scholarly journals Turfgrass Monoculture, Cool-Cool, and Cool-Warm Season Seed Mixture Establishment and Growth Responses

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (7) ◽  
pp. 1732-1735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan Salehi ◽  
Morteza Khosh-Khui
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Seed Mixture ◽  
Tiller Density ◽  
Seed Mixtures

Turfgrass seeds can be sown individually, in mixes, or overseeded to provide green color and uniform surfaces in all the seasons. This investigation was conducted to compare different turfgrass species and their seed mixtures. In this research, the turfgrasses—perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. `Barball'), kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L. `Merion'), common bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon [L.] Pers.), and strong creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L. var. rubra `Shadow')—in monoculture or in mixtures of 1:1 (by weight) and a 1:1:1:1 (by weight) and two sport turfgrasses—BAR 11 (Barenbrug Co.) and MM (Mommersteeg Co.)—were used. The seeds were sown in March and October (spring and fall sowing) in 1998 and 1999. The experiments were conducted in a split-split block design with year as main plot, sowing season as subplot, and turfgrass types as subsubplot. The turfgrasses were compared by measuring visual quality, chlorophyll index after winter and summer, rooting depth, verdure and/or root fresh and dry weight, tiller density, and clippings fresh and dry weight. Fall sowing was superior to spring sowing and resulted in greater root growth, clipping yield, and chlorophyll content. Poa+Cynodon seed mixture was the best treatment and had high tiller density, root growth, and chlorophyll content. Lolium and Festuca monocultures, and Poa+Festuca and Cynodon+Festuca seed mixtures were not suitable with regard to low tiller density, sensitivity to high temperatures, low root growth, and low tiller density, respectively. The cool-warm-season seed mixture (Poa+Cynodon) can be used alternatively in overseeding programs in the areas with soil and environmental conditions similar to this research site.

A comparison of the root growth, root morphology and root response to defoliation of Aristida ramosa R.Br. and Danthonia linkii Kunth

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 565 ◽  
Author(s):  
AR Harradine ◽  
RDB Whalley
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Morphology ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Root Branching ◽  
The North ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Root Response ◽  
Native Pastures

Establishing plants of Aristida ramosa R.Br. and Danthonia linkii Kunth grown in root observation tubes differed markedly in their root growth and root morphology. Radicle extension of A. ramosa proceeded far more rapidly than that of D. linkii, and root branching occurred earlier and to a much greater extent in D. linkii. From 2 months after germination onwards, the maximum rooting depth of A. vamosa was greater than that of D. linkii, although total root dry weights for the two species were not significantly different. At 25 weeks from germination, 48 % of the root dry weight of D. linkii was present in the 0-10 cm level of the soil profile, while the corresponding figure for A. ramosa was 33 %. Root weight and rooting depth of both species were severely reduced by foliage clipping at weekly or monthly intervals, with roots being more sensitive to clipping than shoots. Clipping led to a concentration of root mass in the 0-10 cm level. The rapidly establishing seedling root system of A. vamosa would give it a competitive advantage over D. linkii in the environment of the north-western slopes of New South Wales. The results of the clipping trial suggest that grazing management may be manipulated to alter the relative abundance of A. ramosa and D. linkii in native pastures.

scholarly journals Growth of `Cunningham's White' Rhododendron in Plastic and Fiber Pots Treated With Copper Hydroxide

2002 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sven E. Svenson
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Copper Hydroxide ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Copper Treatment ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Growing Block ◽  
Black Plastic ◽  
Maximum Temperatures

Shoot and root growth responses of `Cunningham's White' rhododendron (Rhododendron x) was studied when grown in black plastic or molded fiber pots treated with copper hydroxide, or not treated. Containers of two sizes were studied, and the influence of pot type on substrate temperature was recorded. Rhododendron shoot height and dry weight was not influenced by pot volume, pot type, or copper treatment at 49, 131, or 362 d after potting. Rhododendron shoots were larger when grown in 3.8-L (trade 2-gal) pots compared to 2.8-L (trade 1-gal) pots, or when grown in 3.8-L fiber pots compared to 3.8-L plastic pots, both 131 and 362 d after potting. Copper treatment did not influence shoot size. Copper treatment reduced the amount of circling or matted roots at the container-substrate interface for both plastic and fiber pots, but there was better control of root growth in 3.8-L pots compared to 2.8-L pots. Substrate average minimum temperatures were warmer, and average maximum temperatures were cooler when pots were located near the center of the growing block compared to the southwest corner ofthe growing block. Substrate average maximum temperatures were cooler in fiber pots compared to plastic pots, but only when pots were located on the southwest corner of the growing block.

scholarly journals Effects of Light Condition on Growth and Physiological Characteristics of the Endangered Species Sedirea japonica under RCP 6.0 Climate Change Scenarios

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1891
Author(s):  
Kyeong Cheol Lee ◽  
Jiae An ◽  
Jung Eun Hwang ◽  
Pyoung Beom Kim ◽  
Hyeong Bin Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Co2 Absorption ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Cam Plants

