Genetic evidence for the invasion of Cymbella janischii (A. Schmidt) De Toni in Japan

Abstract Cymbella janischii (A. Schmidt) De Toni, an endemic diatom of the Pacific Northwest, was found in 2006 in Japan, and since then, its distribution has been expanding. It was identified on the basis of morphology in Japan, however, molecular analyses have not yet been performed, with no sequences known of genes derived from the Japanese isolate. Here, we analyzed rbcL, psaB, psbA, 18S rRNA, and 28S rRNA gene sequences (6526 bp in total) of the C. janischii specimens from several locations in Japan and explored their genetic relatedness with C. janischii from its country of origin (the United States) and its closely related species. We showed that all Japanese specimens had the same sequences, regardless of geographical distance, and formed a clade with the US C. janischii. The identities and the pairwise distance between the sequences of the Japanese and the US diatoms were 99.937% and 0.0003, respectively, indicating that these diatoms are extremely similar. These results provide potential genetic evidence of the recent invasion and rapid spread of C. janischii from the US in Japan.

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A Decade of Hop Powdery Mildew in the Pacific Northwest

Plant Health Progress ◽

10.1094/php-2008-0314-01-rv ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 33 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

David H. Gent ◽

Mark E. Nelson ◽

Ann E. George ◽

Gary G. Grove ◽

Walter F. Mahaffee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Powdery Mildew ◽

Pacific Northwest ◽

Sustainable Management ◽

The United States ◽

Future Directions ◽

Loss And Damage ◽

The Pacific ◽

The Us ◽

Management Approaches ◽

First Time

Hop powdery mildew, caused by the fungus Podosphaera macularis, was confirmed for the first time in hop yards in the United States Pacific Northwest in 1997. The US hop industry experienced significantly crop loss and damage from the disease, but new knowledge, grower experience, and management approaches have allowed the industry to survive the introduction of this damaging pathogen. This review provides an overview of research on and progress towards economically sustainable management of hop powdery mildew in the US, and future directions for research and further innovation. Accepted for publication 2 January 2008. Published 14 March 2008.

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Radiocarbon Calibration around AD 1900 from Scots Pine (Pinus Sylvestris) tree rings from Northern Norway

Radiocarbon ◽

10.1017/rdc.2019.99 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 61 (6) ◽

pp. 1775-1784

Author(s):

Helene Svarva ◽

Pieter Grootes ◽

Martin Seiler ◽

Terje Thun ◽

Einar Værnes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pinus Sylvestris ◽

Pacific Northwest ◽

Scots Pine ◽

Tree Rings ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Pacific Coast ◽

Northern Norway ◽

Pine Tree ◽

The Pacific ◽

The Us

ABSTRACTTo resolve an inconsistency around AD 1895 between radiocarbon (14C) measurements on oak from the British Isles and Douglas fir and Sitka spruce from the Pacific Northwest, USA, we measured the 14C content in single-year tree rings from a Scots pine tree (Pinus sylvestris L.), which grew in a remote location in Saltdal, northern Norway. The dataset covers the period AD 1864–1937 and its results are in agreement with measurements from the US Pacific coast around 1895. The most likely explanation for older ages in British oak in this period seems to be 14C depletion associated with the combustion of fossil fuels.

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First record of Euxestonotus error (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) in the Pacific Northwest, United States of America

The Canadian Entomologist ◽

10.4039/tce.2016.8 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 148 (5) ◽

pp. 616-618 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

E.R. Echegaray ◽

R.N. Stougaard ◽

B. Bohannon

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

New York ◽

Pacific Northwest ◽

United States Of America ◽

First Record ◽

The United States ◽

Sitodiplosis Mosellana ◽

Wheat Midge ◽

The Pacific ◽

Northwestern Montana

AbstractEuxestonotus error (Fitch) (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) is considered part of the natural enemy complex of the wheat midge Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Although previously reported in the United States of America, there is no record for this species outside the state of New York since 1865. A survey conducted in the summer of 2015 revealed that E. error is present in northwestern Montana and is likely playing a role in the suppression of wheat midge populations.

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Erysiphe trifolii Causing Powdery Mildew of Lentil (Lens culinaris)

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-93-8-0797 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 93 (8) ◽

pp. 797-803 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Renuka N. Attanayake ◽

Dean A. Glawe ◽

Frank M. Dugan ◽

Weidong Chen

Keyword(s):

Powdery Mildew ◽

Pacific Northwest ◽

The United States ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Grain Legumes ◽

