scholarly journals In-row Preplant Manure Composting Reduces Weed Populations

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 1456-1460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barakat Abu-Irmaileh ◽  
Azmi Abu-Rayyan
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Organic Materials ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Environmental Pollutant ◽  
Olive Pomace ◽  
Sheep Manure ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Manure Amendments

Fresh manure is normally broadcasted on the soil surface in vegetable growing areas of Jordan as a source of nutrients and organic matter. However, it can be an environmental pollutant and may lead to the outbreak of many health-related pests, especially houseflies. Field experiments were conducted in two locations to study the effect of in-row composting of four different fresh manures and olive pomace on preplant weed control in vegetables. In the first experiment, main treatments were as follows. 1) Organic materials were applied preplant and then the soil was covered with black polyethylene (BPE) sheets for 6 weeks (M). 2) Treatments were the same as in (M) but the soil surface was covered by BPE mulch for the whole growing season (MP). 3) There was soil incorporation of organic materials preplant, but the soil surface was unmulched during the 6-week period and weeds were controlled chemically later in the season (MC). 4) For the control (C), fresh organic materials were soil incorporated manually at time of planting. Each main treatment included four subtreatments. Each subtreatment received a different source of organic material: cow, poultry, or sheep manure or olive pomace. In the second experiment, the rates of poultry manure (0, 5, and 10 kg·m-2) comprised the main treatments. Each treatment included four subtreatments in which the manure was soil-incorporated then subplots were covered by BPE sheets for either 0, 2, 4, or 6 weeks. The composting process in the main treatments M and MP raised soil temperatures significantly at a 15-cm depth above soils without manure amendments. Soil temperatures were higher, especially with poultry manure, athough not significantly different in all cases. Composting poultry manure was more effective in reducing weed dry weights compared with other organic materials.

scholarly journals Crop residues on short-term CO2 emissions in sugarcane production areas

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 699-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana M. Corradi ◽  
Alan R. Panosso ◽  
Marcílio V. Martins Filho ◽  
Newton La Scala Junior
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Agricultural Crop ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Sugarcane Production ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Production Areas

The proper management of agricultural crop residues could produce benefits in a warmer, more drought-prone world. Field experiments were conducted in sugarcane production areas in the Southern Brazil to assess the influence of crop residues on the soil surface in short-term CO2 emissions. The study was carried out over a period of 50 days after establishing 6 plots with and without crop residues applied to the soil surface. The effects of sugarcane residues on CO2 emissions were immediate; the emissions from residue-covered plots with equivalent densities of 3 (D50) and 6 (D100) t ha-1 (dry mass) were less than those from non-covered plots (D0). Additionally, the covered fields had lower soil temperatures and higher soil moisture for most of the studied days, especially during the periods of drought. Total emissions were as high as 553.62 ± 47.20 g CO2 m-2, and as low as 384.69 ± 31.69 g CO2 m-2 in non-covered (D0) and covered plot with an equivalent density of 3 t ha-1 (D50), respectively. Our results indicate a significant reduction in CO2 emissions, indicating conservation of soil carbon over the short-term period following the application of sugarcane residues to the soil surface.

scholarly journals Yield of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) as Influenced by Organic Fertilizers in the Southern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 66 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. M. Haruna ◽  
M. S. Abimiku
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Sesamum Indicum ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Cow Manure ◽  
State University ◽  
Ecological Zone ◽  
Yield Attributes ◽  
Guinea Savanna ◽  
Sheep Manure

Field experiments were carried out during the rainy seasons of 2008 and 2009 at the teaching and research farm of Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Lafia campus in the southern Guinea savanna agro-ecological zone of Nigeria to assess the effects of poultry manure, cow manure and sheep manure on the performance of sesame crop. Manure application was found to have significantly increased both yield and yield attributes of sesame compared with non application at all. Application of 2.5 t ha<sup>-1</sup> of poultry manure produced the highest value for all the yield attributes measured. The seed yield per hectare in both years were also optimized with the application of 2.5 t ha<sup>-1</sup> of poultry manure (1914.07 and 1933.20 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> in 2008 and 2009 respectively) compared with any other applied rates of sheep and cow manure and is therefore recommended.

Understanding mechanisms of reduced annual weed emergence in alfalfa

Weed Science ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 876-885 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. R. Huarte ◽  
R. L Benech Arnold
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Bull Thistle ◽  
Weed Emergence ◽  
Selection Of

Field experiments were carried out at the Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina (34°25′S, 58°25′W), to evaluate the possibility of reducing weed seedling emergence through the use of alfalfa cultivars with low levels of winter dormancy and by increasing plant density from 200 to 400 plants m−2. It was hypothesized that these treatments would alter the temperature regime and the red (R)–far-red (FR) ratio of radiation to which seeds were exposed. Responses to management treatments were recorded for bull thistle, cotton thistle, plumeless thistle, tall rocket, mustard, curly dock, and pigweed. During the alfalfa establishment year, pigweed and curly dock emergence was reduced by the nondormant cultivar established at high density. This reduction disappeared when soil beneath the canopy was fitted with heaters that mimicked bare-soil temperatures. Crop canopy presence during the establishment year was not effective in reducing mustard, cotton thistle, bull thistle, plumeless thistle, and tall rocket emergence. During the second and third years after crop establishment, the canopy of the nondormant alfalfa cultivar was effective in reducing germination of weed seeds placed on the soil surface during fall and winter. In contrast, the winter-dormant cultivar allowed the establishment of weeds during the winter period. These reductions in weed emergence were associated with a modification in the R–FR ratio perceived by the seeds located at the soil surface and could largely be removed by using FR filters to increase the R–FR ratio. These results suggest that the selection of a nondormant cultivar combined with an increase in plant density could effectively reduce weed populations in alfalfa.

