scholarly journals Photosynthesis in Leaves, Fruits, Stem, and Petioles of Tomato Plants Grown in Peat Bags with Different Fertigation Management

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 865A-865
Author(s):  
Hui-lian Xu ◽  
Laurent Gauthier ◽  
André Gosselin
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Physiological Activity ◽  
Leaf Age ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Leaf P

Tomato plants were grown in peat bags in greenhouse to examine the effects of variation of the nutrient solution electrical conductivity (EC) and substrate water potential (Ψsub) on photosynthesis in leaves, fruits, stem, and petioles. EC of the nutrient solution delivered to peat bags varied between 1 to 4 dS·m–1 with Ψsub of either –5 kPa or –9 kPa as the setpoint for starting the irrigation. The EC variation was adjusted by a computer system according to potential evapotranspiration. Gross photosynthetic capacity (PC) decreased as the leaf age developed. PC in the 10th, 15th and 18th leaves from the top was only 76%, 37%, and 18% of PC in the 5th leaf, respectively. However, low quantum use efficiency (QUE) was only observed in the 18th leaf and low dark respiration (RD) was only in 15th and 18th leaves. Net photosynthesis (PN) was only observed in young fruits (≈10 g FW) or young petioles and no PN was observed in large fruits (50 g or more FW) and stems. Both PC and RD were lower in older fruits and petioles or in the lower part of the stem compared to the younger ones or upper parts. EC variation increased PC, QUE, and RD in most parts. Low Ψsub increased RD in most parts and decreased PC in fruits, stem, and petioles. It is suggested that EC variation increased plant physiological activity of tomato and low Ψsub increased carbon consumption, although it was not severe enough to depress leaf PC.

Effects of grass–legume mixtures on the production and photosynthetic capacity of constructed grasslands in Inner Mongolia, China

2016 ◽  
Vol 67 (11) ◽  
pp. 1188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Liu ◽  
Ji-Rui Gong ◽  
Yan Pan ◽  
Qin-Pu Luo ◽  
Zhan-Wei Zhai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Thermal Dissipation ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters ◽  
Natural Grasslands ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Elymus Nutans

Constructed grasslands are primary restoration measures in areas with degraded natural grasslands. Grass–legume mixtures are chosen to obtain high production and forage quality; however, the photosynthetic and other traits of such mixtures are not well understood. In this study, we evaluated the effects of grass–legume mixtures on the growth and photosynthetic capacity of three forage crops over two growing seasons. Bromus inermis and Elymus nutans were grown as monocultures or in mixtures with Medicago sativa. We analysed forage yields, quality, gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. The grass–legume mixtures improved the forage yield, root : shoot ratio, and contents of crude protein and lignin. Compared with the monoculture, grasses in the mixtures had higher net photosynthesis, water-use efficiency (WUE), and leaf nitrogen (N) content, but lower carbon : N ratio, and distributed more absorbed light to photosynthetic electron transport and thermal dissipation. In the mixture, B. inermis had a higher light-saturation point, indicating high light-use efficiency. Elymus nutans had a lower light-compensation point and dark respiration rate, suggesting good shade tolerance. However, water deficits decreased biomass and photosynthetic capacity in the E. nutans–M. sativa mixture, suggesting that E. nutans was sensitive to soil moisture. The B. inermis–M. sativa mixture had greater and more consistent biomass and WUE.

Two physiological races of Tsuga canadensis in Wisconsin

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (9) ◽  
pp. 940-951 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Eickmeier ◽  
Michael Adams ◽  
Donald Lester
Keyword(s):  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Tsuga Canadensis ◽  
Seedling Morphology ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Disjunct Populations ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Osmotic Potentials ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Balance

Population differentiation in Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. from Wisconsin was tested by comparing seedlings grown from seed collected within the present range in the northeast and from seed collected in disjunct populations southwest of the present range. The seedlings, established in hydroponic culture, were subjected to two preconditioning temperature regimes and two water stress simulations. Net photosynthesis, dark respiration, and transpiration capacities were measured and internal leaf resistances were calculated.The southwestern Wisconsin population had a more favorable carbon dioxide balance at warmer tissue temperatures, particularly at low irradiance levels, and at higher osmotic potentials, than did the northeastern population, which was better adapted to lower tissue temperatures and lower osmotic potentials. Additional differences between seed sources in seedling morphology, transpiration rate, and water-use efficiency were found. These differences in morphology and physiological responses corresponded to the macroclimates in which these populations were found, southwestern Wisconsin being warmer and drier than the northeastern part of the state.

