scholarly journals Temperature and Daily Light Integral Influence Plant Quality and Flower Development of Campanula carpatica 'Blue Clips', 'Deep Blue Clips', and Campanula 'Birch Hybrid'

HortScience ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 664-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Genhua Niu ◽  
Royal D. Heins ◽  
Arthur Cameron ◽  
Will Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Flower Size ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Daily Light Integral ◽  
Deep Blue ◽  
Hybrid Plants ◽  
Petal Length ◽  
Flower Diameter ◽  
Light Integral ◽  
Campanula Carpatica

The effects of temperature on flower size and number of flower buds of Campanula carpatica Jacq. 'Blue Clips', 'Deep Blue Clips', and Campanula 'Birch Hybrid' were investigated in four temperature and light-transfer experiments. In year 1, 'Blue Clips' and 'Birch Hybrid' plants were grown initially at 20 °C and then transferred at visible flower bud (VB) to 14, 17, 20, 23, or 26 °C until flower (Expt. 1). In Expt. 2, 'Blue Clips' and 'Birch Hybrid' plants were transferred from 14 to 26 °C or from 26 to 14 °C at various intervals after flower induction. Flower size of both species was negatively correlated with average daily temperature (ADT) after VB; flowers on plants grown at 14 °C were 35% larger than those on plants grown at 26 °C. In contrast, temperature before VB had only a small effect on final flower size in both species, although flower diameter of 'Birch Hybrid' plants grown at constant 26 °C was 20% smaller than that of the plants grown initially at 20°C and then transferred to VB to 26 °C. For both species, the longer the exposure to high temperature after VB, the smaller the flowers. Number of flower buds at flower in 'Birch Hybrid' decreased as ADT after VB increased. In year 2, 'Deep Blue Clips' plants were grown at constant 20 °C under high or low daily light integral (DLI, 17 or 5.7 mol·m-2·d-1) until VB, and then transferred to 14, 17, 20, 23, or 26 °C under high or low DLI (Expt. 3). In Expt. 4, 'Deep Blue Clips' plants were grown at 14, 17, 20, 23, or 26 °C until VB, and then transferred to constant 20 °C under high or low DLI until flower. Flower size (petal length) was negatively correlated with ADT both before and after VB, while flower bud number was negatively correlated with the ADT only after VB, regardless of DLI. In both experiments, petal length decreased by 0.3 to 0.5 mm per 1 °C increase in ADT before or after VB. Flowers were larger and more numerous under high than under low DLIs after VB, regardless of the DLI before VB.

scholarly journals 617 Day and Night Temperatures, Daily Light Integral, and CO2 Enrichment Affect Growth and Flower Development of Campanula carpatica `Blue Clips'

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 503E-503
Author(s):  
Genhua Niu ◽  
Royal D. Heins ◽  
Arthur C. Cameron ◽  
William H. Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Enrichment ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Base Temperature ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Enrichment ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Daily Light Integral ◽  
Flower Diameter ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Light Integral ◽  
Campanula Carpatica

Campanula carpatica Jacq. `Blue Clips' plants were grown in a greenhouse under ambient (400 μmol·mol-1) and enriched (600 μmol·mol-1) CO2 concentrations, three daily light integrals (DLI; 4.2, 10.8, and 15.8 mol/m per day), and nine combinations of day and night temperatures created by moving plants every 12 h among three temperatures (15, 20, and 25 °C). Time to flower decreased as plant average daily temperature (ADT) increased. Flower diameter decreased linearly as ADT increased in the 15 to 25 °C range and was not related to the difference between day and night temperatures (DIF). Increasing DLI from 4.2 to 10.8 mol/m per day also increased flower diameter by 3 to 4 mm regardless of temperature, but no difference was observed between 10.8 and 15.8 mol/m per day. Carbon dioxide enrichment increased flower diameter by 2 to 3 mm. Number of flower buds and dry mass at high and medium DLI decreased as plant ADT increased. Plant height increased as DIF increased from ñ6 to 12 °C. Number of flower buds and dry mass were correlated closely with the ratio of DLI to daily thermal time using a base temperature of 0 °C.

scholarly journals Temperature and Photoperiod Influence Flowering and Morphology of Four Petunia spp.

