scholarly journals Seasonal Variation of Photosynthetic Efficiency of Greenhouse Tomato Plants

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 491C-491
Author(s):  
Olfa Ayari ◽  
Martine Dorais ◽  
Gilles Turcotte ◽  
André Gosselin
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Sucrose Concentration ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Global Radiation ◽  
Starch Accumulation ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Supplemental Lighting

Yield of greenhouse tomatoes has greatly increased during the past decade due to the development of more-productive cultivars and to the use of new technologies, such as supplemental lighting and CO2 enrichment. Under high PPF and p[CO2], however, the capacity of tomato plants to use supplemental energy and CO2 decreases. Our project aimed at determining the limits of photosynthetic capacity of tomato plants under supplemental lighting (HPS lamps, 100 μmol·m–2·s–1, photoperiod of 14 to 17 h) and high p[CO2] (900 ppm). The following measurements were made on the 5th and the 10th leaves of tomato plants at regular intervals from November to May: diurnal changes in net (Pn) and maximum (Pmax) photosynthetic rate, Chla fluorescence of dark-adapted and no dark-adapted leaves, and the soluble sugars and starch contents of the 5th and 10th leaves. Changes in global radiation from 250 W/m2 in winter to about 850 W/m2 in spring resulted in Pn increases of 45% and 42% in the 5th and 10th leaves, respectively. During the winter period, Pmax was higher than Pn, suggesting that leaves were not at maximum photosynthetic capacity. In the spring, no difference was found between Pmax and Pn. Sucrose concentration in leaves increased progressively up to a maximum of 12-h photoperiod, while hexoses remained constant. The Fv/Fm ratio did not vary during winter, but significantly decreased during spring due to photoinhibition. Increases in global radiation during spring resulted in lower photosynthetic rates, higher fluorescence, and starch accumulation in leaves. Data will be discussed in terms of crop efficiency and yield.

scholarly journals Greenhouse Covering Materials and Supplemental Lighting Affect Growth, Yield, Photosynthesis, and Leaf Carbohydrate Synthesis of Tomato Plants

2002 ◽  
Vol 127 (5) ◽  
pp. 819-824 ◽  
Author(s):  
Badrane M. Erhioui ◽  
André Gosselin ◽  
Xiuming Hao ◽  
Athanasios P. Papadopoulos ◽  
Martine Dorais
Keyword(s):  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Specific Weight ◽  
Starch Accumulation ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Carbohydrate Concentration ◽  
Supplemental Lighting ◽  
Marketable Fruit ◽  
Growing Conditions

A study was conducted in mini-greenhouses covered with single-glass (glass), double inflated polyethylene film (D-poly), or rigid twin acrylic panels (acrylic) to determine the effects of covering materials and supplemental lighting (SL) (65 μmol·m-2·s-1 at 1 m from the ground, providing a 16-hour photoperiod) on growth, yield, photosynthesis, and leaf carbohydrate concentration of `Trust' greenhouse tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Regardless of the light treatment, the marketable yield (kg·m-2) and the number of fruit per square meter in D-poly houses were higher (P ≤ 0.05) by 15% to 16% and 13% to 17%, respectively, than in glasshouses. Under supplemental lighting (SL), similar results were observed in acrylic houses compared to glasshouses. Covering materials had no significant effect on photosynthesis and leaf chlorophyll (chl) concentration. SL increased the number of leaves (March) by 15% (P ≤ 0.05) in glasshouses, marketable fruit yield by 23% (P ≤ 0.01) in acrylic houses, leaf specific weight by 19% to 33% (P ≤ 0.05) in all houses, total chl concentration by 10% to 14% (P ≤ 0.01) in acrylic houses, and photosynthetic rate (March) by 22% (P ≤ 0.01) in glasshouses. Under nonsupplemental lighting (nonSL, daily solar radiation of 8.42 MJ·m-2), plant height in acrylic houses was significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) than in glasshouses. Neither covering materials nor SL affected (P ≤ 0.05) dry matter allocation to the fruit. Results suggest that D-poly and acrylic houses with SL provide the best environment for the early yield (February to March) under southwestern Ontario growing conditions. The photosynthetic rate decreased (P ≤ 0.05) by 18% in acrylic, and 15% in D-poly and glasshouses after 2 months of growth under nonSL. Conversely, the decrease in carbon exchange rate was not significant in D-poly houses and glasshouses under SL. As a result, the photosynthesis decline observed in the present study could not be explained by leaf starch accumulation in March.