Correlation Between the Rates of Foliar Dark Respiration and Net Photosynthesis in Some Tropical Dicot Weeds

Weed Science ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Rajendrudu ◽  
J. S. Rama Prasad ◽  
V. S. Rama Das
Keyword(s):  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Leaf Age ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Dark Respiration Rate ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Positive Linear Correlation ◽  
Carbohydrate Levels ◽  
Photosynthetic Type

The rates of foliar dark respiration and net photosynthesis in attached leaves of 25 C3, C4, and C3-C4 intermediate dicotyledonous weed species were determined using the infrared gas analyzer. The ratio of dark respiration to photosynthesis per unit leaf area in attached leaves of each species was inversely proportional to leaf age. Highly significant, positive linear correlation was observed between the rates of foliar dark respiration and net photosynthetic CO2 uptake in dicot weeds irrespective of the photosynthetic type. The higher foliar dark respiration rate found in some of the weed species can be attributed in part to the higher carbohydrate levels as generated by a rapid photosynthetic CO2 assimilation. The significance of higher dark respiration rate in relation to carbon and energy economy of weeds is discussed.

scholarly journals 427 PB 162 INTERACTIONS BETWEEN POTASSIUM AND OTHER MINERAL ELEMENTS IN DROUGHT STRESSED AND NON-DROUGHT STRESSED HIBISCUS SINENSIS L. CV. LEPRECAUN

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 492d-492
Author(s):  
Jonathan N. Egilia ◽  
Fred T. Davies ◽  
Sharon Duray
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Isotope Composition ◽  
Stable Carbon Isotope ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
K Concentration

Hibiscus plants, were irrigated with full strength Hoagland's nutrient solution containing either 0,2,5, or 10 mM potasium(K). After 72 days of K treatment, half of the plants at each K level were subjected to a 21-day slowly developing drought stress cycle and the other half were non-drought stressed (ND). Mid-day leaf water potentials at day 21 was-1.5 to-1.6 MPa (DS), and -0.5 MPa (ND). Leaf K concentration increased with increasing K in nutrient solution for both DS and ND plants, but K was higher in DS than ND plants at 2.5 and 10 mM K. Of the macronutrient cations, only (Ca) was inversely correlated with nutrient solution K, in both DS and ND plants. Leaf concentrations of all the micronutrient cations increased with increasing K supply, regardless of drought stress. Potassium hadt significant positive correlation with total plant and leaf dry weight of DS, but not ND plants. Leaf stable carbon isotope composition (δ13 C,an estimate of long term water-use efficiency), was positively correlated with N, Mg and Ca, and negatively correlated with K, iron (Fe), and K:total cation ratio regardless of drought stress. Both net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance were negatively correlated with N and Ca, but positively correlated with K, Fe and manganese in ND plants.

scholarly journals Heat and Drought Influence Photosynthesis, Water Relations, and Soluble Carbohydrates of Two Ecotypes of Redbud (Cercis canadensis)

2004 ◽  
Vol 129 (4) ◽  
pp. 497-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason J. Griffin ◽  
Thomas G. Ranney ◽  
D. Mason Pharr
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Similar Rate ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Water Deficit Stress ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Cercis Canadensis ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Eastern Redbud

Net photosynthesis (Pn) of two ecotypes of redbud (Cercis canadensis L.) was studied following growth under high temperatures and increasing drought. Although mexican redbud [C. canadensis var. mexicana (Rose) M. Hopkins] exhibited greater Pn than eastern redbud (C. canadensis var. canadensis L.), Pn decreased at a similar rate under water deficit stress for both ecotypes. Mexican redbud also had greater instantaneous water use efficiency [net photosynthesis: transpiration (WUE)] than eastern redbud. Differences in both Pn and WUE might have been due to differences in leaf thickness. The optimum temperature for potential photosynthetic capacity (37 °C) was unaffected by irrigation or ecotype. Tissue osmotic potential at full turgor was more negative in eastern redbud, but was unaffected by drought stress in either ecotype. Soluble carbohydrate content was higher in eastern redbud, and in both ecotypes, d-pinitol was the major soluble carbohydrate and was considerably more abundant in the water-stressed plants. Total polyol content (myo-inositol + ononitol + pinitol) was also greater in the water-stressed plants. Both ecotypes were very tolerant of high temperatures and drought.

