scholarly journals Groundwater contamination by salinity, microoorganisms and nitrogen compounds in Zahedan city, southeastern Iran

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alieh Allahdadi ◽  
Reza Jahanshahi
Keyword(s):  
Water Table ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Groundwater Abstraction ◽  
City Area ◽  
High Level ◽  
The City

Abstract Generally, the quality and availability of groundwater resources can be affected by urbanization. In this research, various impacts of urbanization on the height of the water table and quality of groundwater in an urban aquifer has been investigated for Zahedan city, Iran. The investigations indicated that the widespread use of wastewater discharge wells in the city area had increased the elevation of the water table by 2 to 6 meters and had reduced the salinity of shallow groundwater. The effluent in the city's sewage channel with high EC had no effect on the groundwater quality in the city due to the fact that the channel was cement-lined within the city area. Microbial surveys showed that elevated total coliforms were present in groundwater throughout the city area while fecal coliforms were only present at a limited number of sampling sites. In the central areas of the city, where the groundwater abstraction takes place at high rates from deep wells, the pollution was less. The wastewaters had high level of total coliform and fecal coliform contamination due to the discharge of domestic wastewater through wells and the dumping of solids wastes. The urban water supply network and water treatment plants samples were free of any microbial contamination. Finally, nitrate concentrations in the groundwater were high (27-392 mg/L) and in the wastewater were much higher (up to 600 mg/L).

ERT assessment of saline intrusion and the volume of freshwater reserve in the UK Fens aquifer

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitchell Moulds
Keyword(s):  
Water Table ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Groundwater Abstraction ◽  
British Geological Survey ◽  
Fresh Groundwater ◽  
Basin Scale ◽  
The Uk

<p>Mitchell Moulds<sup>1</sup>, Iain Gould<sup>2</sup>, Isobel Wright<sup>2</sup>, David Webster<sup>3</sup> and Daniel Magnone<sup>1</sup></p><p><sup>1 </sup>School of Geography and Centre for Water and Planetary Health, University of Lincoln, UK</p><p><sup>2</sup> Lincoln Institute for Agri-Food Technology, University of Lincoln, UK</p><p><sup>3</sup> Listers Geotechnical Consultants, UK.</p><p>The UK’s food production relies on the Fens of Eastern England which contributes 11 % of the agri-food economy from just 4 % of England’s agricultural land. The success of agriculture is contingent upon the availability of water but, currently, approximately 75% of the UK’s arable land is within catchments prone to water stress. The dual challenges of climate change and the UK government’s ambition to increase productivity through sustainable intensification is likely to increase this. From work conducted elsewhere we know unsustainable extensive pumping of fresh groundwater can lower the water table significantly, induce seawater intrusion and cause upwelling of saline groundwater into the shallow groundwater system. A comparable aquifer on the coast of the Netherlands is threatened by a rising sea level and over extraction of groundwater and it is predicted severe salinisation will take place.</p><p>This is of concern in the Fens because groundwater resources are not well assessed, partly because historically the region has relatively low rates of groundwater abstraction, yet we know from interactions with farmers that more irrigation is anticipated. Thus, the development of an evidence base is critical to assessing sustainable agricultural intensification in the region. Our previous work has highlighted that in the case of acute coastal flooding along the east coast, up to 340,000 ha of cultivated crops could be at risk with an estimate cost of up to about £5,000/ha from the most severe saline inundations. Some estimates have suggested such a reduced harvest would cost the agri-food industry £3 billion annually risking 80,000 jobs and the nation’s food security. Groundwater salinization presents a chronic threat of similar nature. The aim of this project is to quantify the freshwater reserve in the shallow Fens and estimate sustainable levels of extraction.</p><p>In this project we tackle three research objectives. Firstly, we produce the first basin scale stratigraphic map of the shallow coastal Fens aquifer using high resolution British Geological Survey borehole records. Secondly, we survey and map the saline boundary and water table within the shallow coastal Fens aquifer using Electro Resistivity Tomography (ERT). Thirdly, we use MODFLOW to create the first groundwater flow model of the shallow coastal Fens aquifer with the data from the stratigraphic and freshwater maps from which we calculate sustainable irrigation extraction for the region.</p><p>Acknowledgements: This work was funded by the EU Interreg SalFar project. We thank landowners for their permissions to conduct our survey. </p>

scholarly journals The City of Rome and its groundwater: from critical issues, to urban resilience opportunities

