scholarly journals Combined Transcriptome and Metabolome Integrated Analysis of Acer mandshuricum to Reveal Candidate Genes Involved in Anthocyanin Accumulation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shikai Zhang ◽  
Wang Zhan ◽  
Anran Sun ◽  
Ying Xie ◽  
Zhiming Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Mechanism ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Structural Genes ◽  
Leaf Color ◽  
Accumulation Pattern ◽  
Color Formation ◽  
Red Color

Abstract The red color formation of Acer mandshuricum leaves is caused by the accumulation of anthocyanins primarily, but the molecular mechanism researches which underlie anthocyanin biosynthesis in A. mandshuricum were still lacking. Therefore, we combined the transcriptome and metabolome and analyzed the regulatory mechanism and accumulation pattern of anthocyanins in leaf color change periods in three different leaf color states. In our results, 26 anthocyanins were identified. Notably, the metabolite cyanidin 3-O-glucoside was found that significantly correlated with the color formation, was the predominant metabolite in anthocyanin biosynthesis of A. mandshuricum. By the way, two key structural genes ANS (Cluster-20561.86285) and BZ1 (Cluster-20561.99238) in anthocyanidin biosynthesis pathway were significantly up-regulated in RL, suggesting that they might enhance accumulation of cyanidin 3-O-glucoside which is their downstream metabolite, and contributed the red formation of A. mandshuricum leaves. Additionally, most TFs (e.g., MYBs, bZIPs and bHLHs) were detected differentially expressed in three leaf color stages that could participate in anthocyanin accumulation. This study sheds light on the anthocyanin molecular regulation of anthocyanidin bio-synthesis and accumulation underlying the different leaf color change periods in A. mandshuricum, and it could provide basic theory and new insight for the leaf color related genetic improvement of A. mandshuricum.

scholarly journals Combined transcriptome and metabolome integrated analysis of Acer mandshuricum to reveal candidate genes involved in anthocyanin accumulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shikai Zhang ◽  
Wang Zhan ◽  
Anran Sun ◽  
Ying Xie ◽  
Zhiming Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Mechanism ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Structural Genes ◽  
Leaf Color ◽  
Accumulation Pattern ◽  
Color Formation ◽  
Red Color

AbstractThe red color formation of Acer mandshuricum leaves is caused by the accumulation of anthocyanins primarily, but the molecular mechanism researches which underlie anthocyanin biosynthesis in A. mandshuricum were still lacking. Therefore, we combined the transcriptome and metabolome and analyzed the regulatory mechanism and accumulation pattern of anthocyanins in three different leaf color states. In our results, 26 anthocyanins were identified. Notably, the metabolite cyanidin 3-O-glucoside was found that significantly correlated with the color formation, was the predominant metabolite in anthocyanin biosynthesis of A. mandshuricum. By the way, two key structural genes ANS (Cluster-20561.86285) and BZ1 (Cluster-20561.99238) in anthocyanidin biosynthesis pathway were significantly up-regulated in RL, suggesting that they might enhance accumulation of cyanidin 3-O-glucoside which is their downstream metabolite, and contributed the red formation of A. mandshuricum leaves. Additionally, most TFs (e.g., MYBs, bZIPs and bHLHs) were detected differentially expressed in three leaf color stages that could participate in anthocyanin accumulation. This study sheds light on the anthocyanin molecular regulation of anthocyanidin biosynthesis and accumulation underlying the different leaf color change periods in A. mandshuricum, and it could provide basic theory and new insight for the leaf color related genetic improvement of A. mandshuricum.

scholarly journals Molecular and Metabolic Insights into Anthocyanin Biosynthesis for Leaf Color Change in Chokecherry (Padus virginiana)

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (19) ◽  
pp. 10697
Author(s):  
Xiang Li ◽  
Yan Li ◽  
Minghui Zhao ◽  
Yanbo Hu ◽  
Fanjuan Meng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Transcriptional Regulators ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Leaf Color ◽  
Red Color ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The Difference

