independent of stand density, therefore, may not be as general as usually assumed owing to differential responses of mean leaf area to density. Differences in plasticity between the two species were attributed to differences in relative shade tolerance and the effect of shade on competitive interactions at high densities.

A survey of food-plant utilization by Hemiptera (Insecta) in the understorey of primary lowland rain forest in Sulawesi, Indonesia

ABSTRACTThe study was conducted in tropical lowland forest in the Dumoga Bone National Park, Sulawesi, Indonesia. It sought (a) to establish the typical densities of sap-sucking Hemip tera, (b) to quantify the intensity of Hemiptera feeding on leaves, and (c) to investigate, using multivariate techniques, the relationships between Hemiptera density and/or feeding damage and a range of leaf or plant characteristics. Only 3% of shrubs examined had colonial Hemiptera feeding on growing shoots. Feeding punctures on leaves were common but the insects which produced them such as the Cicadellidae and various Heteroptera were scarce. Coccoidea and Aleyrodoidea were the dominant and ubiquitous Hemipterans, feeding primarily on the surface of the leaves. Psylloidea were relatively rare and Aphidoidea were not recorded. For the complete data set, which included all leaves examined, there were few significant correlations, either singly or in combination, between the various measures of insect abundance and the state of the 17 leaf characteristics recorded. However, when the data for young leaves were extracted there was evidence to suggest that the number of feeding punctures cm−2 of leaf and the number of coccids cm−2 of upper leaf surface increased rapidly to a maximum as the young leaf aged and certain characters changed accordingly. Other more stable leaf characteristics such as hairiness, spininess, glossiness, etc. explained only a small additional amount of the total variance in Hemiptera abundance.