scholarly journals Thymol improves salinity tolerance of tobacco by increasing the Na+ efflux and enhancing the content of NO and GSH

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
liang xu ◽  
Jia-Qian Song ◽  
yuelin wang ◽  
Xiao-Han Liu ◽  
Xue-Li Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Nature Medicine ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Plant Tolerance ◽  
Ros Accumulation ◽  
Na Efflux ◽  
The Stability

Abstract Plants have evolved a lot of strategies to improve salt tolerance to cope with salt stress. Recent studies have suggested that thymol (a nature medicine) enhances the plant tolerance against abiotic stresses, but the mechanisms are rarely known. Here, we found that thymol played an important role in maintaining root growth under salt stress. Thymol rescued root growth from salt stress via ameliorating ROS (reactive oxygen species) accumulation, lipid peroxidation, and cell death. In addition, thymol enhanced the level of NO (nitric oxide) and GSH (glutathione) to repress ROS accumulation, further protecting the stability of cell membrane. Thymol-induced Na+ efflux in roots and leaves under salt stress may depend on the upregulation of SOS1, HKT1 and NHX1. Consequently, all of these evidences suggested that thymol improved tobacco salt tolerance via enhancing NO and GSH content as well as inducing Na+ efflux.

scholarly journals Thymol improves salinity tolerance of tobacco by increasing the Na + efflux and enhancing the content of NO and GSH

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
liang xu ◽  
Jia-Qian Song ◽  
yuelin wang ◽  
Xiao-Han Liu ◽  
Xue-Li Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Nature Medicine ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Plant Tolerance ◽  
Ros Accumulation ◽  
Na Efflux ◽  
The Stability

Abstract Plants have evolved a lot of strategies to improve salt tolerance to cope with salt stress. Recent studies have suggested that thymol (a nature medicine) enhances the plant tolerance against abiotic stresses, but the mechanisms are rarely known. Here, we found that thymol played an important role in maintaining root growth under salt stress. Thymol rescued root growth from salt stress via ameliorating ROS (reactive oxygen species) accumulation, lipid peroxidation, and cell death. In addition, thymol enhanced the level of NO (nitric oxide) and GSH (glutathione) to repress ROS accumulation, further protecting the stability of cell membrane. Thymol-induced Na+ efflux in roots and leaves under salt stress may depend on the upregulation of SOS1, HKT1 and NHX1. Consequently, all of these evidences suggested that thymol improved tobacco salt tolerance via enhancing NO and GSH content as well as inducing Na+ efflux.

scholarly journals Exogenous melatonin improves the salt tolerance of cotton by removing active oxygen and protecting photosynthetic organs

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Jiang ◽  
Bin Lu ◽  
Liantao Liu ◽  
Wenjing Duan ◽  
Yanjun Meng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Photochemical Quenching ◽  
Plant Tolerance ◽  
Signal Molecule ◽  
Ion Balance ◽  
Photosynthetic System

Abstract Background As damage to the ecological environment continues to increase amid unreasonable amounts of irrigation, soil salinization has become a major challenge to agricultural development. Melatonin (MT) is a pleiotropic signal molecule and indole hormone, which alleviates the damage of abiotic stress to plants. MT has been confirmed to eliminate reactive oxygen species (ROS) by improving the antioxidant system and reducing oxidative damage under adversity. However, the mechanism by which exogenous MT mediates salt tolerance by regulating the photosynthetic capacity and ion balance of cotton seedlings still remains unknown. In this study, the regulatory effects of MT on the photosynthetic system, osmotic modulators, chloroplast, and anatomical structure of cotton seedlings were determined under 0–500 μM MT treatments with salt stress induced by treatment with 150 mM NaCl. Results Salt stress reduces the chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration, transpiration rate, PSII photochemical efficiency, PSII actual photochemical quantum yield, the apparent electron transfer efficiency, stomata opening, and biomass. In addition, it increases non-photochemical quenching. All of these responses were effectively alleviated by exogenous treatment with MT. Exogenous MT reduces oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation by reducing salt-induced ROS and protects the plasma membrane from oxidative toxicity. MT also reduces the osmotic pressure by reducing the salt-induced accumulation of Na+ and increasing the contents of K+ and proline. Exogenous MT can facilitate stomatal opening and protect the integrity of cotton chloroplast grana lamella structure and mitochondria under salt stress, protect the photosynthetic system of plants, and improve their biomass. An anatomical analysis of leaves and stems showed that MT can improve xylem and phloem and other properties and aides in the transportation of water, inorganic salts, and organic substances. Therefore, the application of MT attenuates salt-induced stress damage to plants. Treatment with exogenous MT positively increased the salt tolerance of cotton seedlings by improving their photosynthetic capacity, stomatal characteristics, ion balance, osmotic substance biosynthetic pathways, and chloroplast and anatomical structures (xylem vessels and phloem vessels). Conclusions Our study attributes help to protect the structural stability of photosynthetic organs and increase the amount of material accumulation, thereby reducing salt-induced secondary stress. The mechanisms of MT-induced plant tolerance to salt stress provide a theoretical basis for the use of MT to alleviate salt stress caused by unreasonable irrigation, fertilization, and climate change.