Its Sequences ◽

Powdery Mildew Fungus ◽

The Pacific ◽

Soybean Genotypes ◽

Erysiphe Trifolii

The taxonomy of the powdery mildew fungus infecting lentil in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) of the United States was investigated on the basis of morphology and rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences. Anamorphic characters were in close agreement with descriptions of Erysiphe trifolii. However, teleomorphs formed chasmothecial appendages with highly branched apices, whereas E. trifolii has been described as producing flexuous or sometimes loosely branched appendages. Branched appendages have been described in Erysiphe diffusa, a fungus reported from species of Lens, Glycine, and Sophora, raising the possibility that the PNW fungus could be E. diffusa. Examination of morphological characters of an authentic specimen of E. trifolii from Austria determined that it included chasmothecial appendages resembling those seen in PNW specimens. Furthermore, ITS sequences from five powdery mildew samples collected from lentils in PNW greenhouses and fields from 2006 to 2008 were identical to one another, and exhibited higher similarity to sequences of E. trifolii (99%) than to those of any other Erysiphe spp. available in GenBank. Parsimony analysis grouped the lentil powdery mildew into a clade with Erysiphe baeumleri, E. trifolii, and E. trifolii–like Oidium sp., but indicated a more distant relationship to E. diffusa. In greenhouse inoculation studies, the lentil powdery mildew fungus did not infect soybean genotypes known to be susceptible to E. diffusa. The pathogenicity of E. trifolii on lentil was confirmed using modified Koch's postulates. This is the first report of E. trifolii infecting lentil. E. diffusa and E. trifolii have different host ranges, so the discovery of E. trifolii on lentil has implications both for determining species of powdery mildews on cool-season grain legumes, and in disease management.

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The Dimensions of the US-China Trade War

Open Political Science ◽

10.1515/openps-2020-0004 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 47-55

Author(s):

Mohamad Zreik

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Indian Ocean ◽

Free Trade ◽

The United States ◽

Bilateral Agreements ◽

China Trade ◽

The Pacific ◽

The Us ◽

The Indian Ocean ◽

Trade War

AbstractThe Chinese Ministry of Commerce issued a statement Friday morning, July 6, 2018, confirming the outbreak of a trade war between the United States and China. The statement came after the United States imposed tariffs on many Chinese goods, in violation of international and bilateral agreements, and the destruction of the concept of free trade which the United States calls for following it. It is a war of opposite directions, especially the contradiction between the new Trump policy and the Chinese approach. The proof is what US Defense Secretary James Matisse announced in Singapore in early June 2018 of “the full strategy of the new United States, in the Indian Ocean and the Pacific,” where China was the “sole enemy of the United States” in China’s geostrategic region. Intentions have become publicized, and trade war between the two economic giants is turning into a reality. This paper will give an overview of the US-China scenario of trade war, then a focused analysis on the Trump’s administration economic decision regarding China, and the consequences of this decision.

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Evaluation of the phytotoxicity of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol and Pseudomonas brassicacearum Q8r1-96 on different wheat cultivars

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto-07-20-0315-r ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mingming Yang ◽

Linda S Thomashow ◽

David M Weller

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

Pacific Northwest ◽

Root Colonization ◽

The United States ◽

Wheat Cultivars ◽

The Pacific ◽

Root Necrosis ◽

Growth Promoting ◽

Pseudomonas Brassicacearum

Pseudomonas brassicacearum Q8r1-96 and other 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG)-producing pseudomonads of the Pseudomonas fluorescens complex possess both biocontrol and growth-promoting properties and play an important role in suppression of take-all of wheat in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) of the United States. However, P. brassicacearum can also reduce seed germination and cause root necrosis on some wheat cultivars. We evaluated the effect of Q8r1-96 and DAPG on the germination of 69 wheat cultivars that have been or currently are grown in the PNW. Cultivars varied widely in their ability to tolerate P. brassicacearum or DAPG. The frequency of germination of the cultivars ranged from 0 to 0.87 and from 0.47 to 0.90 when treated with Q8r1-96 and DAPG, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between the frequency of germination of cultivars treated with Q8r1-96 in assays conducted in vitro and in the greenhouse. The correlation was greater for spring than for winter cultivars. In contrast, the effect of Q8r1-96 on seed germination was not correlated with that of DAPG alone, suggesting that DAPG is not the only factor responsible for the phytotoxicity of Q8r1-96. Three wheat cultivars with the greatest tolerance and three cultivars with the least tolerance to Q8r1-96 were tested for their ability to support root colonization by strain Q8r1-96. Cultivars with the greatest tolerance supported significantly greater populations of strain Q8r1-96 than those with the least tolerance to the bacteria. Our results show that wheat cultivars differ widely in their interaction with P. brassicacearum and the biocontrol antibiotic DAPG.

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Bicycling, Birding and #BLM across America in a Summer of Chaos

Biodiversity Information Science and Standards ◽

10.3897/biss.4.59303 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 ◽

Author(s):