HortScience ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan M. Warner
Keyword(s):  
Base Temperature ◽  
Optimal Temperature ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Node Number ◽  
Daily Light Integral ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Light Integral ◽  
Short Days ◽  
Petunia Axillaris

Flowering and morphology of four Petunia Juss. spp. [P. axillaris (Lam.) Britton et al., P. exserta Stehmann, P. integrifolia (Hook.) Schinz & Thell., and P. ×hybrida Vilm.] were evaluated in response to photoperiod and temperature. Photoperiod responses were evaluated under 9-h short days (SD), 9-h photoperiod plus 4-h night-interruption lighting (NI), or a 16-h photoperiod supplemented with high-pressure sodium lamps (16-h HPS). All species flowered earlier under NI than SD and were classified as facultative (quantitative) long-day plants. Increasing the daily light integral within long-day treatments increased flower bud number for P. axillaris only. In a second experiment, crop timing and quality were evaluated in the temperature range of 14 to 26 °C under 16-h HPS. The rate of progress toward flowering for each species increased as temperature increased from 14 to 26 °C, suggesting the optimal temperature for development is at least 26 °C. The calculated base temperature for progress to flowering varied from 0.1 °C for P. exserta to 5.3 °C for P. integrifolia. Flowering of P. axillaris and P. integrifolia was delayed developmentally (i.e., increased node number below the first flower) at 14 °C and 17 °C or less, respectively, compared with higher temperatures. Petunia axillaris and P. integrifolia flower bud numbers decreased as temperature increased, whereas P. ×hybrida flower bud number was similar at all temperatures. The differences in crop timing and quality traits observed for these species suggest that they may be useful sources of variability for petunia breeding programs.

scholarly journals Cold Treatment and Forcing Temperature Influence Flowering of Campanula carpatica `Blue Clips'

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 861-865 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine M. Whitman ◽  
Royal D. Heins ◽  
Arthur C. Cameron ◽  
William H. Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Cell Volume ◽  
Final Height ◽  
Cold Treatment ◽  
Base Temperature ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Calculated Average ◽  
Campanula Carpatica

The influence of cold treatments on flowering in Campanula carpatica Jacq. `Blue Clips' was determined. Plants with 10 to 12 nodes (P1) and 12 to 16 nodes (P2), in 128-cell (10-mL cell volume) and 50-cell (85-mL cell volume) trays, respectively, were stored at 5 °C for 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, or 14 weeks under a 9-hour photoperiod. They then were transplanted and forced in a 20 °C greenhouse under a 9-hour photoperiod with a 4-hour night interruption (NI) (2200 to 0200 hr). Time to visible bud and to flowering in P1 decreased slightly as the duration of cold treatment increased. Flowering was hastened by ≈10 days after 14 weeks at 5 °C. Cold treatments had no significant effect on time to visible bud or flower in P2. The number of flower buds on P1 did not change significantly in response to cold treatments, while flower bud count on P2 increased by up to 60% as duration of cold treatments increased. Final height at flowering of both ages decreased 10% to 20% with increasing duration of cold exposure. To determine the relationship between forcing temperature and time to flower, three plant sizes were forced under a 9-hour photoperiod with a 4-hour NI (2200 to 0200 hr) at 15, 18, 21, 24, or 27 °C. Plants flowered more quickly at higher temperatures, but the number and diameter of flowers were reduced. Days to visible bud and flowering were converted to rates, and base temperature (Tb) and thermal time to flowering (degree-days) were calculated. Average Tb for forcing to visible bud stage was 2.1 °C; for forcing to flower, 0.0 °C. Calculated degree-days to visible bud were 455; to flower, 909.

scholarly journals Modeling Growth and Development of Celosia and Impatiens in Response to Temperature and Photosynthetic Daily Light Integral

2005 ◽  
Vol 130 (6) ◽  
pp. 813-818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Ann Pramuk ◽  
Erik S. Runkle
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Bedding Plants ◽  
Daily Light Integral ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Greenhouse Growers ◽  
Light Integral

Commercial greenhouse growers often produce bedding plants from midwinter to early summer, and thus crops are grown under a wide range of environmental conditions. Despite bedding plants' high economic value, the interactions of temperature and photosynthetic daily light integral (DLI) on growth and flowering have not been determined for many bedding plants. We grew celosia (Celosia argentea L. var. plumosa L.) and seed impatiens (Impatiens wallerana Hook.f.) in glass greenhouses in a range of temperature (15 to 27 °C) and DLI (8 to 26 mol·m-2·d-1) conditions to quantify effects on growth and flowering. Growth (e.g., plant dry mass at flowering) and flowering characteristics (e.g., time to flowering and flower bud number) were modeled in response to the average daily temperature and DLI by using multiple regression analysis. Rate of progress to flowering (1/days to flower) of celosia increased as temperature increased up to ≈25 °C and as the average DLI increased to 15 ·mol·m-2·d-1. Impatiens grown under a DLI <15 mol·m-2·d-1 flowered progressively earlier as temperature increased from 14 to 28 °C, whereas temperature had little effect on flowering time when plants were grown under the highest DLI treatments. Number of flowers and flower buds at first flowering increased in both species as temperature decreased or DLI increased. Shoot dry mass at first flowering followed a similar trend, except celosia dry mass decreased as temperature decreased. The models developed to predict flowering time and plant quality could be used by commercial growers to determine the impacts of changing growing temperature, growing plants at different times of the year, and providing supplemental lighting.