scholarly journals Exogenous Melatonin Improves Salt Tolerance by Mitigating Osmotic, Ion, and Oxidative Stresses in Maize Seedlings

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 663 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianhong Ren ◽  
Jun Ye ◽  
Lina Yin ◽  
Gouxia Li ◽  
Xiping Deng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Plant Tolerance ◽  
Short Term Treatment ◽  
Exogenous Melatonin ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Oxidative Stresses

Melatonin has been confirmed extensively for the positive effects on increasing plant tolerance to various abiotic stresses. However, the roles of melatonin in mediating different stresses still need to be explored in different plants species and growth periods. To investigate the role of melatonin in mitigating salt stress, maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings growing in hydroponic solution were treated with 100 mM NaCl combined with or without 1 μM melatonin. Melatonin application had no effects on maize growth under normal condition, while it moderately alleviated the NaCl-induced inhibition of plant growth. The leaf area, biomass, and photosynthesis of melatonin-treated plants were higher than that of without melatonin under NaCl treatment. The osmotic potential was lower, and the osmolyte contents (including sucrose and fructose) were higher in melatonin-treated plants. Meanwhile, the decreases in Na+ content and increases in K+/Na+ ratio were found in shoots of melatonin-applied plant under salt stress. Moreover, both enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant activities were significantly increased in leaves with melatonin application under salt treatment. These results clearly indicate that the exogenous melatonin-enhanced salt tolerance under short-term treatment could be ascribed to three aspects, including osmotic adjustment, ion balance, and alleviation of salt-induced oxidative stress.

scholarly journals The Synthesis of Ascorbic Acid in Rice Roots Plays an Important Role in the Salt Tolerance of Rice by Scavenging ROS

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 3347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yayun Wang ◽  
Hui Zhao ◽  
Hua Qin ◽  
Zixuan Li ◽  
Hai Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Rice Roots ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Rna Interfering

The root plays an important role in the responses of plants to stresses, but the detailed mechanisms of roots in stress responses are still obscure. The GDP-mannose pyrophosphate synthetase (GMPase) OsVTC1-3 is a key factor of ascorbic acid (AsA) synthesis in rice roots. The present study showed that the transcript of OsVTC1-3 was induced by salt stress in roots, but not in leaves. Inhibiting the expression of OsVTC1-3 by RNA interfering (RI) technology significantly impaired the tolerance of rice to salt stress. The roots of OsVTC1-3 RI plants rapidly produced more O2−, and later accumulated amounts of H2O2 under salt stress, indicating the impaired tolerance of OsVTC1-3 RI plants to salt stress due to the decreasing ability of scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, exogenous AsA restored the salt tolerance of OsVTC1-3 RI plants, indicating that the AsA synthesis in rice roots is an important factor for the response of rice to salt stress. Further studies showed that the salt-induced AsA synthesis was limited in the roots of OsVTC1-3 RI plants. The above results showed that specifically regulating AsA synthesis to scavenge ROS in rice roots was one of important factors in enhancing the tolerance of rice to salt stress.

scholarly journals Overexpression of Peroxidase Gene GsPRX9 Confers Salt Tolerance in Soybean

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (15) ◽  
pp. 3745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting Jin ◽  
Yangyang Sun ◽  
Ranran Zhao ◽  
Zhong Shan ◽  
Junyi Gai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Glycine Soja ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Wild Soybean ◽  
Plant Tolerance ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Peroxidase Gene

