Morphology of large-scale debris avalanche deposits in Cianjur Plains, West Java, Indonesia

Abstract Large-scale debris avalanche deposit (DAD) processes rarely occur, but the impact is catastrophic. Large-scale flank collapse from ancestral Gede volcano resulted in the deposition of debris avalanche deposits that manifested as prominent hummocky hill landforms covering 192 km2 of the Cianjur Plains, West Java, Indonesia. Although the deposit covers large areas and shows unique volcanic landscape morphology, studies on debris avalanche deposits are limited. Here, we show the results of field reconnaissance, satellite photography and digital elevation model analysis to understand the morphology of large-scale debris avalanche deposits, including their distribution and morphological characteristics. The interpreted thickness of the deposit ranges from 200-500 m, although the hummocky hill with a well-rounded texture is only 50-100 m high due to intense erosion in the tropical region with the remaining portion of the megaclast blocks buried. The distribution of hummocky hills indicates that the flow was constrained by the pre-existing basin configuration. The debris avalanche deposit shows fan-like morphology that characterizes block facies located near the fan mouth, while the matrix facies has matrix-supported smaller blocks in the distal part. The mouth of the debris avalanche deposit is located just south of Cianjur township, with the highest concentration of megaclast block as block facies, which is interpreted as the main depositional axis. The block facies apparently stopped by lineament of the SW-NE-oriented Cimandiri valley to the southeast and NNE-SSW-oriented Cisokan River lineament to the east, which was interpreted as a buried normal fault that was considered a barrier to confine the flow of block facies deposition.

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The morphology of large-scale debris avalanche deposit in Cianjur plains, West Java, Indonesia

10.21203/rs.3.rs-728090/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

A. Setiawan ◽

I. Syafri ◽

E.T. Yuningsih ◽

A. Sudradjat ◽

M. Burhanudinnur

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Normal Fault ◽

Debris Avalanche ◽

Tropical Region ◽

West Java ◽

Field Reconnaissance ◽

The Matrix ◽

Debris Avalanche Deposit ◽

The Impact

Abstract The large-scale debris avalanche deposit (DAD) process are quite rarely occurring but the impact is catastrophic. Large-scale flank collapse from ancestral Gede volcano resulted in the deposition of debris avalanche deposit that manifested as prominent hummocky hill landform covering 192 km2 area in Cianjur plains, West Java, Indonesia. Although the deposit covers large areas and showing unique volcanic landscape morphology, the study on the debris avalanche deposit is limited. Here we show the result of field reconnaissance, satellite photo and digital elevation model analysis to understand the morphology of large-scale debris avalanche deposit including distribution and morphological characteristics. The interpreted thickness of the deposit ranging from 200-500m, although the hummocky hill with well-rounded texture is only 50–100 m height due to intense erosion in the tropical region with the remaining portion of the megaclast blocks buried. The distribution of hummocky hills indicate that the flow constrained by pre-existing basin configuration. The debris avalanche deposit showing fan-like morphology that characterized block facies located near the fan mouth, while the matrix facies with matrix-supported smaller blocks in the distal part. The mouth of debris avalanche deposit located just south of Cianjur township with the highest concentration of megaclast block as block facies that interpreted as the main depositional axis. The block facies apparently stopped by lineament of SW-NE oriented Cimandiri valley to the southeast and NNE-SSW oriented Cisokan river lineament to the east which interpreted as buried normal fault that considered as the barrier to confine flow of block facies deposition.

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The Effect of Pre-milking Stimulation on Teat Morphological Parameters and Milk Traits in the Italian Water Buffalo

Frontiers in Veterinary Science ◽

10.3389/fvets.2020.572422 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

Author(s):

Angela Costa ◽

Massimo De Marchi ◽

Giulio Visentin ◽

Maria Concetta Campagna ◽

Antonio Borghese ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mammary Gland ◽

Somatic Cell ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Large Scale ◽

Chloride Concentration ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Health Indicators ◽