Milestone solution for snow removal problem in Moscow

2019 ◽  
pp. 66-72
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Master Plan ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Snow Removal ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
The City ◽  
Deicing Agents

The main principle of the strategy for the complex improvement of the functioning of northern cities in winter, including their infrastructure development, is a comprehensive solution of the problem of industrial-scale snow-mass collection, removal and utilization at different areas of urban roadway networks. For its implementation in the capital of Russia, “MosvodokanalNIIproject” JSC developed in 2002 the Snow Removal Master Plan for the city of Moscow. The meteorological conditions in the city, which have changed considerably in the recent years, including the changes in the snow-cover depth and in the road-surface areas to be cleaned, as well as emerging of new technologies for the cleaning of urban streets, yards and sidewalks and some new types of deicing agents, resulted in the necessity to update the above-mentioned Snow Removal Master Plan developed for the city of Moscow. Efficient application of deicing agents is of special importance for its updating in the context of the environmental safety of the city in a winter period. The article considers the results of the implementation of the updated Snow Removal Master Plan and contains some proposals concerning snow removal under the conditions of extreme snowfalls.

Modeling of a Wellhead Heating Methodology With Heat Pipes in Coal Mines

2020 ◽  
Vol 143 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongyang Zhang ◽  
Kewen Li ◽  
Lipeng Zhao ◽  
Lin Jia ◽  
Mohammed Kaita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Pipe ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Coal Mines ◽  
Heat Pipes ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Ground Source Heat Pumps

Abstract Many coal mines are located at the middle and high latitudes. In winter, coal mining facilities may be operated under the freezing conditions. Burning coal for hot water is usually used to heat up the facilities, which is not environmentally friendly and energy efficient. Currently, the ground source heat pumps and other new technologies have been applied for heating in coal mines and have achieved some success. However, the working characteristics and costs of these technologies are not suitable for the antifreeze at the wellhead. Heat pipe technology has the following advantages: automatic operation with the change of atmosphere temperature (AMT) and low cost of construction and maintenance, which can overcome the drawbacks of the aforementioned technologies. In this article, a heating system based on heat pipe technology has been designed and modeled. The system extracts heat from the shallow normal temperature zone (NTZ) to automatically heat the coal wellhead in winter. For the heating system, the effects of AMT, the temperature of NTZ, the frozen zone thickness (FZT), the thermal conductivity, and the heat pipe quantity (HPQ) on the heating performance have been modeled and investigated using comsol multiphysics. The modeling results have been analyzed and discussed. The modeling data showed that the system based on heat pipes could meet the antifreeze requirements for the designed system during the winter period. The wellhead heating system proposed in this article may achieve the purpose of replacing fossil energy with shallow geothermal energy.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic Analysis of Starch Biosynthesis in the Developing Grain of Hexaploid Wheat

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boryana S. Stamova ◽  
Debbie Laudencia-Chingcuanco ◽  
Diane M. Beckles
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Dna Microarrays ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Starch Accumulation ◽  
Protein Accumulation ◽  
High Accumulation

The expression of genes involved in starch synthesis in wheat was analyzed together with the accumulation profiles of soluble sugars, starch, protein, and starch granule distribution in developing caryopses obtained from the same biological materials used for profiling of gene expression using DNA microarrays. Multiple expression patterns were detected for the different starch biosynthetic gene isoforms, suggesting their relative importance through caryopsis development. Members of the ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, starch synthase, starch branching enzyme, and sucrose synthase gene families showed different expression profiles; expression of some members of these gene families coincided with a period of high accumulation of starch while others did not. A biphasic pattern was observed in the rates of starch and protein accumulation which paralleled changes in global gene expression. Metabolic and regulatory genes that show a pattern of expression similar to starch accumulation and granule size distribution were identified, suggesting their coinvolvement in these biological processes.