scholarly journals Photosynthetic Daily Light Integral During the Seedling Stage Influences Subsequent Growth and Flowering of Celosia, Impatiens, Salvia, Tagetes, and Viola

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1099C-1099
Author(s):  
Lee Ann Pramuk ◽  
Erik S. Runkle
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Seedling Stage ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Subsequent Growth ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Common Environment ◽  
Daily Light Integral ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Light Integral

The photosynthetic daily light integral (DLI) dramatically increases during the spring, but effects of DLI on seedling growth and development have not been characterized for many species. We quantified the effects of DLI on growth and development of Celosia, Impatiens, Salvia, Tagetes, and Viola during the seedling stage and determined whether there were any residual effects of DLI on subsequent growth and development after transplant. Seedlings were grown in growth chambers for 18–26 days at 21 °C with a DLI ranging from 4.1–14.2 mol·mol·m-2·d-1. Average seedling shoot dry weight per internode (a measure of quality) increased linearly 64%, 47%, 64%, and 68% within this DLI range in Celosia, Impatiens, Tagetes, and Viola, respectively. Seedlings were then transplanted to 10-cm containers and grown in a common environment (average daily temperature of 22 °C and DLI of 8.5 mol·m-2·d-1) to determine subsequent effects on plant growth and development. Flowering of Celosia, Impatiens, Salvia, Tagetes, and Viola occurred 10, 12, 11, 4, and 12 days earlier, respectively, when seedlings were previously grown under the highest DLI compared with the lowest. Except for Viola, earlier flowering corresponded with the development of fewer nodes below the first flower. Flower bud number and plant shoot dry weight at first flowering decreased as the seedling DLI increased in all species except for flower number of Tagetes. Therefore, seedlings grown under a greater DLI flowered earlier, but plant quality at first flowering was generally reduced compared with that of seedlings grown under a lower DLI.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF SCREEN HOUSE MODIFICATION AT FLOWER BUD STADIA ON FLOWER QUALITY OF CHRYSANTHEMUM AT MEDIUM UPLAND ELEVATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Herni Shintiavira ◽  
Endang Sulistyaningsih ◽  
Aziz Purwantoro ◽  
Rani Agustina Wulandari
Keyword(s):  
Chrysanthemum Morifolium ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Environmental Modification ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Flower Diameter ◽  
Flower Quality ◽  
Screen House

<p class="abstrakinggris">Higher temperature and light intensity at the medium upland elevation decrease the number of blooming flowers, flower diameter, and red color flower intensity of <em>Chrysanthemum morifolium</em>compared to that at the high upland elevation. The environmental modification was needed during the flower development phase to improve the quality of chrysantheum at a medium upland elevation. The study aimed to find the suitable screen house environmental modification for increasing the chrysanthemum quality at the medium upland elevation. The study consisted of two factors. First, environmental modification of a screen house, such as (1) control, (2) the addition of shading net on the rooftop of the screen house, (3) the addition of a misting system in the screen house, and (4) the addition of a combination of shading net on the rooftop and misting system in the screen house. Second, the chrysanthemum varieties, including (1) Yastayuki (white flower), (2) Arosuka Pelangi (yellow flower), and (3) Socakawani (red flower). Experiments were arranged in a completely randomized design with three replications. Data were analyzed by combined ANOVA. The results showed that either the addition of a shading net or misting system reduced the number of flower buds growing. The competition among flower buds was found to be reduced by decreasing the number of flower buds.  Consequently, the number and diameter of the blooming flower increased. The addition of a shading net on top of the screen house was the most suitable environmental modification to increase the chrysanthemum quality at the medium upland elevation.</p>

scholarly journals 616 Effect of Temperature on Flower Size of Campanula carpatica `Blue Clips' and `Birch Hybrid'

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 503D-503
Author(s):  
Genhua Niu ◽  
Royal D. Heins ◽  
Arthur C. Cameron ◽  
William H. Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Flower Size ◽  
Flower Induction ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Flower Diameter ◽  
Two Temperature ◽  
Campanula Carpatica ◽  
Induction Temperature