Chokecherry (Padus virginiana L.) is an important landscaping tree with high ornamental value because of its colorful purplish-red leaves (PRL). The quantifications of anthocyanins and the mechanisms of leaf color change in this species remain unknown. The potential biosynthetic and regulatory mechanisms and the accumulation patterns of anthocyanins in P. virginiana that determine three leaf colors were investigated by combined analysis of the transcriptome and the metabolome. The difference of chlorophyll, carotenoid and anthocyanin content correlated with the formation of P. virginiana leaf color. Using enrichment and correlation network analysis, we found that anthocyanin accumulation differed in different colored leaves and that the accumulation of malvidin 3-O-glucoside (violet) and pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside (orange-red) significantly correlated with the leaf color change from green to purple-red. The flavonoid biosynthesis genes (PAL, CHS and CHI) and their transcriptional regulators (MYB, HD-Zip and bHLH) exhibited specific increased expression during the purple-red periods. Two genes encoding enzymes in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway, UDP glucose-flavonoid 3-O-glucosyl-transferase (UFGT) and anthocyanidin 3-O-glucosyltransferase (BZ1), seem to be critical for suppressing the formation of the aforesaid anthocyanins. In PRL, the expression of the genes encoding for UGFT and BZ1 enzymes was substantially higher than in leaves of other colors and may be related with the purple-red color change. These results may facilitate genetic modification or selection for further improvement in ornamental qualities of P. virginiana.

scholarly journals Characterization and Action Mechanism Analysis of VvmiR156b/c/d-VvSPL9 Module Responding to Multiple-Hormone Signals in the Modulation of Grape Berry Color Formation

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 896
Author(s):  
Ziwen Su ◽  
Xicheng Wang ◽  
Xuxian Xuan ◽  
Zilu Sheng ◽  
Haoran Jia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Color Change ◽  
Grape Berry ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Structural Genes ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Color Formation ◽  
Grape Berries ◽  
Ripening Stages ◽  
Color Conversion ◽  
Hormone Signals

In recent years, more and more reports have shown that the miR156-SPL module can participate in the regulation of anthocyanin synthesis in plants. However, little is known about how this module responds to hormonal signals manipulating this process in grapes. In this study, exogenous GA, ABA, MeJA, and NAA were used to treat the ‘Wink’ grape berries before color conversion, anthocyanin and other related quality physiological indexes (such as sugar, aroma) were determined, and spatio-temporal expression patterns of related genes were analyzed. The results showed that the expression levels of VvmiR156b/c/d showed a gradually rising trend with the ripening and color formation of grape berries, and the highest expression levels were detected at day 28 after treatment, while the expression level of VvSPL9 exhibited an opposite trend as a whole, which further verifies that VvmiR156b/c/d can negatively regulate VvSPL9. Besides, VvmiR156b/c/d was positively correlated with anthocyanin content and related genes levels, while the expression pattern of VvSPL9 showed a negative correlation. Analysis of promoter cis-elements and GUS staining showed that VvmiR156b/c/d contained a large number of hormone response cis-elements (ABA, GA, SA, MeJA, and NAA) and were involved in hormone regulation. Exogenous ABA and MeJA treatments significantly upregulated the expression levels of VvmiR156b/c/d and anthocyanin structural genes in the early stage of color conversion and made grape berries quickly colored. Interestingly, GA treatment downregulated the expression levels of VvmiR156b/c/d and anthocyanin structural genes in the early color-change period, but significantly upregulated in the middle color-change and ripening stages, therefore GA mainly modulated grape berry coloring in the middle- and late-ripening stages. Furthermore, NAA treatment downregulated the expression levels of VvmiR156b/c/d and anthocyanin structural genes and delayed the peak expression of genes. Meanwhile, to further recognize the potential functions of VvmiR156b/c/d, the mature tomato transient trangenetic system was utilized in this work. Results showed that transient overexpression of VvmiR156b/c/d in tomato promoted fruit coloring and overexpression of VvSPL9 inhibited fruit coloration. Finally, a regulatory network of the VvmiR156b/c/d-VvSPL9 module responsive to hormones modulating anthocyanin synthesis was developed. In conclusion, VvmiR156b/c/d-mediated VvSPL9 participated in the formation of grape color in response to multi-hormone signals.

scholarly journals The Structure and Methylation Level of the McMYB10 Promoter Determine the Leaf Color of Malus Crabapple