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco La Vigna ◽  
Isidoro Bonfà ◽  
Alessandro Gianni Coppola ◽  
Angelo Corazza ◽  
Cristiano Di Filippo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Table ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Mining Activities ◽  
Urban Resilience ◽  
Archaeological Heritage ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Anthropogenic Deposits ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
The City ◽  
Thick Layers

This paper emphasizes the importance of groundwater resources of Rome with regard to its protection, and the associated issues. There are different tipologies of interference between human presence and groundwater in the city, ranging from the presence of water circulating inside the thick layers of anthropogenic deposits, the frequent contamination of groundwater, the presence of mining activities, the presence of archaeological heritage in underground or in low areas affected by flooding also induced by water table rising. Despite the various issues that are found, the knowledge of groundwater resources of Rome can be an important starting point to enhance its protection s and take advantage of the related countless benefits also aim to increase urban resilience.

scholarly journals Optimization shallow groundwater quality by the application of photocatalysis treatment technique in El Obour city, Egypt

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
El-Montser M. Seleem ◽  
Hossam A. El Nazer ◽  
Salah A. M. Zeid ◽  
Salman A. Salman ◽  
Mahmoud A. Abdel-Hafiz
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Polluted Water ◽  
Treatment Technique ◽  
Fecal Streptococci

Abstract. Collection of shallow groundwater and injecting it into the underline Miocene aquifer is a great environmental problem on the groundwater resources at El Obour city and environs. The present research work aims to investigate this water quality and validity of photocatalytic treatment of polluted water using nano-titania in presence of solar radiation. Twenty-eight representative samples were collected from various locations and their physical, chemical and microbial characteristics were determined. Bacteria analysis has been investigated for the presence of total bacterial count and indicator bacteria include total coliform, fecal coliform and fecal streptococci. The heavy metal analysis shows that more than 85 % of the samples could be used for drinking in comparison with WHO specification for drinking water. The main pollutants in these samples are Cd and Pb. All the studied samples contain a viable count of heterotrophic bacteria, total coliform, fecal coliform and fecal streptococci, indicating the contamination with human and animal fecal material. The high number of indicator microorganism counts observed reflected the poor quality of water. The photocatalytic technique shows high efficiency towards the removal of more than 95 % and 82 % of microbial pollutants and organic residuals; respectively.

scholarly journals Integrating storage and spatial variability into shallow groundwater balances: moving towards water security in hard rock coastal areas

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 1293-1311
Author(s):  
Robert Earon ◽  
Bo Olofsson
Keyword(s):  
Hard Rock ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Pressure Head ◽  
Groundwater Abstraction ◽  
Large Level ◽  
Gis Environment ◽  
Well Data

Abstract In terrains with limited soil cover and groundwater storage, groundwater resource management is governed by the spatial nature of storage, recharge and distributed local extraction. Local soils act as important groundwater reservoirs for residents who have no other feasible water supply. A novel heuristic methodology is presented which accounts for the spatial distribution of storage and extraction, using existing topographical and geological databases in addition to well data to construct an applied conceptual groundwater model with assumed stratigraphy. The method uses a geographic information systems (GIS) environment and allows for modelling climate and land-use scenarios. Several scenarios were examined, demonstrating that average reservoir volumes meet demand but at the local levels depletion of reservoirs occurs. Groundwater abstraction in excess of 50% of the approximate freshwater storage was observed in the model, particularly near the coast. Soil-filled valleys may act as local hydraulic barriers by maintaining a higher pressure head as they are less susceptible to large-level fluctuations than the hard rock and may aid in preventing contamination from saline water provided no direct hydraulic connection is present. The method demonstrates the importance of a spatial approach in managing groundwater resources and could be used as a tool in increasing water security.