Tissue distribution of primary metabolism between epidermal, mesophyll and parenchymatous bundle sheath cells in barley leaves

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (9) ◽  
pp. 747 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga A. Koroleva ◽  
A. Deri Tomos ◽  
John Farrar ◽  
Peter Roberts ◽  
Christopher J. Pollock
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Sucrose Concentration ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Bundle Sheath ◽  
Assimilate Transport ◽  
Primary Metabolism ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Radioactive Label ◽  
Different Cell Types

This paper originates from a presentation at the International Conference on Assimilate Transport and Partitioning, Newcastle, NSW, August 1999 In order to investigate the roles of different cell types, metabolite compartmentation in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) leaf tissue was mapped at the single-cell level, using single-cell sampling and analysis (SiCSA) techniques. The partitioning of recently fixed photoassimilate was investigated for the first time at single-cell resolution, using BAMS (biological accelerator mass spectroscopy) for precise measurement of 14C in femtomole quantities. The data obtained by BAMS qualitatively reflect concentrations of sugars in different cell types measured by SiCSA. Calculation of 14C-specific activities showed that the radioactive label saturated the mesophyll and parenchymatous bundle sheath (PBS) pools within the 45-min labelling period. During the photoperiod, sucrose concentration increased to 200 mM in mesophyll cells. The concentration of malate also increased during the photoperiod in mesophyll and PBS cells. Epidermal cells contained very low concentrations of sugar but high concentrations of malate (120–180 mM) and did not show significant diurnal changes. Accumulation of sugars and fructan synthesis could be induced in mesophyll and PBS cells by reduced export of sugars from leaves or, alternatively, when sugars were supplied from excised leaf blade bases immersed in a sucrose solution in the dark. The epidermis accumulated additional malate in step with the accumulation of sugar by the mesophyll/PBS cells during the long-term reduction of export. Immunolocalisation of Rubisco and cytochrome oxidase proteins was used to analyse the distribution of enzymes of photoassimilation and respiration between functionally different cells in mature leaves of barley.

Seed development in relation to desiccation tolerance: A comparison between desiccation-sensitive (recalcitrant) seeds of Avicennia marina and desiccation-tolerant types

1993 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill M. Farrant ◽  
N. W. Pammenter ◽  
Patricia Berjak
Keyword(s):  
Seed Development ◽  
Seedling Establishment ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Avicennia Marina ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Starch Accumulation ◽  
Recalcitrant Seeds ◽  
Recalcitrant Seed ◽  
Orthodox Seeds

AbstractDevelopment of the highly desiccation-sensitive (recalcitrant) seeds of primarily one species, Avicennia marina, is reviewed and compared with the ontogeny of desiccation-tolerant (orthodox) seeds. A. marina seeds undergo no maturation drying and remain metabolically active throughout development, which grades almost imperceptibly into germination. While PGR control of histodifferentiation is essentially similar to that characterizing desiccation-tolerant seeds, the phase of growth and reserve deposition is characterized by exceedingly high cytokinin levels which, it is proposed, promote a sink for assimilate import. While some starch accumulation does occur, the predominant reserves are soluble sugars which are readily available for the immediate onset of seedling establishment upon shedding. ABA levels are negligible in the embryo tissues during seed maturation, but increase in the pericarp, which imposes a constraint upon germination until these outer coverings are sloughed or otherwise removed. The pattern of proteins synthesized remains qualitatively similar throughout seed development in A. marina, and no LEA proteins are produced. This suggests both that seedling establishment is independent of maturation proteins and that the absence of LEAs and desiccation sensitivity might be causally related. The study on A. marina reveals that for this recalcitrant seed-type, germination per se cannot be defined: rather, it is considered as the continuation of development temporarily constrained by the pericarp ABA levels. This leads to a reexamination of the role of rehydration as key event sensu stricto, in the germination processes in desiccation-tolerant (orthodox) seeds.