Milk Traits ◽

Manual Stimulation ◽

The Impact

Water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) are very sensitive to environmental stimulus before and during milking, and this explains why disrupted milk ejections due to blood oxytocin level instability are frequent in this species. According to the literature, the manual stimulation (MS) of teats before milking promotes oxytocin release and allows milk ejection to start within 2–3 min. However, the pre-milking stimulation of teats is not always part of the milking routine in Italian buffalo farms; moreover, buffaloes with unstable milk let-down are sometimes treated with exogenous oxytocin (OX). Different types of pre-milking stimulation can impact differently on the mammary gland epithelium and structures and, therefore, on milk yield. In this study, we observed the changes in teat morphological traits before and after the application of three types of stimuli, i.e., no manual stimulation (NS), MS, and OX, in buffaloes reared in an Italian dairy farm. In particular, measurements were available for 23 and 21 buffaloes for front and rear teats, respectively. Subsequently, the effect of the pre-milking stimulation type was estimated on teat morphological characteristics and on milk traits recorded after the application of stimuli. The results showed that the teat canal length was shorter (P < 0.05) after stimulation in the case of MS and OX compared to NS. Cistern diameter was overall greater for MS and lower for OX. On the contrary, teat wall thickness was greater and lower for OX and MS, respectively. Milk yield and quality (fat, protein, and somatic cell score) were similar across the three types of pre-milking stimulation. In perspective, the impact of these types of pre-milking stimulation should be evaluated on a large scale, and the focus might be put on mammary gland epithelium integrity, mastitis incidence, and other udder health indicators in milk, e.g., electrical conductivity, differential somatic cell count, lactose content, and sodium and chloride concentration.

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Institutional Traps of Digitalization of Russian Higher Education

Высшее образование в России ◽

10.31992/0869-3617-2021-30-3-59-75 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 30 (3) ◽

pp. 59-75

Author(s):

M. A. Golovchin

Keyword(s):

Higher Education ◽

Large Scale ◽

New Technologies ◽

Teaching Staff ◽

Original Matrix ◽

Russian Higher Education ◽

The Matrix ◽

Institutional Traps ◽

The Impact ◽

Russian Universities

In 2016-2018 the state in Russia adopted a package of program documents, which implies the transfer of education to the large-scale introduction of digital technologies. This phenomenon has been called “digitalization of education”. In scientific literature, electronization and digitalization are increasingly called one of the institutional traps for the development of Russian universities, since the corresponding institutional environment has not yet been formed due to the forced nature of innovations. As a result, the processes of introducing new technologies into education are still not regulated. Within the framework of the purpose of the study, the manifestations of the trap of electronization and digitalization of Russian higher education were analyzed on the basis of sociological data, and the theoretical modeling of the process of adaptation of educational agents to the institution of digitalization was carried out.In the course of the study, the approaches were summarized that have been developed in discussions on educational digitalization. The article presents the author’s vision of the studied phenomenon as an institutional trap; as well as understanding of the institutional features and characteristics of electronization and digitalization in education.The research method is the analysis of estimates obtained in the course of an expert survey which was conducted by the Vologda Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences among the representatives of the teaching staff of state universities in the Vologda region. In the course of this analysis, the indicators of educational digitalization as an effective innovation were clarified such as an increased accessibility of educational resources; simplification of communication and the process of transferring knowledge from teacher to student; increased opportunities for training specialists for the new (digital) economy; improving the quality of education in universities, etc. Based on the results of the empirical study, it has been determined that the conditions for the development of digitalization in Russian universities are currently ambiguous, which is closely related to the level of competitiveness of the educational organization.The scientific novelty of the research consists in the presentation of an original matrix describing the process of university employees adaptation to the conditions of digital transformation of education. The matrix is proposed on the basis of a sociological analysis of the impact of the trap of electronization and digitalization on the activities of educational agents. The matrix can be taken into account in the practice of higher education management.

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Relationship Between Matrix Cracking and Delamination in CFRP Cross-Ply Laminates Subjected to Low Velocity Impact

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma12233990 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (23) ◽

pp. 3990 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Riming Tan ◽

Jifeng Xu ◽

Wei Sun ◽

Zhun Liu ◽

Zhidong Guan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Finite Element ◽

Large Scale ◽

Matrix Cracking ◽

Low Velocity Impact ◽

Low Velocity ◽

Velocity Impact ◽

Matrix Cracks ◽

Impact Location ◽

The Matrix ◽

The Impact

The effect of matrix cracking on the delamination morphology inside carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) laminates during low-velocity impact (LVI) is an open question. In this paper, the relationship between matrix cracking and delamination is studied by using cross-ply laminates. Several methods, including micrograph, C-scan, and visual inspection, were adopted to characterize the damage after LVI experiments. Based on the experimental results, finite element (FE) models were established to analyze the damage mechanisms. The matrix cracking was predicted by the extended finite element method (XFEM) and the Puck criteria, while the delamination was modeled by cohesive elements. It was revealed that the matrix crack in the bottom ply not only promoted the outward propagation of delamination but also contributed to the narrow delamination beneath the impact location. Multiple matrix cracks occurred in the middle ply. The ones close to the plate center initiated the delamination and prevented large-scale delamination beneath the impact location. For the cracks that were far away, no significant effect on delamination was found. In conclusion, the stress redistribution caused by the crack opening determines the delamination.