scholarly journals The impact of urbanization and rapid population growth on the groundwater regime in Dhaka city, Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mazeda Islam ◽  
Marc Van Camp ◽  
Delwar Hossain ◽  
Md. Mizanur Rahman Sarker ◽  
Shahina Khatun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Level ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Dhaka City ◽  
Groundwater Abstraction ◽  
Aquifer System ◽  
Depression Cone ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

<p>Dhaka city with an area of about 306 Km<sup>2</sup> and a population of more than 20 million is located in the central part of Bangladesh. Immense and prolonged groundwater abstraction due to rapid unplanned urbanization and population blast in this city have led to significant decline in groundwater level in the last three decades. 78% of the supplied water comprises groundwater from the Dupi Tila Sandstone aquifer system. Hydrogeological and geophysical data aided to the delineation of three different aquifers (based on lithology): Upper Dupi Tila aquifer (UDA), Middle Dupi Tila aquifer (MDA) and Lower Dupi Tila aquifer (LDA).  The evaluation of long-term hydrographs, piezometric maps and synthetic graphical overviews of piezometric trends in both the UDA and MDA depicts that the rate of dropping of groundwater level (GWL) is very substantial. Massive pumping in the city has altered its natural hydrologic system. The groundwater level has dropped on average 2.25 m/year and 2.8 m/year in UDA and MDA, respectively, in the whole city in 2018, whereas the average rate of decline in the center of the depression cone during this time was 4.0 m/year and 5.74 m/year respectively. Presently, the groundwater level elevation has declined to levels lower than -85 and -65 m PWD in UDA and MDA, respectively. The changes in pattern and magnitude of depression cones in UDA and MDA are directly associated with the city expansion and number of deep tube wells installed over a certain period in particular parts of the city. The depletion of GWL from 1980 to 2018 is very notable. There is only limited vertical recharge possible in the UDA and MDA as they are semi-confined aquifers, and only lateral flow mostly in the UDA and MDA from the surroundings is to be expected. In this regard the long-term management of groundwater resources in Dhaka city is urgently needed, otherwise the condition may go beyond control.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Key words:</strong> Groundwater abstraction, city expansion, hydrographs, piezometric maps, GWL decline, depression cone.</p>

Microbiological performance and salmonella dynamics in a wastewater depuration pond system of southeastern spain

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (12) ◽  
pp. 239-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Emparanza-Knörr ◽  
Francisco Torrella
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
No Reduction ◽  
Agar Medium ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Selective Media ◽  
E Coli ◽  
The Village ◽  
Final Effluent

The Salmonella presence and the microbiological quality indicators, total and fecal coliforms and coliphages of E. coli C, have been studied in a overloaded wastewater lagoon system treating urban wastewatrers of the village of Guardamar del Segura (Alicante, Spain). Classical microbiological technology to detect salmonellae was used, including pre-enrichment, enrichment, selective media plating and biochemical and serological confirmation. Water was physicochemically characterized according to COD, SS, temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen. The selective migration step through Rappaport-Vassiliadis semisolid agar medium was essential for the consistent detection of Salmonella in the different lagoon effluents. Total and fecal coliform levels of up to 105-106 MPN/100 ml were detected in the final effluent. High coliphage concentrations of 103-104 pfu/ml were also found in the effluent waters. Salmonella was always detected in 100 ml samples and eventually reached an order of value of 103 MPN/100 ml. Total coliform reduction was higher in the anaerobic ponds whereas fecal coliforms were more efficiently eliminated in the facultative (mostly “anoxic”) lagoons. Coliphage reduction was higher in the facultative lagoons when compared to the anaerobic ponds. On many occasions, no reduction or eventual increment of the concentration of salmonellae was detected in the effluents from the anaerobic ponds compared to concentrations of the patohogen in the influent raw wasterwaters. The possibility exists for a capacity of Salmonella to multiply in the anoxic phase of the wastewater treatment, but the presence of microorganisms in raw sewage waters which could maskSalmonella detection with the enrichment methodology employed cannot be ruled out.