scholarly journals TRANSFORMATION OF THE COMPONENT STRUCTURE OF ESSENTIAL OIL AND VOLATILE ALLOCATION OF PLANTS UNDER THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (11) ◽  
pp. 1228-1234
Author(s):  
Alla G. Malysheva ◽  
O. V. Shelepova ◽  
S. M. Yudin
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Volatile Fraction ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Quantitative Composition ◽  
Component Structure ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
The Impact

Introduction. Much attention is paid to the production of green products of aromatic plants from local raw materials, as one of the priorities implemented under the program “The Concept of the State Policy in the Field of Healthy Nutrition of the Population of the Russian Federation for the Period until 2020”. For the year-round consumption of green mass of plants, there are used different technologies of cultivation. Specific growing conditions (short light day and low light) in the autumn-winter period of highly productive plants in our country are possible only with the use of additional sources of artificial light. Material and methods. Studies of the effect of different growing technologies on the component composition of essential oil and volatile plant excreta using the example of peppermint carried out by chromatography-mass spectrometry with analytical complex «Clarus 600M» by Perkin Elmer (USA) (flame ionization) and mass spectrometry detectors with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry system Focus GC DSQ II by Thermo Scientific (USA). Results. The use of new technologies for growing ether-bearing plants may cause a change in the qualitative and quantitative composition of the essential oil and volatile plant excretions. Because of re-lighting by narrow cavity light, there have been changes in the qualitative and quantitative composition of the essential oil and volatile mint emissions. The disappearance of sabinene, bourbonene, myrtenol, colamen found in control samples and the formation of cumene, 3-hexyl-2-methylbutyrate, germacrene, carvone, cubenol, a decrease in the content of the main components: menthol, menton, benzyl alcohol, sabinene, bourbonene; an increase in the content of methylacetate, isomentone, isomenthol, neomentilacetate. With combined lighting, a reduction from 43 to 31 compounds was established with a decrease in their total content in the composition of the volatile fraction. Conclusion. Terpene hydrocarbons are the most hygienically significant substances belonging to the group of easily transformed substances, and oxygen-containing compounds (aldehydes, ketones, phenols, furans, pyrans, ethers) identified in the group of toxic and dangerous chemicals

scholarly journals Transcriptome Sequencing and Differential Expression Analysis Reveal Molecular Mechanisms for Seed Starch Accumulation in Chinese Chestnut Metaxenia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shengxing Li ◽  
Zhuogong Shi ◽  
Zhiheng Zhao ◽  
Qiurong Zhu ◽  
Liang Tao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Differential Expression Analysis ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Sucrose Metabolism ◽  
Starch Accumulation ◽  
Seed Kernel ◽  
Nutrient Contents ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Lim Proteins

Abstract Background: Chestnut is an important kind of edible nut rich in starch and protein. The characteristics and nutrient contents of chestnut have been found to show obvious metaxenia effects in previous studies. To improve the understanding of the metaxenia effect on chestnut starch and sucrose metabolism, this study used three varieties of chestnut, ‘Yongfeng 1’, ‘Yong Renzao’ and ‘Yimeng 1’, as male parents to pollinate ‘Yongfeng 1’, as the female parent, and studied the mechanisms of starch and sucrose metabolism in three starch accumulation stages (70 (S1), 82 (S2), and 94 (S3) days after pollination , DAP) in the chestnut seed kernel.Result: Most carbohydrate metabolism genes were highly expressed in YFF in stage S2 and in YFR and YFM in stage S3. In stage S3, hub genes encoding HSF_DNA-binding, ACT, Pkinase, and LIM proteins and four transcription factors were highly expressed, with YFF showing the higest expression, followed by YFR and, finally, YFM. In addition, transcriptome analysis of the kernels at 70, 82 and 94 DAP showed that the starch granule-bound starch synthase (EC 2.4.1.242) and ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (EC 2.7 .7.27) genes were actively expressed at 94 DAF. Chestnut seeds regulate the accumulation of soluble sugars, reducing sugars and starch by controlling glycosyl transferase and hydrolysis activity during development.Conclusion: These studies and resources have important guiding significance for further research on starch and sucrose metabolism and other types of metabolism related to chestnut metaxenia.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document