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Influence of Thermal Treatment on Mechanical and Morphological Characteristics of Polyamide 11/Cellulose Nanofiber Nanocomposites

Journal of Nanomaterials ◽

10.1155/2015/136204 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Denis Mihaela Panaitescu ◽

Raluca Augusta Gabor ◽

Adriana Nicoleta Frone ◽

Eugeniu Vasile

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

Thermal Treatment ◽

Cellulose Nanofibers ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Nanocomposite Films ◽

Polyamide 11 ◽

Dynamic Mechanical ◽

The Matrix ◽

The Impact

Nanocomposite films were prepared from polyamide 11 (PA11) and cellulose nanofibers (CN) by melt compounding and compression molding. The impact of thermal treatment on the morphology and mechanical behavior of PA11 and nanocomposite films was studied using dynamic mechanical analysis, tensile tests, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and peak force (PF) QNM technique. Slightly higher storage modulus values were obtained for nanocomposites compared to the matrix before the treatment, but a noticeable increase was observed after the treatment. Although CN addition determined increased tensile strength and modulus both before and after the treatment, the increase was much more significant in the case of treated films. The best mechanical properties were shown by treated PA11 films containing 5 wt% CN, with 40% higher Young’s modulus and with 35% higher tensile strength compared to the matrix. Some of the changes pointed out by static and dynamic mechanical tests were explained by the morphological changes determined by the thermal treatment and emphasized by PF QNM and by the increase of XRD crystallinity. A transition from lamellar stack morphology to one involving spherulites was highlighted by AFM. Thermal treatment has proved a valuable method for improving the mechanical properties of PA11/CN composites.

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Morphological characteristics of microscale fractures in gas shale and its pressure-dependent permeability

Interpretation ◽

10.1190/int-2016-0058.1 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. SB25-SB31 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Zhiyong Song ◽

Hongqing Song ◽

Dongxu Ma ◽

Weiyao Zhu ◽

Junhong Yu

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Gas Flow ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Fracture Network ◽

Hydraulic Fractures ◽

Fracture Aperture ◽

Fracture Permeability ◽

Original Matrix ◽

The Matrix ◽

Core Permeability

After hydraulic fracture, the brittleness of shale rocks has led to a network of fractures with different scales and orientations. So far, the flow characteristic investigations have been mostly focused on the matrix (nanoscale) and the macrofractures (wider than millimeter scale) with proppants. Between the nano- and macroscales, those microscale fractures that could not be artificially propped were not studied adequately, although they are essential for gas flow due to the extremely low permeability of the original matrix. To simulate the hydraulic-induced microfractures in the laboratory, we have successfully established a new method on the basis of the Brazilian test to produce microscale fractures in cores. X-ray microtomography exhibited the morphology and aperture scale ([Formula: see text]) of the inner fractures. The variety of the fractures morphology was consistent with the previous results of the large-scale hydraulic experiments. The microfractures (aperture [Formula: see text]) enhanced the core permeability by 2–6 orders of magnitude. We found that the pressure-dependent permeability could be expressed by power and exponential functions, whereas the porosity was not applicable to be included in the function. Except for mechanical properties, the fracture permeability and its pressure dependency were intensely influenced by the fracture aperture, tortuosity, and roughness. Furthermore, we suggested that the greater the proportion of natural fractures in the fracture network, the greater the permeability decline with the pressure increase. This knowledge would be essential in practice to estimate the production and to optimize the hydraulic fractures.