Gas Exchange of Mitchell Grass (Astrebla lappacea (Lindl.) Domin) in Relation to Irradiance, Carbon Dioxide Supply, Leaf Temperature and Temperature History

1976 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 471 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Doley ◽  
DJ Yates
Keyword(s):  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Leaf Age ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Light Level ◽  
Leaf Temperature ◽  
Temperature History ◽  
The Best Approximation ◽  
Growth Regime ◽  
Rate Of Photosynthesis

Relationships were established between photosynthesis in A. lappacea and photosynthetic quantum flux, ambient CO2 concentration and leaf temperature. There were no substantial differences between plants raised in a glasshouse and under three temperature regimes in growth cabinets in their responses to light level and CO2 concentration. Large variations in the rate of photosynthesis were observed in plants raised under any environmental regime, this being due in part to the effects of leaf age. It was concluded that the greatest rate of photosynthesis observed in a series of experiments represented the best approximation to the rate attainable in the absence of limitations imposed by factors extraneous to the experiment concerned. The temperature responses of net photosynthesis, dark respiration and transpiration were influenced by growth regime temperature; the leaf temperature at which photosynthesis was maximal increased with growth regime air temperature up to at least 33°C. Plants transferred from one temperature regime to another exhibited the behaviour characteristic of the new regime within one day and two nights of the transfer. Estimates of gas diffusive resistances indicated that both the stornatal and CO2 mesophyll (residual) resistances adapted to changed temperature conditions after about one thermoperiod. The temperatures at which these diffusive resistances were minimal varied in the same sense as the changes in growth regime temperature. The roles of these aspects of behaviour in the adaptation of A. lappacea to its environment are discussed.

Photosynthesis and dark respiration of black spruce cuttings during rooting in response to light and temperature

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 1150-1155 ◽  
Author(s):  
De Yue ◽  
Hank A. Margolis
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photosynthetic Rates ◽  
Physiological Quality ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Total Dry Weight

Photosynthesis and dark respiration of semihardened black spruce cuttings (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) were periodically measured at a range of light intensities at 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 °C over an 8-week period in rooting chambers and for 4 additional weeks after the cuttings were transferred to a greenhouse. Increases in the total dry weight of the cuttings over the experimental period were due exclusively to increases in root biomass. The light-saturated photosynthetic rates at 20 °C decreased from 3.8 to 2.2 μmol CO2•m−2•s−1 during the 8 weeks in the rooting chamber. At 15 °C, the light-saturated photosynthetic rate was about 2 μmol CO2•m−2•s−1 and no significant change was observed during the experimental period. Maximum photosynthetic rates were generally attained at photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD) of 200–300 μmol•m−2•s−1 At the range of PPFD generally used in rooting chambers (0–50 μmol•m−2•s−1), the light use efficiency of cuttings (net photosynthesis per cutting per PPFD) was greatest at 15 °C. Furthermore, the light compensation point was lowest at 15 °C. The effect of light intensity and temperature on the photosynthesis and dark respiration of cuttings was modelled to predict the carbon balance of cuttings under different conditions of PPFD and temperature. This model should be useful in determining an appropriate set of environmental conditions to use inside rooting chambers and thus improve the overall physiological quality of this type of vegetatively propagated planting stock. The modelling approach described in this study could prove useful for the production of other conifer species by rooted cuttings even when it is conducted using other methods of cultivation (e.g., cold-frames or greenhouses).

scholarly journals Evaluation of Heat and Flood Tolerance among Diverse Taxa of Hollies (Ilex)

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 600d-600
Author(s):  
Thomas G. Ranney ◽  
John M. Ruter ◽  
Clifford D. Ruth
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Flood Tolerance ◽  
Sensitive Species ◽  
Photosynthetic Rates ◽  
Temperature Responses ◽  
Temperature Optima