This study was conducted to evaluate the physiological and growth responses of Sedirea japonica cultured in chambers under RCP 6.0 and different light conditions. S. japonica was grown in a soil–plant daylight system chamber under two treatments, a control (CO2 = 400 ppm) and a climate change treatment (CCT) (CO2 = 650 ppm, temperature = control + 3 °C), and three different shading treatments (60%, 90%, and no-shading). S. japonica showed the characteristics of typical Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants. As the shading rate increased, it increased chlorophyll content, leaf area, and leaf dry weight to efficiently absorb and use light. The CCT had a lower CO2 absorption rate, stomatal conductance, and growth rate and slightly higher water utilization efficiency than the control. This was because stomatal closure occurred in the CCT to reduce water loss due to a relatively higher temperature. As CO2 fixation decreased and consumption increased due to respiration, the overall growth was inhibited. The CCT without shading revealed a dynamic photoinhibition phenomenon showing a significant increase in ABS/RC, TRo/RC, ETo/RC, and DIo/RC and a decrease in PI ABS and DF ABS. In this group, leaf, root, and total dry weight, chlorophyll content, and carotenoid content were the worst growth indices.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF REVEGETATION TECHNIQUES FOR ROADSIDE CONSTRUCTION SITES

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
George HILVERS ◽  
Leslie HOPKINSON ◽  
Eric DAVIS
Keyword(s):  
Warm Season ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Erosion Control ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Construction Sites ◽  
Experimental Mixture ◽  
Threat Level ◽  
Seed Mixture ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Seed Mixtures

Vegetation is often used to control erosion on right-of-way construction sites, but disturbed conditions provide challenges. This research evaluated the impact of common techniques for preparing seedbeds. The study assessed the use of topsoil, and the use of a hydraulic erosion-control product was compared to straw. Experimental seed mixtures were evaluated to understand how native and non-native seeds performed. The intent was to identify critical practices to use in general seeding and mulching specifications. A plot study was conducted comparing vegetation established during one growing season. Treatments included combinations of seed mixture, topsoil treatment, and mulch types. Three seed mixtures were considered: (1) currently used mixture, (2) a warm-season experimental mixture, and (3) a cool-season experimental mixture. Plots with topsoil and no topsoil were compared, and both straw and hydraulic erosion control products were considered. Ground cover, compaction, and biomass were evaluated. Results suggest that alternative seed mixtures that include native and low-threat-level species can provide adequate cover to meet permitting requirements in the first growing season. The warm-season seed mixture provided less cover than the other two mixtures after eight days, but no differences were determined in ground cover among the three seed mixtures at the end of the growing season. Initial germination was improved with hydraulic mulch, but long-term cover was equivalent between hydraulic and straw mulch. Topsoil application would not be recommended if the soil contains undesirable species, and the use of organic amendment products may be more desirable than topsoil alone; however, specifications need to allow the use of these products.

scholarly journals Priming Wildflower Seed Mixtures Increases Sod Production Rate

2000 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-118
Author(s):  
Wallace G. Pill ◽  
Erin E. Veacock ◽  
Clinton E. Polston
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Seed Priming ◽  
Perennial Species ◽  
Annual Species ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Species Mixture ◽  
Seed Mixture ◽  
Sod Production ◽  
Seed Mixtures

Abstract Wildflower sod was established in a greenhouse by sowing primed or non-primed seeds of two seed mixtures at 2× (2.44 g/m2, 0.5 lb/1000 ft2) or 10 × (12.20 g/m2, 2.5 lb/1000 ft2) the supplier's recommended field broadcast rate onto a 2.5 cm (1 in) settled depth of commercial peat-lite (ProMix BX) contained in 28 × 52 × 5 cm (11 × 20.5 × 2 in) flats. One seed mixture (NE, Northeast) contained 54% of the species as annuals, the remainder being biennial and perennial species. The other mixture (NEANN) was a 1:1 (weight) combination of NE with a 100% annual species mixture. Seeds were primed matrically in expanded, fine-grade vermiculite for four days at −0.5 MPa at 15C (59F) in darkness (vermiculite:water:seed, 5:5:1 by wgt). At five weeks after sowing, root rating (an estimate of rooting magnitude), sod stability (an estimate of resistance to sod separation), and shoot dry weights were increased as a result of sowing primed NEANN seeds at 10×. Sod netting with 2.8 cm (1.1 in) openings, whether placed at the bottom or top of the substrate, had no effect on these variables. Sod of a duplicate, concurrent experiment was transplanted in the field at five weeks after sowing. By 12 weeks after sowing, the 10 × seeding rate increased shoot dry weight, but the effect of seed priming on shoot dry weight had been lost.

scholarly journals Chemical Factors Enhancing Papaya Root Growth in a Tropical Volcanic Acid Subsoil

HortScience ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 1037-1038 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Marler ◽  
Ruben dela Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Ca Deficiency ◽  
Chemical Factors ◽  
Two Stages

Subsoil from an acid soil series was amended with CaSO4, MgO, or Ca(OH)2 to identify chemical factors that may enhance papaya (Carica papaya L.) root growth in these soils. Root length of `Red Lady' and `Waimanalo' seedlings at two stages of development was increased by the addition of each of the materials. The increase in root length was similar for CaSO4 or MgO amendments, and was greatest for Ca(OH)2 amendment. These amendments increased dry weight of new roots for `Red Lady' and increased root length per unit dry weight in one experiment for `Waimanalo'. The results indicate that both Ca deficiency and Al toxicity may be responsible for limiting papaya root growth in the subsoils of the acid soils of Guam. Correcting these chemical factors should improve rooting depth, thereby increasing the volume of soil from which resources are accessible and lessening the susceptibility to toppling during tropical cyclones.