Thematic structure of the GIS database Khabarovsk city protected areas

2020 ◽  
Vol 961 (7) ◽  
pp. 56-64
Author(s):  
G.Y. Morozova ◽  
I.D. Debelaia
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Ecological Framework ◽  
Thematic Structure ◽  
City Area ◽  
Gis Database ◽  
The City

Protected areas are key elements of the green infrastructure and ecological framework of cities. They have multifunctional significance as centers of investment attractiveness. The percentage of protected zones in the city’s total area is an indicator of its sustainable development. Their total area in Khabarovsk is 567.8 ha (1.5% of the city area)

scholarly journals Depletion of groundwater resources under rapid urbanisation in Africa: recent and future trends in the Nairobi Aquifer System, Kenya

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 2635-2656
Author(s):  
Samson Oiro ◽  
Jean-Christophe Comte ◽  
Chris Soulsby ◽  
Alan MacDonald ◽  
Canute Mwakamba
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Groundwater Abstraction ◽  
Management Scenarios ◽  
Aquifer System ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
Future Evolution ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Groundwater Assessment

AbstractThe Nairobi volcano-sedimentary regional aquifer system (NAS) of Kenya hosts >6 M people, including 4.7 M people in the city of Nairobi. This work combines analysis of multi-decadal in-situ water-level data with numerical groundwater modelling to provide an assessment of the past and likely future evolution of Nairobi’s groundwater resources. Since the mid-1970s, groundwater abstraction has increased 10-fold at a rate similar to urban population growth, groundwater levels have declined at a median rate of 6 m/decade underneath Nairobi since 1950, whilst built-up areas have increased by 70% since 2000. Despite the absence of significant trends in climatic data since the 1970s, more recently, drought conditions have resulted in increased applications for borehole licences. Based on a new conceptual understanding of the NAS (including insights from geophysics and stable isotopes), numerical simulations provide further quantitative estimates of the accelerating negative impact of abstraction and capture the historical groundwater levels quite well. Analysis suggests a groundwater-level decline of 4 m on average over the entire aquifer area and up to 46 m below Nairobi, net groundwater storage loss of 1.5 billion m3 and 9% river baseflow reduction since 1950. Given current practices and trajectories, these figures are predicted to increase six-fold by 2120. Modelled future management scenarios suggest that future groundwater abstraction required to meet Nairobi projected water demand is unsustainable and that the regional anthropogenically-driven depletion trend can be partially mitigated through conjunctive water use. The presented approach can inform groundwater assessment for other major African cities undergoing similar rapid groundwater development.

scholarly journals Mapping the Pollution Plume Using the Self-Potential Geophysical Method: Case of Oum Azza Landfill, Rabat, Morocco

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 961
Author(s):  
Meryem Touzani ◽  
Ismail Mohsine ◽  
Jamila Ouardi ◽  
Ilias Kacimi ◽  
Moad Morarech ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
The Self ◽  
Drainage Network ◽  
Geophysical Method ◽  
Direct Measurements ◽  
Sandy Material ◽  
The City ◽  
Self Potential

The main landfill in the city of Rabat (Morocco) is based on sandy material containing the shallow Mio-Pliocene aquifer. The presence of a pollution plume is likely, but its extent is not known. Measurements of spontaneous potential (SP) from the soil surface were cross-referenced with direct measurements of the water table and leachates (pH, redox potential, electrical conductivity) according to the available accesses, as well as with an analysis of the landscape and the water table flows. With a few precautions during data acquisition on this resistive terrain, the results made it possible to separate the electrokinetic (~30%) and electrochemical (~70%) components responsible for the range of potentials observed (70 mV). The plume is detected in the hydrogeological downstream of the discharge, but is captured by the natural drainage network and does not extend further under the hills.

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