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Fluid circulations associated with the necking of the crust: the example of the Mont-Blanc detachment fault

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-8632 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Nicolas Dall'asta ◽

Guilhem Hoareau ◽

Gianreto Manatschal ◽

Charlotte Ribes

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Normal Fault ◽

Hydrothermal Systems ◽

Detachment Fault ◽

Early Jurassic ◽

Late Triassic ◽

Fluid Circulation ◽

Damaged Zone ◽

The Impact ◽

Mont Blanc Massif

&#160;The external crystalline massifs of the Alps, which include the Mont-Blanc massif, are found in between the external and internal parts of the orogen. The external parts correspond to the proximal domain of the Alpine Tethys (Helvetic domain), whereas the internal part corresponds to the former distal domain of the margin (Penninic domain). Therefore, the Mont-Blanc massif is a key place for understanding the proximal-distal transition during Jurassic rifting of the Alpine Tethys.&#160;Despite numerous seismic observations at modern passive margins, the tectono-sedimentary and fluid evolution recorded in these domains called necking zone remain poorly understood. Many questions remain concerning the thermal evolution, the origin and composition of the fluids, their link to large-scale hydrothermal systems, and the impact of element transfer on the diagenesis of syn-rift sediments.&#160;Here we focus on the Col du Bonhomme (southern Mont-Blanc massif near Bourg St-Maurice, France), where late Triassic / early Jurassic to late Jurassic sediments preserve pre-Alpine contacts between the sediment and the basement. &#160;The syn-rift sedimentary tract is composed of Sinemurian to Pliensbachian sandstones called &#8220;Gr&#232;s Singuliers&#8221;, lying unconformably above the pre-rift and over an exhumed fault plane corresponding to the top basement.Characterization of the faults and overlying sediments requires a multi-scale and multi-disciplinary approach combining field observation, petrography, sedimentology, structural geology, and geochemistry. The protolith of the fault rocks is a Variscan migmatitic gneiss. The damaged zone consists of cataclasites and the core zone is made of black gouge. The gouge is overlaid conformably by Liassic sandstones that contain reworked clasts of cataclasite. The observations that the top basement fault is cut by a Pliensbachian high-angle normal fault and Triassic clasts occur in the gouge enables to date this fault as Early Jurassic.&#160;At the micro scale, the basement shows hydratation leading to chloritization of biotite and sericitisation of feldspaths (orthoclase and plagioclase). A strong hydration-assisted deformation with increase of deformation toward the fault core leads to the formation of cataclasites. They are composed of quartz, sericite with small remnants of orthoclase, chlorites with secondary pyrites and rutiles. The fault core is a black gouge with grain size comminuition and mineral neoformation.Evidence for fluid flow is observed in the fault leading to the hydrothermal alteration of the basement (sericitisation of feldspath and corrosion of quartz) &#160;and the formation of syn-gouge quartz and quartz-adularia veins in the black gouge (datation using the Rb-Sr an adularia and U-Pb on calcite method is in progress) .&#160;Based on our observations we interpret the fault observed at Col du Bonhomme as a Jurassic exhumation fault associated with the necking of the European crust during Jurassic rifting. This preliminary work shows that the fault acted as an important pathway for crustal fluids with important transfer of silica and at least K, Fe and Ti. &#160;The Col du Bonhomme area gives an opportunity to study fluid circulation and basement alteration along a rift-related detachment fault in the necking domain and therefore to understand fluid-mediated element mobility during rifting.Keywords : Detachment fault, Mont-Blanc massif, Fluid circulation , Alpine Tethys, Necking zone

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A Quantitative Morphological Method for Mapping Local Climate Types

Urban Planning ◽

10.17645/up.v6i3.4223 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 240-257 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Daniela Maiullari ◽

Marjolein Pijpers-van Esch ◽

Arjan Van Timmeren

Keyword(s):

Urban Form ◽

Large Scale ◽

Heat Waves ◽

Urban Climate ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Urban Morphology ◽

Mitigation Strategies ◽

Local Climate ◽

Analytical Tools ◽

The Impact

Morphological characteristics of cities significantly influence urban heat island intensities and thermal responses to heat waves. Form attributes such as density, compactness, and vegetation cover are commonly used to analyse the impact of urban morphology on overheating processes. However, the use of abstract large-scale classifications hinders a full understanding of the thermal trade-off between single buildings and their immediate surrounding microclimate. Without analytical tools able to capture the complexity of cities with a high resolution, the microspatial dimension of urban climate phenomena cannot be properly addressed. Therefore, this study develops a new method for numerical identification of types, based on geometrical characteristics of buildings and climate-related form attributes of their surroundings in a 25m and 50m radius. The method, applied to the city of Rotterdam, combines quantitative descriptors of urban form, mapping GIS procedures, and clustering techniques. The resulting typo-morphological classification is assessed by modelling temperature, wind, and humidity during a hot summer period, in ENVI-met. Significant correlations are found between the morphotypes’ characteristics and local climate phenomena, highlighting the differences in performative potential between the classified urban patterns. The study suggests that the method can be used to provide insight into the systemic relations between buildings, their context, and the risk of overheating in different urban settings. Finally, the study highlights the relevance of advanced mapping and modelling tools to inform spatial planning and mitigation strategies to reduce the risk of urban overheating.

