scholarly journals Development and Correction of K-deficiency in Drip-irrigated Apple

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 258-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerry Neilsen ◽  
Peter Parchomchuk ◽  
Michael Meheriuk ◽  
Denise Neilsen
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
The Third ◽  
Red Color ◽  
K Deficiency ◽  
K Concentration ◽  
K Fertilization ◽  
Extractable Soil

Various schedules of 40 g N and 17.5 g P/tree per year were applied with irrigation water (fertigation) to `Summerland McIntosh' apple (Malus ×domestica Borkh.) trees on M.9 rootstock commencing the year of planting. Leaf K concentrations averaged 0.82% dry mass, indicating deficiency, by the third growing season. This coincided with extractable soil K concentrations of 50-60 μg·g-1 soil in a narrow volume of the coarse-textured soil located within 0.3 m of the emitters. The decline in leaf K concentration was reversed and fruit K concentration increased by additions of K at 15-30 g/tree applied either as granular KCl directly beneath the emitters in spring or as KCl applied as a fertigant in the irrigation water. K-fertilization increased fruit red color, size, and titratable acidity only when leaf K concentration was <1%. Fruit Ca concentration and incidence of bitter pit or coreflush were unaffected by K application. NPK-fertigation commencing upon tree establishment is recommended for high-density apple orchards planted on similar coarse-textured soils.

scholarly journals Response of Apple to Fertigation of N and K under Conditions Susceptible to the Development of K Deficiency

2004 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.H. Neilsen ◽  
D. Neilsen ◽  
L.C. Herbert ◽  
E.J. Hogue
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Loamy Sand Soil ◽  
K Deficiency ◽  
Main Plot ◽  
K Concentration

A split-plot experimental design was imposed in the year of planting and maintained for the first five growing seasons in a high density apple orchard on M.9 rootstock planted at 1.5 m (within row) × 4 m (between row) in a loamy sand soil susceptible to K deficiency when drip-irrigated. Four N-K fertigation treatments involving low (N1) and high (N2) rates of N combined with 0 (K0) or 15 g K/tree per year (K1) were applied in five replicated and randomized main plot units. Subplots consisted of three-tree plots of each of the apple cultivars Gala, Fuji, Fiesta and Spartan. Soil solution monitoring indicated the maintenance of distinctly different soil solution N and K concentrations in the respective N-K treatments during the study. The most important plant response was prevention of the development of K deficiency by the K1-fertigation treatment. Fertigation of 15 g K/tree generally increased leaf K, fruit K and Mg concentrations, fruit size and yield and fruit titratable acidity and red coloration at harvest for all cultivars. K fertigation also decreased leaf Mg and B concentrations, fruit N, P and Ca concentration and fruit firmness. In addition to leaf K concentrations <1%, K deficiency was associated with fruit K concentrations <100 mg/100 g fresh weight and soil solution K concentration <5 mg·L-1. Increasing the rate of fertigated N when growth was constrained by K deficiency increased leaf N and Mn and decreased leaf P and B, but had no effect on tree vigor or fruit production and quality.

scholarly journals Effect of irrigation rate on Sudan grass yield, grown as a second crop

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (Volume 13, Issue 2) ◽  
pp. 181-184
Author(s):  
R. Bazitov
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Optimal Variant ◽  
Irrigation Rate ◽  
Sudan Grass ◽  
The Third ◽  
Optimum Variant ◽  
Irrigation Control ◽  
Cinnamon Soil

Abstract. The aim of the present study was to establish the effect of irrigation rate on the yield of Sudan grass variety Engje-1, grown as a second crop for silage on meadow-cinnamon soil for the region of Southern Bulgaria. For this purpose, an experiment with Sudan grass variety Endje-1 on the experimental field of the Agricultural Institute – Stara Zagora, after its predecessor barley, was conducted. The Sudan grass was harvested in the brooming stage. Five variants were explored: Variant 1 – without irrigation (control); Variant 2 – with optimal irrigation, 75-80% of field capacity (FC); Variant 3 – irrigation as Var.2 but with removal of the first watering; Variant 4 – irrigation as Var.2 but with removal of the second watering; Variant 5 – irrigation as Var.2, but with removal of the third watering. It was found that the efficiency of 1m3 of irrigation water was the highest at the optimum variant (Var.2), where 5.36 kg of dry mass (DM) were produced by 1 m3 of water. With the removal of the second irrigation (Var.4), the yield on the dry mass decreased by 6.4% compared to the optimal variant (Var.2), and with the removal of the first irrigation (Var.3) the losses on the dry mass reached, 12.3%, respectively. The highest values of this indicator were obtained by varying the second irigation (Vаr.4) – 7.53 kgDM/m3 water. The coefficient of efficiency of the irrigation rate, representing the ratio between the increase of the yield (in comparison with the version without irrigation – Vаr.1), and the size of the realized irrigation norm had the highest value in the version without second irrigation (Vаr.4) and the lowest values for the version without first irrigation (Vаr.3).