scholarly journals A field perspective on effects of fire and temperature fluctuation on Cerrado legume seeds

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 74-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Felipe Daibes ◽  
Talita Zupo ◽  
Fernando A.O. Silveira ◽  
Alessandra Fidelis
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Fluctuation ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Temperature Fluctuations ◽  
Fire Effects ◽  
Fuel Load ◽  
Physical Dormancy ◽  
Legume Seeds ◽  
Field Perspective

AbstractInformation from a field perspective on temperature thresholds related to physical dormancy (PY) alleviation and seed resistance to high temperatures of fire is crucial to disentangle fire- and non-fire-related germination cues. We investigated seed germination and survival of four leguminous species from a frequently burned open Neotropical savanna in Central Brazil. Three field experiments were conducted according to seed location in/on the soil: (1) fire effects on exposed seeds; (2) fire effects on buried seeds; and (3) effects of temperature fluctuations on exposed seeds in gaps and shaded microsites in vegetation. After field treatments, seeds were tested for germination in the laboratory, together with the control (non-treated seeds). Fire effects on exposed seeds decreased viability in all species. However, germination of buried Mimosa leiocephala seeds was enhanced by fire in an increased fuel load treatment, in which we doubled the amount of above-ground biomass. Germination of two species (M. leiocephala and Harpalyce brasiliana) was enhanced with temperature fluctuation in gaps, but this condition also decreased seed viability. Our main conclusions are: (1) most seeds died when exposed directly to fire; (2) PY could be alleviated during hotter fires when seeds were buried in the soil; and (3) daily temperature fluctuations in gaps also broke PY of seeds on the soil surface, so many seeds could be recruited or die before being incorporated into the soil seed banks. Thus seed dormancy-break and germination of legumes from Cerrado open savannas seem to be driven by both fire and temperature fluctuations.

scholarly journals Remediation of heavy metal polluted soil through organic amendments

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 589-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
HM Naser ◽  
MZ Rahman ◽  
S Sultana ◽  
MA Quddus ◽  
MA Haoque
Keyword(s):  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Water Hyacinth ◽  
Metal Content ◽  
Metal Uptake ◽  
Organic Materials ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Organic Amendments ◽  
Cow Manure ◽  
Barnyard Grass ◽  
Type Water

This study was conducted to determine the effects of organic materials to remediate contaminated soil with heavy metals. A pot study was performed by growing maize (Zea mays) in metal contaminated soil (10 kg pot-1) and soils amendments with cow manure dust, poultry manure dust, vermicompost dust, fern dust, water hyacinth dust, mustard stover dust and barnyard grass dust each at 5 g kg-1 soil. The results showed that Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr and Co uptake by maize depended on the organic materials type. Water hyacinth dust, fern dust, mustard stover dust, and barnyard grass dust addition led to decreased metal content in maize, and this decrease was better expressed with 20.5 to 33.3% for fern dust, 17.3 to 22.0 % for water hyacinth, 18.6 to 21.3% for mustard stover dust, 17.33 to 20.5% for barnyard grass dust. Cow manure dust, poultry manure dust and vermicompost dust led to increased metal content in the maize, and this increase was 6.80 to 18.7 % for cow manure, 18.9 to 86.7 % for poultry manure and 17.4 to 16.0 % for vermicompost. The different effectiveness of organic amendment on metal uptake by maize plant could be due to the nature of organic matter where water hyacinth dust, fern dust, mustard stover dust, and barnyard grass dust were mainly originated from plant. On the other hand, cow manure, poultry manure and vermicompost were mainly the excreta collected from cattle, poultry and earthworms. However, immobilization and phytoextraction techniques might be used to remediate soils which are contaminated with heavy metal.Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 42(4): 589-598, December 2017

Technologies of drop irrigation of young almond garden on terraces in foothland conditions of the Kyzylsu-Yuzhnaya river basin

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-15
Author(s):  
Daler Domullodzhanov
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Minimum Amount ◽  
Almond Orchard

The article presents the results of field experiments on the study of the technology of drip irrigation of a young almond orchard on terraces with clear cover with tillage soil surface, with use of mulching and overseeding of perennial grasses. In the variant with mulching, the minimum amount of irrigation observed – 24, with the irrigation norm – 1904 litre per tree. In other cases, the number of irrigation events increases from 8 to 23, respectively, the irrigation norms are 1.39 and 2.06 times.

scholarly journals Comparison of Fish Pond Waste Water with Manures under Garden Egg in Nigeria