Peroxidases play prominent roles in antioxidant responses and stress tolerance in plants; however, their functions in soybean tolerance to salt stress remain unclear. Here, we investigated the role of a peroxidase gene from the wild soybean (Glycine soja), GsPRX9, in soybean tolerance to salt stress. GsPRX9 gene expression was induced by salt treatment in the roots of both salt-tolerant and -sensitive soybean varieties, and its relative expression level in the roots of salt-tolerant soybean varieties showed a significantly higher increase than in salt-sensitive varieties after NaCl treatment, suggesting its possible role in soybean response to salt stress. GsPRX9-overexpressing yeast (strains of INVSc1 and G19) grew better than the control under salt and H2O2 stress, and GsPRX9-overexpressing soybean composite plants showed higher shoot fresh weight and leaf relative water content than control plants after NaCl treatment. Moreover, the GsPRX9-overexpressing soybean hairy roots had higher root fresh weight, primary root length, activities of peroxidase and superoxide dismutase, and glutathione level, but lower H2O2 content than those in control roots under salt stress. These findings suggest that the overexpression of the GsPRX9 gene enhanced the salt tolerance and antioxidant response in soybean. This study would provide new insights into the role of peroxidase in plant tolerance to salt stress.

scholarly journals OXS2 is Required for Salt Tolerance Mainly through Associating with Salt Inducible Genes, CA1 and Araport11, in Arabidopsis

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Jing ◽  
Lin Shi ◽  
Xin Li ◽  
Han Zheng ◽  
Jianwei Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Functional Screening ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Promoter Regions ◽  
Inducible Genes ◽  
Chip Analysis

AbstractSalt stress is one of the abiotic stresses affecting crop growth and yield. The functional screening and mechanism investigation of the genes in response to salt stress are essential for the development of salt-tolerant crops. Here, we found that OXIDATIVE STRESS 2 (OXS2) was a salinity-induced gene, and the mutant oxs2-1 was hypersensitive to salt stress during seed germination and root elongation processes. In the absence of stress, OXS2 was predominantly localized in the cytoplasm; when the plants were treated with salt, OXS2 entered the nuclear. Further RNA-seq analysis and qPCR identification showed that, in the presence of salt stress, a large number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were activated, which contain BOXS2 motifs previously identified as the binding element for AtOXS2. Further ChIP analysis revealed that, under salt stress, OXS2 associated with CA1 and Araport11 directly through binding the BOXS2 containing fragments in the promoter regions. In conclusion, our results indicate that OXS2 is required for salt tolerance in Arabidopsis mainly through associating with the downstream CA1 and Araport11 directly.

scholarly journals An Enhancer Mutant of Arabidopsis salt overly sensitive 3 Mediates both Ion Homeostasis and the Oxidative Stress Response

2007 ◽  
Vol 27 (14) ◽  
pp. 5214-5224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianhua Zhu ◽  
Xinmiao Fu ◽  
Yoon Duck Koo ◽  
Jian-Kang Zhu ◽  
Francis E. Jenney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Pdz Domain ◽  
Ion Homeostasis ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Salt Sensitivity ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Isolation And Characterization

ABSTRACT The myristoylated calcium sensor SOS3 and its interacting protein kinase, SOS2, play critical regulatory roles in salt tolerance. Mutations in either of these proteins render Arabidopsis thaliana plants hypersensitive to salt stress. We report here the isolation and characterization of a mutant called enh1-1 that enhances the salt sensitivity of sos3-1 and also causes increased salt sensitivity by itself. ENH1 encodes a chloroplast-localized protein with a PDZ domain at the N-terminal region and a rubredoxin domain in the C-terminal part. Rubredoxins are known to be involved in the reduction of superoxide in some anaerobic bacteria. The enh1-1 mutation causes enhanced accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), particularly under salt stress. ROS also accumulate to higher levels in sos2-1 but not in sos3-1 mutants. The enh1-1 mutation does not enhance sos2-1 phenotypes. Also, enh1-1 and sos2-1 mutants, but not sos3-1 mutants, show increased sensitivity to oxidative stress. These results indicate that ENH1 functions in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species resulting from salt stress by participating in a new salt tolerance pathway that may involve SOS2 but not SOS3.

scholarly journals Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Halophyte Zoysia macrostachya in Response to Salinity Stress