HortScience ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 520-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji Tian ◽  
Ke-ting Li ◽  
Shi-ya Zhang ◽  
Jie Zhang ◽  
Ting-ting Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methylation Level ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Substantial Variation ◽  
Leaf Color ◽  
Human Diet ◽  
Development Stages ◽  
Leaf Coloration ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Myb10 Transcription Factor

Anthocyanins are protective pigments that accumulate in plant organs such as fruits and leaves, and are nutritionally valuable components of the human diet. The MYB10 transcription factor (TF) plays an important role in regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis in Malus crabapple leaves. However, little is known about how the promoter regulates McMYB10 expression and influences the substantial variation in leaf anthocyanin accumulation and coloration that is observed in different crabapple cultivars. In this study, we analyzed leaf coloration, anthocyanin levels, and the expression levels of McMYB10 in the leaves of 15 crabapple cultivars with three leaf colors at various development stages, and showed that the expression of McMYB10 correlates positively with anthocyanin accumulation. We also examined the relationship between the number of R6 and R1 elements in the McMYB10 promoters of the different cultivars and the pigmentation of the new buds of spring-red cultivars, as well as the methylation level of the McMYB10 promoters at different development stages in three representative crabapple cultivars. The ratio of R6/R1 minisatellites in the promoters correlated with the color and anthocyanin accumulation in new crabapple buds, and we concluded that the differences in promoter structure and methylation level of the McMYB10 promoters coordinately affect the leaf color of crabapple cultivars.

scholarly journals Simultaneous changes in anthocyanin, chlorophyll, and carotenoid contents produce green variegation in pink–leaved ornamental kale

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Liu ◽  
Xin Feng ◽  
Yuting Zhang ◽  
Fuhui Zhou ◽  
Pengfang Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Carotenoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Leaf Color ◽  
Chlorophyll Metabolism ◽  
Leaf Coloration ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
Ornamental Kale

Abstract Background Anthocyanin, chlorophyll, and carotenoid pigments are widely distributed in plants, producing various colors. Ornamental kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala DC) which has colorful inner leaves is an ideal plant to explore how these three pigments contribute to leaf color. The molecular mechanisms of the coloration in ornamental kale could provide reference for exploring the mechanisms of pigmentation in other plants. Results In this study, we sequenced the transcriptome and determined the pigment contents of an unusual cultivar of ornamental kale with three different types of leaf coloration: pink (C3), light pink (C2), and variegated pink–green (C1). A total of 23,965 differentially expressed genes were detected in pairwise comparisons among the three types of leaves. The results indicate that Bo9g058630 coding dihydroflavonol 4–reductase (DFR) and Bo3g019080 coding shikimate O–hydroxycinnamoyltransferase (HCT) acted in anthocyanin biosynthesis in pink leaves. Bo1g053420 coding pheophorbidase (PPD) and Bo3g012430 coding 15–cis–phytoene synthase (crtB) were identified as candidate genes for chlorophyll metabolism and carotenoid biosynthesis, respectively. The transcription factors TT8, MYBL2, GATA21, GLK2, and RR1 might participate in triggering the leaf color change in ornamental kale. Anthocyanin content was highest in C3 and lowest in C1. Chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were lowest in C2 and highest in C1. Conclusions Based on these findings, we suspected that the decrease in anthocyanin biosynthesis and the increase in chlorophyll and carotenoid biosynthesis might be the reason for the leaf changing from pink to variegate pink–green in this unusual cultivar. Our research provides insight into the molecular mechanisms of leaf coloration in ornamental kale, contributing to a theoretical foundation for breeding new varieties.

scholarly journals The combination of R2R3-MYB gene AmRosea1 and hairy root culture is a useful tool for rapidly induction and production of anthocyanins in Antirrhinum majus L

AMB Express ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunlan Piao ◽  
Jinguo Wu ◽  
Min-Long Cui
Keyword(s):  
Hairy Roots ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Root Culture ◽  
Hairy Root Culture ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Structural Genes ◽  
Myb Gene ◽  
Transformed Hairy Roots ◽  
R2r3 Myb