scholarly journals Effects of Different Irrigation Levels in Cultivation of “Mountain Tea”

Proceedings ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (11) ◽  
pp. 662
Author(s):  
Vasileios Giouvanis ◽  
Kostantinos Siafis ◽  
Christos Papanikolaou ◽  
Dimitrios Dimakas ◽  
Maria Sakellariou-Makrantonaki
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
The Other ◽  
Drip Irrigation System ◽  
The Third ◽  
Daily Water ◽  
The University ◽  
Irrigation Levels ◽  
Surface Drip Irrigation

The aim of this research was to study the effects of full and limited irrigation on the growing and productive characteristics of organically cultivated “Mountain Tea” (Sideritis raeseri). The research took place at the University of Thessaly farm in Velestino, Magnesia-Central Greece, during the year 2016, which was the second growing season. The experiment consisted of three treatments in three replications. Two of the treatments were irrigated: one treatment was irrigated with a supplied amount of water equal to the 75% of the daily water needs, while the other one was fully irrigated (100% of the daily water needs). Irrigation water was provided with a surface drip irrigation system. The third treatment was rainfed (no irrigation–0%). The results showed that limited irrigation compared to the full one, can save a significant amount of irrigation water while having the same results regarding the crop’s characteristics.

Effect of Preharvest Application of Silicon and Saline Water on Postharvest Quality of Beet (Beta vulgaris L.)

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
José Sebastião de Melo Filho ◽  
Toshik Iarley da Silva ◽  
Ygor Henrique Leal ◽  
Ana Gabriela Sousa Basilio ◽  
Mário Leno Martins Véras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Postharvest Quality ◽  
Total Soluble Solids ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Saline Waters

Beet is one of the vegetables richest in nutrient (bioactive compounds, folic acid and potassium). However, there are few studies on postharvest quality from the crop under irrigation conditions with saline waters, and because of that, the objective of this study was to evaluate effect of saline waters and silicon application in the preharvest on physicochemical quality of the beet. Two experiments were conducted with the objective of evaluating two forms of silicon application: via foliar (experiment 1) and via soil (experiment 2) about its influence in mitigating salt stress. In both experiments was adopted a randomized design with blocks in a 5 x 5 factorial, referring to five levels of electrical conductivity of the irrigation water (ECw): (0.5, 1.3, 3.25, 5.2 and 6.0 dS m-1) five doses of silicon (0.00; 2.64; 9.08; 15.52 and 18.16 mL L-1), they were combined according to the experimental matrix Central composite of Box totaling 10 treatments, with four replicates and three plants per plot. After harvesting, 70 days after transplanting, the following characteristics were evaluated: bulb dry mass, pH, titratable acidity (TA), total soluble solids (TSS), TSS/TA ratio and ash.  There was a significant effect for the salinity x silicon (Si) interaction applied via soil to the dry matter mass and titratable acidity. The electrical conductivities of irrigation water (ECw) and Si doses via leaf and soil influenced significantly for analyzed variables, except pH, total soluble solids, TSS/TA ratio, ash and titratable acidity, which were not influenced by ECw and nor by the doses of Si via soil and foliage. Irrigation with water of 6.0 dS m-1 promotes better quality beet tuber. The fertilization on preharvest with silicon via soil or foliage improved postharvest quality of beet.

scholarly journals Potassium Requirements for Optimal Processing Tomato Yield and Fruit Quality

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 593b-593
Author(s):  
T.K. Hartz ◽  
R. Mullen ◽  
M. Cahn ◽  
G. Miyao
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Soluble Solids Content ◽  
Processing Tomato ◽  
K Concentration ◽  
Solids Content ◽  
K Fertilization ◽  
Extractable Soil