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Paradigma Teologi Pendidikan Islam: Konsep Khalifah Perspektif Nilai-Nilai Etika Budaya Sunda di Jawa Barat

AL-ADABIYAH: Jurnal Pendidikan Agama Islam ◽

10.35719/adabiyah.v1i1.13 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 1-16

Author(s):

Hisny Fajrussalam ◽

Nurwadjah Ahmad E.Q. ◽

Andewi Suhartini

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Human Life ◽

Public Support ◽

Qualitative Approach ◽

Ethical Values ◽

Journal Articles ◽

West Java ◽

Analysis Techniques ◽

The People ◽

The Impact

Tulisan ini dilatarbelakangi oleh dampak pandemi Covid-19 dan program Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar (PSBB) terhadap sosial-ekonomi di Indonesia, khususnya Jawa Barat. Di Jawa Barat sendiri, dukungan masyarakat terhadap program PSBB dinilai paling rendah di Indonesia. Sehingga penelitian ini betujuan untuk menjawab kebutuhan akan sikap yang harus diambil masyarakat Jawa Barat dalam menghadapi pandemi Covid-19 dalam perspektif khalifah sebagai tujuan hidup manusia berbasis nilai-nilai etika budaya Sunda. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Data bersumber dari al-Qur’an, kitab tafsir, hadis, buku, artikel jurnal, dan referensi yang relevan. Data yang diperoleh kemudian dikompulasi, dianalisis dan disimpulan dengan menggunakan teknik analysis content. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa sikap yang harus diambil masyarakat Jawa Barat tergategorikan ke dalam empat ajaran dalam agama Islam, yakni aqidah, akhlak, tasawuf, dan mu’amalah. Kata Kunci: khalifah, tujuan hidup, nilai-nilai etika, pandemi Covid-19 This paper is based on the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic and the Large-Scale Social Limitation (PSBB) program on socio-economic development in Indonesia, in particular West Java. In West Java itself, public support for the PSBB program is lowest in Indonesia. So, this study aims to address the needs of the attitude that the people of West Java must face in facing the Covid-19 pandemic in the perspective of the caliph as a purpose of human life based on the ethical values of Sunda culture. Research using qualitative approach. Data is sourced from the Qur'an, interpretive books, hadiths, books, journal articles, and relevant references. The data obtained were then compiled, analyzed and inferred using content analysis techniques. The results show that the attitude that the people of West Java should take is divided into four teachings in Islam, namely beliefs, morals, sufism, and mu'amalah.

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Improving ADMMs for solving doubly nonnegative programs through dual factorization

4OR ◽

10.1007/s10288-020-00454-x ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Martina Cerulli ◽

Marianna De Santis ◽

Elisabeth Gaar ◽

Angelika Wiegele

Keyword(s):

Objective Function ◽

Large Scale ◽

Objective Function Value ◽

Optimal Solution ◽

Stable Set ◽

Dual Variable ◽

Post Processing ◽

Semidefinite Programs ◽

The Matrix ◽

The Impact

Abstract Alternating direction methods of multipliers (ADMMs) are popular approaches to handle large scale semidefinite programs that gained attention during the past decade. In this paper, we focus on solving doubly nonnegative programs (DNN), which are semidefinite programs where the elements of the matrix variable are constrained to be nonnegative. Starting from two algorithms already proposed in the literature on conic programming, we introduce two new ADMMs by employing a factorization of the dual variable. It is well known that first order methods are not suitable to compute high precision optimal solutions, however an optimal solution of moderate precision often suffices to get high quality lower bounds on the primal optimal objective function value. We present methods to obtain such bounds by either perturbing the dual objective function value or by constructing a dual feasible solution from a dual approximate optimal solution. Both procedures can be used as a post-processing phase in our ADMMs. Numerical results for DNNs that are relaxations of the stable set problem are presented. They show the impact of using the factorization of the dual variable in order to improve the progress towards the optimal solution within an iteration of the ADMM. This decreases the number of iterations as well as the CPU time to solve the DNN to a given precision. The experiments also demonstrate that within a computationally cheap post-processing, we can compute bounds that are close to the optimal value even if the DNN was solved to moderate precision only. This makes ADMMs applicable also within a branch-and-bound algorithm.

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