AbstractAnthocyanins are the largest group of water-soluble pigments and beneficial for human health. Although most plants roots have the potential to express natural biosynthesis pathways required to produce specialized metabolites such as anthocyanins, the anthocyanin synthesis is specifically silenced in roots. To explore the molecular mechanism of absence and production ability of anthocyanin in the roots, investigated the effect of a bHLH gene AmDelila, and an R2R3-MYB gene AmRosea1, which are the master regulators of anthocyanin biosynthesis in Antirrhinum majus flowers, by expressing these genes in transformed hairy roots of A. majus. Co-ectopic expression of both AmDelila and AmRosea1 significantly upregulated the expression of the key target structural genes in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway. Furthermore, this resulted in strongly enhanced anthocyanin accumulation in transformed hairy roots. Ectopic expression of AmDelila alone did not gives rise to any significant anthocyanin accumulation, however, ectopic expression of AmRosea1 alone clearly upregulated expression of the main structural genes as well as greatly promoted anthocyanin accumulation in transformed hairy roots, where the contents reached 0.773–2.064 mg/g fresh weight. These results suggest that AmRosea1 plays a key role in the regulatory network in controlling the initiation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in roots, and the combination of AmRosea1 and hairy root culture is a powerful tool to study and production of anthocyanins in the roots of A. majus.

scholarly journals The Effects of Ultraviolet A/B Treatments on Anthocyanin Accumulation and Gene Expression in Dark-Purple Tea Cultivar ‘Ziyan’ (Camellia sinensis)

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Li ◽  
Liqiang Tan ◽  
Yao Zou ◽  
Xiaoqin Tan ◽  
Jiacheng Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
White Light ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Light Treatment ◽  
Tea Plant ◽  
Regulatory Genes ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Structural Genes ◽  
Chlorophyll Contents ◽  
Tea Cultivar

‘Ziyan’ is a novel anthocyanin-rich tea cultivar with dark purple young shoots. However, how its anthocyanin accumulation is affected by environmental factors, such as ultraviolet (UV), remains unclear. In this study, we observed that UV light treatments stimulated anthocyanin accumulation in ‘Ziyan’ leaves, and we further analyzed the underlying mechanisms at gene expression and enzyme activity levels. In addition, the catechins and chlorophyll contents of young shoots under different light treatments were also changed. The results showed that the contents of total anthocyanins and three major anthocyanin molecules, i.e., delphinidin, cyanidin, and pelargonidin, were significantly higher in leaves under UV-A, UV-B, and UV-AB treatments than those under white light treatment alone. However, the total catechins and chlorophyll contents in these purple tea plant leaves displayed the opposite trends. The anthocyanin content was the highest under UV-A treatment, which was higher by about 66% than control. Compared with the white light treatment alone, the enzyme activities of chalcone synthase (CHS), flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase (F3′5′H), and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) under UV treatments increased significantly, whereas the leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) and anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) activities reduced. There was no significant difference in dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) activity under all treatments. Comparative transcriptome analyses unveiled that there were 565 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of 29,648 genes in three pair-wise comparisons (white light versus UV-A, W vs. UV-A; white light versus UV-B, W vs. UV-A; white light versus UV-AB, W vs. UV-AB). The structural genes in anthocyanin pathway such as flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), F3′5′H, DFR, and ANS, and regulatory gene TT8 were upregulated under UV-A treatment; F3′5′H, DFR, ANS, and UFGT and regulatory genes EGL1 and TT2 were upregulated under UV-AB treatment. However, most structural genes involved in phenylpropanoid and flavonoid pathways were downregulated under UV-B treatment compared with control. The expression of LAR and ANR were repressed in all UV treatments. Our results indicated that UV-A and UV-B radiations can induce anthocyanin accumulation in tea plant ‘Ziyan’ by upregulating the structural and regulatory genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis. In addition, UV radiation repressed the expression levels of LAR, ANR, and FLS, resulting in reduced ANR activity and a metabolic flux shift toward anthocyanin biosynthesis.

scholarly journals Cloning gene fragment containing sequences of B gene activates anthocyanin biosynthesis in local sticky corn cultivars (Zea mays subsp. ceratina (Kuelshov) Zhuk)