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominic J. Udoh ◽  
Otobong B. Iren ◽  
Jeremiah E. Jonathan
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Fish Pond ◽  
Pig Manure ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Total N ◽  
Cropping Seasons

<p class="1Body">Two field experiments were conducted from 2012 to 2013 cropping seasons to evaluate the efficacy and also determine the optimum rates of application for fish pond waste water in comparison with three other manures including one inorganic fertilizer and two organic manures under garden egg (<em>Solanum spp.</em>) crop.Garden egg was fertilized with pond waste water (PW), poultry manure (PM), pig manure (PG) and NPK15:15:15 at equivalent nitrogen (N) rates (0, 150, 300, 450 kg/ha). The treatments were arranged in a split plot under randomized complete block design (RCBD).The results obtained indicated a slight drop in soil pH but soil OM, total N, available P, exchangeable Ca and K increased generally with increasing rates of manures. The PW and PG treatments supported significantly (P&lt;0.05) the highest yields of the crop compared to PM and NPK with the 150 and 300 kg/ha treatments recording the highest increase. These results have shown that under the high rainfall and acidic soil conditions of Akwa Ibom State in Nigeria, PW is useful for the improvement of soil conditions and achievement of higher crop yields when applied at rates that supply N in the range of 150 – 300 kg/ha.</p>

Do applications of sulfur or sulfate influence infestations of root maggots (Delia spp.) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) in canola?

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 599-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Dosdall ◽  
R. -C. Yang ◽  
P. M. Conway
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Rapa ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Elemental Sulfur ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Delia Radicum ◽  
Application Methods ◽  
Root Maggot ◽  
Sulfur Nutrition

While the importance of sulfur nutrition for the development of healthy stands of canola is well documented, the role of sulfur in the management of insect pest infestations has not previously been investigated in this crop. Field experiments were conducted at three sites in central Alberta in 1997 and 1998 to determine the influence of sulfur and sulfate applications on infestations of root maggots (Delia spp.) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) in canola (Brassica rapa L.). Different formulations (granules, powder, prills, and sprays), application methods (either drilled in with the seed or top-dressed on the soil surface), and application rates were evaluated. To assess the degree of root maggot infestation, oviposition throughout the season and damage to taproots at the end of the season were monitored. Sulfur contents were analyzed from leaf samples collected mid-season and seed yields were measured from all treatment plots. Root maggot responses to the different sulfur treatments and application methods varied among years and sites, indicating that environmental factors have great importance in determining infestation levels by these pests, and the oxidation rate of elemental sulfur in soil. Sulfur formulation and application rate had significant effects on root maggot egg deposition and root damage for some sites and years, but even at high rates of application (112 kg ha-1) reductions in infestation levels were not substantial relative to the controls. While sulfur additions alone will not greatly reduce root maggot infestation levels in canola, growers should employ adequate sulfur nutrition for optimum crop health to enable plants to better compensate for damage by these pests. Key words: Brassica rapa, Delia radicum, Delia floralis, elemental sulfur, sulfate, canola

scholarly journals Seasonal emergence of selected summer annual weed species in dependence on soil temperature

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 444-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Jursík ◽  
J. Holec ◽  
J. Soukup ◽  
V. Venclová
Keyword(s):  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Main Field ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Field Emergence ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Galinsoga Ciliata ◽  
Surface Layer Temperature ◽  
Mass Field

This study aimed to describe emergence cycles of selected weed species under Central European conditions in relation to cumulative soil temperatures from the start of the vegetation season. Emergence of Chenopodium album, Echinochloa crus-galli, Galinsoga ciliata, and Abutilon theophrasti was observed from March to October during the period 2001&ndash;2006 at two locations. The beginning of main field emergence was determined as the day when the sum of effective hour temperatures was achieved, and was detected from the second decade of April to early May for C. album, in the second decade of May for E. crus-galli, from late April to the beginning of May for G. ciliata, and from the end of April to mid-May for A. theophrasti. The relationship between cumulative soil surface layer temperature and weed mass field emergence at the beginning of the growing season is very direct (differences &plusmn;7 days) &ndash; but only when soil moisture is sufficient. In a drier spring, the beginning of mass field emergence occurs with 1&ndash;4 weeks of delay and field emergence is usually slower and protracted.

Trace element uptake by two British Columbia forages as affected by poultry manure application

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Bomke ◽  
L. E. Lowe
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Manure Application ◽  
Deep Pit ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Trace Element Uptake

Field experiments evaluated yield response to deep-pit poultry manure application to barley on a clay soil near Prince George and a grass-legume forage on a silty clay loam soil near Chilliwack, B.C. Substantial dry matter yield increases were measured at manure applications up to 20 t ha−1. Subsamples of both crops and the poultry manure were analyzed for Cu, Zn, Mn, Ba, Pb, Ni, Cr, Cd, B and Co. Selenium analyses were made on selected crop samples. There were no indications of toxicity problems even at 40 t ha−1, the highest application. Copper and Zn concentrations in forages were increased by the poultry manure and the Mn/Cu ratio tended to decrease with manure application. Key words: Orchardgrass, ladino clover, barley, micronutrients

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