Scott Edwards

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Social Media ◽

National Level ◽

Political Stability ◽

The United States ◽

Local Communities ◽

Rural America ◽

The Pacific ◽

The Us ◽

White Violence

From 6 June to 20 August, 2020, I undertook a 76-day, ~3800 mile bicycle trip across the United States from the Atlantic to the Pacific oceans. In this talk I will share with you some of the amazing people, landscapes and birds I encountered, mostly in rural towns and along blue highways. The gradually changing birdscape, both in sight and sound, underscored the sensitive ecological gradients to which birds respond, as well as the ability of some species to thrive in agricultural monocultures. Rivers large and small regularly benchmarked my progress, as well as the western journey of Lewis & Clark over 200 years ago. The recent incidents in the US involving African Americans as targets of white violence inexorably caused me to festoon my bicycle with #BlackLivesMatter (#BLM) signs and share my experiences on social media. I encountered a variety of reactions, often positive and occasionally sharply negative, in a sea of generosity and extraordinary kindness as I wheeled my way through towns on the brink of collapse, vast private ranches and the occasional city. Rural America exhibits an abundance of loyalty and empathy for local communities, yet it is sometimes hard for Americans – myself included – to empathize with people they have never met in person. Two imperatives I took away, with ramifications for both biodiversity and political stability, were the need to somehow bring divergent communities together and to encourage empathy at the national level, among communities that otherwise experience each other only on TV.

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If You Provide, Will They Ride? Motivators and Deterrents to Shared Micro-Mobility

International Journal of Business and Applied Social Science ◽

10.33642/ijbass.v6n6p3 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 26-38

Author(s):

Ronald W. Pimentel, Ph.D. ◽

Michael B. Lowry, Ph.D. ◽

David Pimentel, J.D. ◽

Amanda K. Glazer ◽

Timothy W. Koglin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pacific Northwest ◽

Reasoned Action ◽

Secondary Data ◽

The United States ◽

The Pacific ◽

Micro Mobility ◽

On Line ◽

Optimal System Design ◽

Depth Interviews ◽

Bike Share

Bike share, e-bike share, and e-scooter systems (shared micro-mobility) are gaining popularity throughout the United States and internationally, but the optimal system design has not been determined. This study investigated motivators and deterrents to the use of such systems in the Pacific Northwest with secondary data, participant observations, depth interviews, and an on-line survey to users and non-users. The survey was administered in all cities in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho that have shared micro-mobility systems. The strongest motivators reported were exercise and enjoyment. The strongest deterrents were weather, danger from automobile traffic, and insufficient bike lanes and paths. The latter two deterrents might be alleviated through continued improvements to infrastructure; however, the weather cannot be changed, and neither can hills. Data were fitted to the Theory of Reasoned Action and the resulting recommendation is to promote popular motivators of exercise and enjoyment and emphasize personal benefits more than social appearances.

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Burden-sharing: the US, Australia and New Zealand alliances in the Pacific islands

International Affairs ◽

10.1093/ia/iiab081 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Joanne Wallis ◽

Anna Powles

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

New Zealand ◽

Pacific Islands ◽

Critical Role ◽

The United States ◽

Burden Sharing ◽

Military Capability ◽

The Pacific ◽

Security Challenges ◽

The Us

Abstract One of President Joseph Biden's foreign policy priorities is to ‘renew’ and ‘strengthen’ the United States' alliances, as they were perceived to have been ‘undermined’ during the Trump administration, which regularly expressed concern that allies were free-riding on the United States' military capability. Yet the broad range of threats states face in the contemporary context suggests that security assistance from allies no longer only—or even primarily—comes in the form of military capability. We consider whether there is a need to rethink understandings of how alliance relationships are managed, particularly how the goals—or strategic burdens—of alliances are understood, how allies contribute to those burdens, and how influence is exercised within alliances. We do this by analysing how the United States–Australia and Australia–New Zealand alliances operate in the Pacific islands. Our focus on the Pacific islands reflects the United States' perception that the region plays a ‘critical’ role in helping to ‘preserve a free and open Indo-Pacific region’. We conclude that these understandings need to be rethought, particularly in the Pacific islands, where meeting non-traditional security challenges such as economic, social and environmental issues, is important to advancing the United States, Australia and New Zealand's shared strategic goal of remaining the region's primary security partners and ensuring that no power hostile to their interests establishes a strategic foothold.

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Mr. X and the Pacific

10.7591/cornell/9781501711145.001.0001 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Paul J. Heer

Keyword(s):

Soviet Union ◽

East Asia ◽

Vietnam War ◽

Korean War ◽

The United States ◽

The Soviet Union ◽

The Pacific ◽

The Us ◽

The Korean War ◽

The Impact

This book chronicles and assesses the little-known involvement of US diplomat George F. Kennan—renowned as an expert on the Soviet Union—in US policy toward East Asia, primarily in the early Cold War years. Kennan, with vital assistance from his deputy John Paton Davies, played pivotal roles in effecting the US withdrawal from the Chinese civil war and the redirection of American occupation policy in Japan, and in developing the “defensive perimeter” concept in the western Pacific. His influence, however, faded soon thereafter: he was less successful in warning against US security commitments in Korea and Indochina, and the impact of the Korean War ultimately eclipsed his strategic vision for US policy in East Asia. This was due in large part to Kennan’s inability to reconcile his judgment that the mainland of East Asia was strategically expendable to the United States with his belief that US prestige should not be compromised there. The book examines the subsequent evolution of Kennan’s thinking about East Asian issues—including his role as a prominent critic of US involvement in the Vietnam War—and the legacies of his engagement with the region.

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