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-103
Author(s):  
Phạm Thị Thanh Nhàn ◽  
Lê Hoàng Đức ◽  
Nguyễn Thị Thu Ngà ◽  
Lê Trần Bình
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Amino Acid Position ◽  
Gene Fragment ◽  
Structural Genes ◽  
High Similarity ◽  
Leaf Color ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
Maize Cultivars ◽  
B1 Gene

Sticky corn (Zea mays subsp. ceratina (Kuelshov) Zhuk) is one of the widely grown plants in Vietnam, especially in mountainous regions. The local cultivars play an important role for people living in regions with water limitation and mountain slopes. Anthocyanin is considered a sign of the stress caused by drought. The expression of the structural genes and enzymes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in parts of maize require the presence of transcription factors belonging to MYB, Myc (or bHLH) and WD40. Genes of the MYB family regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis have been studied including C1 (Colored Aleurone 1), P1 (Purple), Pl (Purple leaf). Similarly, genes of Myc family (or bHLH) have been studied including B, R, Sn and Lc (Leaf color). Locus B (or b1) consist of alleles B- I, B- Peru, B-Bolivia. These proteins activate structural genes CHS, CHI, F3H, DFR, ANS, Bz, in which CHS, DFR and F3H are key genes of the anthocyanin biosynthesis. This paper analyzed the sequence of a segment of B gene that activates anthocyanin biosynthesis. We have cloned and determined the sequence of a part of genes B from NH and BS1 maize cultivars. The sequence consists of 801 nucleotides encoding 267 amino acids. The deduced protein of segments of gene B has 9 amino acid position changes among NH, BS1 and b1 gene on GenBank. The sequence of a segment of B gene in NH and BS1 had high similarity with genes b1, B1 and B- Peru (98.8%, 99.1% and 98.8%).

scholarly journals Transcriptome and metabolome analysis reveals anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway associated with ramie (Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud.) leaf color formation

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinkang Feng ◽  
Gang Gao ◽  
Chunming Yu ◽  
Aiguo Zhu ◽  
Jikang Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Color Difference ◽  
Metabolomic Analysis ◽  
Leaf Color ◽  
Metabolome Analysis ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Color Formation ◽  
High Quality Protein ◽  
Total Anthocyanins ◽  
Blue Gene

Abstract Background The bast fiber crop ramie can be used as high-quality forage resources, especially in tropical or subtropical region where there is lack of high-quality protein feed. Hongxuan No.1 (HX_1) is a unique ramie variety with a light reddish brown leaf color, which is obviously different from elite cultivar, Zhongzhu No.1 (ZZ_1, green leaf). While, the regulatory mechanism of color difference or secondary metaboliates synthesis between these two varieties have not been studied. Results In this study, phenotypic, transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of HX_1 and ZZ_1 were conducted to elucidate the mechanism of leaf color formation. Chromaticity value and pigment content measuring showed that anthocyanin was the main metabolites imparting the different leaf color phenotype between the two varieties. Based on LC/MS, at least 14 anthocyanins were identified in leaves of HX_1 and ZZ_1, and the HX_1 showed the higher relative content of malvidin-, pelargonidin-,and cyanidin-based anthocyanins. Transcriptome and metabolome co-analysis revealed that the up-regulated expression of flavonoids synthesis gene was positively correlated with total anthocyanins accumulation in ramie leaf, and the differentfially expression of “blue gene” (F3’5’H) and the “red gene” (F3’H) in leaves bring out HX_1 metabolic flow more input into the cyanidin branch. Furthermore, the enrichment of glycosylated modification pathway (UGT and AT) and the expression of flavonoid 3-O-glucosyl transferase (UFGT), anthocyanidin reductase (ANR), in leaves were significantly influenced the diversity of anthocyanins between HX_1 and ZZ_1. Conclusions Phenotypic, transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of HX_1 and ZZ_1 indicated that the expression levels of genes related to anthocyanin metabolism contribute to the color formation of ramie variety. Anthocyanins are important plant secandary metabilates with many physiological functions, the results of this study will deepened our understanding of ramie leaf color formation, and provided basis for molecular breeding of functional forage ramie.

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