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rong Wang ◽  
Xi Wang ◽  
Kuan Liu ◽  
Xue-Jie Zhang ◽  
Luo-Yan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Plant Hormone ◽  
Ion Homeostasis ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Molecular Processes ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Salt Glands ◽  
Differently Expressed Genes

As one of the most severe environmental stresses, salt stress can cause a series of changes in plants. In salt tolerant plant Zoysia macrostachya, germination, physiology, and genetic variation under salinity have been studied previously, and the morphology and distribution of salt glands have been clarified. However, no study has investigated the transcriptome of such species under salt stress. In the present study, we compared transcriptome of Z. macrostachya under normal conditions and salt stress (300 mmol/L NaCl, 24 h) aimed to identify transcriptome responses and molecular mechanisms under salt stress in Z. macrostachya. A total of 8703 differently expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, including 4903 up-regulated and 3800 down-regulated ones. Moreover, a series of molecular processes were identified by Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, and these processes were suggested to be closely related to salt tolerance in Z. macrostachya. The identified DEGs concentrated on regulating plant growth via plant hormone signal transduction, maintaining ion homeostasis via salt secretion and osmoregulatory substance accumulation and preventing oxidative damage via increasing the activity of ROS (reactive oxygen species) scavenging system. These changes may be the most important responses of Z. macrostachya under salt stress. Some key genes related to salt stress were identified meanwhile. Collectively, our findings provided valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms and genetic underpinnings of salt tolerance in Z. macrostachya.

scholarly journals Proline, A Peculiar Amino Acid with Astucious Functions in Development and Salt Tolerance Process in Plants

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Faiçal Brini ◽  
Walid Saibi ◽  
Faiçal Brini
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Redox Balance ◽  
Proline Metabolism ◽  
Important Research ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Plant Tolerance ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Research Gaps ◽  
Physiological Processes

Proline is known to play diverse functions in plants. Some aspects of its biological functions are still unclear. This review highlights some cases in the proline, structure, metabolism, functions in development and also its involvement in salt tolerance process in planta. Indeed, we report the clever roles of proline in cellular homeostasis, including redox balance and their implication as effector during some causal enzymological and physiological processes. Furthermore, the proline functions under abiotic stresses are not yet completely understood. The engineering of proline metabolism could lead to new opportunities to improve plant tolerance against environmental stresses, especially salinity. Eventually, we note that the purpose through this review is to provide a rich, concise and mostly cohesive source on proline, considered as a platform and an anchor between several disciplines and biological functions. We also provide insight on some important research gaps that need to be filled to advance our scientific understanding in this area of research on proline in soil-plant systems.

scholarly journals The role of watermelon caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (ClCOMT1) in melatonin biosynthesis and abiotic stress tolerance

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingjing Chang ◽  
Yanliang Guo ◽  
Jingyi Yan ◽  
Zixing Zhang ◽  
Li Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Caffeic Acid ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
Abiotic Stress Tolerance ◽  
Plant Tolerance ◽  
Drought And Salt Stress ◽  
Almost All

AbstractMelatonin is a pleiotropic signaling molecule that regulates plant growth and responses to various abiotic stresses. The last step of melatonin synthesis in plants can be catalyzed by caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT), a multifunctional enzyme reported to have N-acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase (ASMT) activity; however, the ASMT activity of COMT has not yet been characterized in nonmodel plants such as watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). Here, a total of 16 putative O-methyltransferase (ClOMT) genes were identified in watermelon. Among them, ClOMT03 (Cla97C07G144540) was considered a potential COMT gene (renamed ClCOMT1) based on its high identities (60.00–74.93%) to known COMT genes involved in melatonin biosynthesis, expression in almost all tissues, and upregulation under abiotic stresses. The ClCOMT1 protein was localized in the cytoplasm. Overexpression of ClCOMT1 significantly increased melatonin contents, while ClCOMT1 knockout using the CRISPR/Cas-9 system decreased melatonin contents in watermelon calli. These results suggest that ClCOMT1 plays an essential role in melatonin biosynthesis in watermelon. In addition, ClCOMT1 expression in watermelon was upregulated by cold, drought, and salt stress, accompanied by increases in melatonin contents. Overexpression of ClCOMT1 enhanced transgenic Arabidopsis tolerance against such abiotic stresses, indicating that ClCOMT1 is a positive regulator of plant tolerance to abiotic stresses.

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