Temperature sensitivity of net photosynthesis (PSN), dark respiration, and chlorophyll fluorescence was evaluated among three taxa of hollies including I. aquifolium, I. cornuta, and I. rugosa. Variations in foliar heat tolerance among these species were expressed as differential temperature responses for PSN. Temperature optima for PSN was 22.0, 26.3 and 27.9 umol·m–2·s–1 for I. rugosa, I. cornuta, and I. aquifolium, respectively. Differences in temperature optima for PSN and thermotolerance of PSN appeared to result from a combination of stomatal and nonstomatal limitations. At 40°C, potential photosynthetic capacity, measured under saturating CO2, was 4.1, 9.4, and 14.8 μmol·m–2·s–1 for I. rugosa, I. aquifolium, and I. cornuta, respectively. Based on these results, I. rugosa was identified as the most heat-sensitive species followed by I. aquifolium then I. cornuta. Comparative tolerance to root-zone inundation was evaluated among 14 holly taxa. Following 8 weeks of flooding, four of the taxa: I. cornuta `Burfordii', I. × `Nellie R. Stevens', I. cassine, and I. × attenuata `Foster's #2' performed remarkably well during and after flooding with photosynthetic rates > 40% of the controls, root ratings >75% of the controls, <5% of the foliage showing deterioration, and 100% survival. Conversely, I. crenata `Convexa', Ilex × meserveae `Blue Princess', I. rugosa and I. aquifolium `Sparkler' did not tolerate flooding well as indicated by severely depressed photosynthetic rates, deterioration of foliage and roots, and decreased survival. The remaining taxa were intermediate.0

scholarly journals Papaya Ringspot Virus Influences Net Gas Exchange of Papaya Leaves

HortScience ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 322-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Marler ◽  
Michael V. Mickelbart ◽  
Roland Quitugua
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Yield ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Ringspot Virus ◽  
Papaya Ringspot Virus ◽  
Apparent Quantum Yield ◽  
Leaf Dark Respiration ◽  
Use Efficiency

Leaves of container-grown papaya (Carica papaya L.) plants were inoculated with papaya ringspot virus (PRV) to determine its influence on dark respiration and photosynthesis. Photosynthetic capacity, apparent quantum yield, ratio of variable to maximum fluorescence from dark-adapted leaves, and photosynthetic CO2-use efficiency were reduced by PRV infection. Internal CO2 partial pressure at ambient external CO2 was not affected, but leaf dark respiration was increased by PRV infection. These results suggest that reduced growth, yield, and fruit quality common in PRV-infected papaya plants is caused, at least partially, by reduced photosynthesis and increased respiration.

scholarly journals Water and Fertilizer Use Efficiency in Subirrigated Containerized Tomato

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1313
Author(s):  
Ariel Méndez-Cifuentes ◽  
Luis Alonso Valdez-Aguilar ◽  
Martín Cadena-Zapata ◽  
José Antonio González-Fuentes ◽  
José Alfredo Hernández-Maruri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Nutrient Loss ◽  
Drip Irrigation System ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Fertilizer Use Efficiency ◽  
Fertilizer Use ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Lower Biomass

Greenhouse cultivation is highly efficient in the use of water and fertilizers. However, due to intensive production, the greenhouse industry applies ample amounts of water and fertilizers. An alternative to minimize water and nutrient loss is zero-leaching systems, such as closed-loop subirrigation. The objective of the present study was to compare the water and fertilizer use efficiency in containerized tomato plants grown in a subirrigation system and a drip irrigation system. Subirrigated plants exhibited lower biomass than drip-irrigated plants. However, the amount of nutrient solution required to restore evapotranspirated water was lower in subirrigation. The yield was marginally decreased in subirrigated plants compared to drip-irrigated plants. The amount of nutrient solution required to produce 1 kg of fresh tomatoes was 22 L in subirrigation, whereas in drip irrigation, plants demanded 41 L. The total nitrogen applied through the nutrient solution was 75% lower in subirrigation than in drip irrigation, while the phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium applied was 66%, 59%, 70% and 74% lower, respectively. We concluded that the subirrigation system proved to be more water- and nutrient-efficient than the drip irrigation system due to the zero leaching of the nutrient solution, the lower number of irrigation events required and the lower nutrient demand of plants.

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