Trials were conducted in nine commercial processing tomato fields in California from 1994 to 1995 to assess the effects of potassium fertilization on fruit yield and quality. Sites were selected to represent a range of ammonium acetate extractable soil K levels (91 to 284 mg·kg–1, top 30 cm) and K release rates (K at 1.8 to 8.5 mg·kg–1·d–1). Potassium was applied in furrow or drip irrigation during the fruit bulking stage at seasonal rates from 90 to 135 kg·ha–1. Significant yield increase (4% to 24%) was observed at three of the four sites with extractable soil K <125 mg·kg–1 (K released at <3.1 mg·kg–1·d–1); no yield response was observed at the five sites with greater soil K supply. Fruit color and soluble solids content was unaffected by K fertilization at any site. Additionally, red fruit of two cultivars (`Halley' and `Heinz 8892') were collected from 80 commercial fields in 1995 and evaluated for soluble solids content, color (of a comminuted sample as well as visual ranking of internal and external ripening disorders), and tissue K concentration. Fruit K concentration was poorly correlated with any quality characteristic. We conclude that yield response to K fertilization can be adequately predicted by either soil test method and that K supply plays a relatively minor role in tomato fruit quality under representative field conditions.

scholarly journals Calcium Ameliorates the Tolerance of Lisianthus [Eustoma grandiflorum (Raf.) Shinn.] to Alkalinity in Irrigation Water

HortScience ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 807-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucina Gómez-Pérez ◽  
Luis Alonso Valdez-Aguilar ◽  
Alberto Sandoval-Rangel ◽  
Adalberto Benavides-Mendoza ◽  
Rosalinda Mendoza-Villarreal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Transpiration Rate ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Marked Reduction ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Plant Tolerance ◽  
Eustoma Grandiflorum ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
K Concentration

Irrigation water high in alkalinity can severely compromise the growth and marketability of ornamental plants. In the present study we investigated the response of lisianthus to increased calcium (Ca) when irrigated with solutions containing high levels of bicarbonate (HCO3−)-induced alkalinity. Alkalinity in irrigation water reduced the growth of lisianthus; however, plants supplemented with an increased concentration of Ca at alkalinity levels from 4 to 7 meq·L−1 of HCO3– exhibited improved growth and dry mass (DM) accumulation or were not detrimentally affected, demonstrating that Ca contributes to the increase of the tolerance of lisianthus to alkalinity. Supplementary Ca did maintain a high stomatal conductance (gS) and transpiration rate when alkalinity was at 4 meq·L−1, which explained the lower water potential in young leaves. Plants irrigated with solutions containing supplementary Ca had higher total DM, which was associated with a higher gS; however, when conductance was higher than 0.280 cm·s−1, like in plants with no supplementary Ca, DM tended to decrease. At a typical Ca concentration, there was a disruption on stomata functioning as gS and transpiration rate increased, which was associated with a reduction in shoot potassium (K). Calcium ameliorated the uptake of K when alkalinity was 4 meq·L−1 by allowing a less marked reduction in shoot K concentration. Chlorophyll was reduced by increasing alkalinity as a result of a decrease in shoot iron (Fe); however, supplementary Ca also contributed in increasing plant tolerance to alkalinity at 4 meq·L−1 by sustaining a high shoot Fe concentration. Supplementary Ca increased catalase and peroxidase activities, indicating that lisianthus responded to the stress by enhancing the activity of these enzymes to reduce oxidative damage.

scholarly journals Tuning Potassium Fertilization to Improve pH and Acidity in Glera Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) under a Warming Climate

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (24) ◽  
pp. 11869
Author(s):  
Patrick Marcuzzo ◽  
Federica Gaiotti ◽  
Marco Lucchetta ◽  
Lorenzo Lovat ◽  
Diego Tomasi
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Grape Berries ◽  
Potassium Fertilization ◽  
Grape Quality ◽  
K Concentration ◽  
K Fertilization

Potassium concentration in grape berries can affect acidity and pH in must and wines. Under the current warming scenario, where preserving equilibrated value for these grape parameters is increasingly challenging, K fertilization could represent a tool to manage grape composition. In this study, the effect of potassium fertilization was investigated over 4 years (2013–2016) in field-grown grapevines (Vitis vinifera cv. Glera). Four different potassium rates (0, 15, 30, 60 kg K2O ha−1 year−1) were tested and agronomic responses, grape quality as well as K concentration in the berry were recorded over the four years. At harvest, yield parameters and total soluble solids were unaffected by potassium fertilization. On the contrary, the titratable acidity of the musts was increased by the higher rate of potassium (K60), and both tartaric and malic acids showed higher values when the K rate was higher. K fertilization did not affect the pH, as all the treatments displayed comparable pH values and in an optimal range for winemaking. Overall, in our experimental conditions, medium potassium inputs showed better results on Glera grape quality compared to low K rates, by promoting higher titratable acidity levels without altering the pH in musts.