Flower size generally decreases as temperature increases. The objective of this research was to investigate during development when flowers of Campanula carpatica Jacq. `Blue Clips' and `Birch Hybrid' are sensitive to temperature by conducting two temperature-transfer experiments. In the first experiment, plants were grown initially at 20 °C and then transferred at visible bud to 14, 17, 20, 23, or 26 °C until flower. In the second experiment, plants were transferred from 14 to 26 °C or from 26 to 14 °C at 1, 3, or 5 weeks (`Blue Clips') or at 1, 2, or 3 weeks (`Birch Hybrid') after flower induction. Temperature before visible bud had little effect on final flower size for both species. For example, flower diameter of `Blue Clips' was similar among plants grown at constant 14 °C or grown at 20 °C initially and then transferred at visible bud to 14 or 17 °C. Similarly, flower diameter of plants grown at constant 26 °C was similar to those grown at 20 °C initially and then transferred at visible bud to 26 °C. Flower diameter in these species is correlated with the temperature after VB in the 14 to 26 °C and decreases linearly as the temperature after VB increases.

Cyclamen Leaf Unfolding Rate in Response to Temperature

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 447d-447
Author(s):  
Meriam Karlsson ◽  
Jeffrey Werner
Keyword(s):  
Day Length ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Cyclamen Persicum ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Leaf Unfolding ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Growth Chambers ◽  
Response To Temperature

Nine-week-old plants of Cyclamen persicum `Miracle Salmon' were transplanted into 10-cm pots and placed in growth chambers at 8, 12, 16, 20, or 24 °C. The irradiance was 10 mol/day per m2 during a 16-h day length. After 8 weeks, the temperature was changed to 16 °C for all plants. Expanded leaves (1 cm or larger) were counted at weekly intervals for each plant. The rate of leaf unfolding increased with temperature to 20 °C. The fastest rate at 20 °C was 0.34 ± 0.05 leaf/day. Flower buds were visible 55 ± 7 days from start of temperature treatments (118 days from seeding) for the plants grown at 12, 16, or 20 °C. Flower buds appeared 60 ± 6.9 days from initiation of treatments for plants grown at 24 °C and 93 ± 8.9 days for cyclamens grown at 8 °C. Although there was no significant difference in rate of flower bud appearance for cyclamens grown at 12, 16, or 20 °C, the number of leaves, flowers, and flower buds varied significantly among all temperature treatments. Leaf number at flowering increased from 38 ± 4.7 for plants at 12 °C to 77 ± 8.3 at 24 °C. Flowers and flower buds increased from 18 ± 2.9 to 52 ± 11.0 as temperature increased from 12 to 24 °C. Plants grown at 8 °C had on average 6 ± 2 visible flower buds, but no open flowers at termination of the study (128 days from start of treatments).

scholarly journals Regulation of Flowering Timing by ABA-NnSnRK1 Signaling Pathway in Lotus

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 3932
Author(s):  
Jing Cao ◽  
Qijiang Jin ◽  
Jiaying Kuang ◽  
Yanjie Wang ◽  
Yingchun Xu
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Maximal Response ◽  
Protein Kinase Activity ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Aba Content ◽  
Flower Bud Abortion

The lotus produces flower buds at each node, yet most of them are aborted because of unfavorable environmental changes and the mechanism remains unclear. In this work, we proposed a potential novel pathway for ABA-mediated flower timing control in the lotus, which was explored by combining molecular, genetic, transcriptomic, biochemical, and pharmacologic approaches. We found that the aborting flower buds experienced extensive programmed cell death (PCD). The hormonal changes between the normal and aborting flower buds were dominated by abscisic acid (ABA). Seedlings treated with increasing concentrations of ABA exhibited a differential alleviating effect on flower bud abortion, with a maximal response at 80 μM. Transcriptome analysis further confirmed the changes of ABA content and the occurrence of PCD, and indicated the importance of PCD-related SNF1-related protein kinase 1 (NnSnRK1). The NnSnRK1-silenced lotus seedlings showed stronger flowering ability, with their flower:leaf ratio increased by 40%. When seedlings were treated with ABA, the expression level and protein kinase activity of NnSnRK1 significantly decreased. The phenotype of NnSnRK1-silenced seedlings could also be enhanced by ABA treatment and reversed by tungstate treatment. These results suggested that the decline of ABA content in lotus flower buds released its repression of NnSnRK1, which then initiated flower bud abortion.

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