scholarly journals Seed mass effects on germination and growth of diverse European Scots pine populations

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 306-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.B. Reich ◽  
J. Oleksyn ◽  
M.G. Tjoelker
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Relative Growth Rate ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Turkish Population ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Mass Effects

Seedlings of 24 European Scots pine (Pinussylvestris L.) populations were grown in controlled environment chambers under simulated photoperiodic conditions of 50 and 60°N latitude to evaluate the effect of seed mass on germination and seedling growth characteristics. Seeds of each population were classified into 1-mg mass classes, and the four classes per population with the highest frequencies were used. Photoperiod had minimal influence on seed mass effects. Overall, seed mass was positively related to the number of cotyledons and hypocotyl height. Populations differed significantly in seed mass effect on biomass. In northern populations (55–61°N), dry mass at the end of the first growing season was little affected by seed mass. However, dry mass in 9 of 15 central populations (54–48°N) and all southern (<45°N) populations correlated positively with seed mass. Relative growth rate was not related to seed mass within or across populations, and thus early growth is largely determined by seed mass. Relative growth rate also did not differ among populations, except for a geographically isolated Turkish population with the highest seed mass and lowest relative growth rate. After one growing season, height was positively correlated (r2 > 0.6) with seed mass in 15 populations. To check the duration of seed mass effects, height growth of 1- to 7-year-old field experiments established with the same seed lots were compared. Seed mass effects on height were strongest for 1-year-old seedlings and declined or disappeared by the age of 5–7 years among central and southern populations, but remained stable over that time in northern populations.

scholarly journals Can Sustained Deficit Irrigation Save Water and Meet the Quality Characteristics of Mango?

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 448
Author(s):  
Leontina Lipan ◽  
Aarón A. Carbonell-Pedro ◽  
Belén Cárceles Rodríguez ◽  
Víctor Hugo Durán-Zuazo ◽  
Dionisio Franco Tarifa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Peel Color

Mango is one of the most cultivated tropical fruits worldwide and one of few drought-tolerant plants. Thus, in this study the effect of a sustained deficit irrigation (SDI) strategy on mango yield and quality was assessed with the aim of reducing irrigation water in mango crop. A randomized block design with four treatments was developed: (i) full irrigation (FI), assuring the crop’s water needs, and three levels of SDI receiving 75%, 50%, and 33% of irrigation water (SDI75, SDI50, and SDI33). Yield, morphology, color, titratable acidity (TA), total soluble solids (TSS), organic acids (OA), sugars, minerals, fiber, antioxidant activity (AA), and total phenolic content (TPC) were analyzed. The yield was reduced in SDI conditions (8%, 11%, and 20% for SDI75, SDI50, and SDI33, respectively), but the irrigation water productivity was higher in all SDI regimes. SDI significantly reduced the mango size, with SDI33 generating the smallest mangoes. Peel color significantly changed after 13 days of ripening, with SDI75 being the least ripe. The TA, AA, and citric acid were higher in SDI75, while the TPC and fiber increased in all SDI levels. Consequently, SDI reduced the mango size but increased the functionality of samples, without a severe detrimental effect on the yield.

scholarly journals Relations among Valencia orange yields with soil and leaf nutrients in Northwestern Paraná, Brazil

2000 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 387-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonez Fidalski ◽  
Pedro Antonio Martins Auler ◽  
Valdomiro Tormem
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Leaf Nutrients ◽  
Valencia Orange ◽  
Northwest Region ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
K Fertilization

The Valencia orange orchards established on soils of low fertility in the Northwest region of Paraná State, Brazil, have showed symptoms of Mg deficiency and reduced fruit yields. The objective of this study was to verify the relationship between yield with soil and leaf nutrients during 1996/97 growing season. Two sites of low and high productivity were selected in seven orchards. Leaf and soil samples (fertilized rows and interrows) were collected in 1996. The results showed that the citrus yields were negatively related with soil Mg/K and Ca+Mg/K ratios in the fertilized rows, and fruit weight positively correlated with leaf Zn in the low productivity orchards. The fruit weight was positively related with leaf Ca and soil Ca in the fertilized rows of the high productivity orchards. The results suggested an adequate lime and K fertilization managements in the fertilized rows, as well as an adequate Zn supply.

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