Response of oats to nitrogen and defoliation

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (68) ◽  
pp. 373 ◽  
Author(s):  
LJ Cook ◽  
JV Lovett
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
High Nitrogen ◽  
Active Growth ◽  
Rate Of Decline ◽  
Tiller Density

Field and glasshouse trials were conducted to examine the growth responses of oats to defoliation and nitrogen fertilizer. In a field crop, nitrogen increased tillering early in the growth of the crop and slowed the rate of decline in tiller density in the spring. A dressing of nitrogen after a midwinter defoliation failed to increase the regrowth rate of the crop until early spring. The severity of the defoliation had little effect on the regrowth rate, with subsequent differences in yield being due largely to differences in residual dry matter. In glasshouse experiments, the parts of the plant responded differently to defoliation. The roots stopped growing almost immediately; did not recommence active growth for approximately two weeks, but generally maintained their dry weight during this time. The leaf sheaths declined in dry weight for seven days after defoliation, but then recovered their pre-defoliation weight after a further three days. The growth rate of the leaf laminae was apparently unaffected by the defoliation. Plants with a high nitrogen availability recovered faster after defoliation. The more severe the defoliation, the longer the plant took to recover, but once active growth recommenced, there was no difference between the growth rates of plants defoliated to different degrees. The prevailing climatic conditions also influenced the time to recommence active growth. A second defoliation imposed before the plants had replaced the weight lost by the leaf sheaths after an earlier defoliation reduced the subsequent regrowth. situation is discussed.

Genetic variation for rate of establishment in caucasian clover

1998 ◽  
pp. 213-217
Author(s):  
K.H. Widdup ◽  
T.L. Knight ◽  
C.J. Waters
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Trifolium Ambiguum ◽  
Root Dry Weight

Slow establishment of caucasian clover (Trifolium ambiguum L.) is hindering the use of this legume in pasture mixtures. Improved genetic material is one strategy of correcting the problem. Newly harvested seed of hexaploid caucasian clover germplasm covering a range of origins, together with white and red clover and lucerne, were sown in 1 m rows in a Wakanui soil at Lincoln in November 1995. After 21 days, the caucasian clover material as a group had similar numbers of emerged seedlings as white clover and lucerne, but was inferior to red clover. There was wide variation among caucasian clover lines (48-70% seedling emergence), with the cool-season selection from cv. Monaro ranked the highest. Recurrent selection at low temperatures could be used to select material with improved rates of seedling emergence. Red clover and lucerne seedlings produced significantly greater shoot and root dry weight than caucasian and white clover seedlings. Initially, caucasian clover seedlings partitioned 1:1 shoot to root dry weight compared with 3:1 for white clover. After 2 months, caucasian clover seedlings had similar shoot growth but 3 times the root growth of white clover. Between 2 and 5 months, caucasian clover partitioned more to root and rhizome growth, resulting in a 0.3:1 shoot:root ratio compared with 2:1 for white clover. Both clover species had similar total dry weight after 5 months. Unhindered root/ rhizome devel-opment is very important to hasten the establishment phase of caucasian clover. The caucasian clover lines KZ3 and cool-season, both selections from Monaro, developed seedlings with greater shoot and root growth than cv. Monaro. KZ3 continued to produce greater root growth after 5 months, indicating the genetic potential for improvement in seedling growth rate. Different pasture estab-lishment techniques are proposed that take account of the seedling growth characteristics of caucasian clover. Keywords: establishment, genetic variation, growth, seedling emergence, Trifolium ambiguum

Kentucky Bluegrass Cultivar Root and Top Growth Responses When Grown in Hydroponics

Crop Science ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 848 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. Erusha ◽  
R. C. Shearman ◽  
T. P. Riordan ◽  
L. A. Wit
Keyword(s):  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Growth Responses

scholarly journals Functional ecology of the biological soil crust in semiarid SE Spain: sun and shade populations of Diploschistes diacapsis (Ach.) Lumbsch.

2005 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 425-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana PINTADO ◽  
Leopoldo G. SANCHO ◽  
T. G. Allan GREEN ◽  
José Manuel BLANQUER ◽  
Roberto LÁZARO
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Biological Soil Crust ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Mean Annual Precipitation ◽  
Plant Colonization ◽  
Soil Crust ◽  
Active Time ◽  
Exposed Population

The Tabernas badlands in semiarid south-east Spain is one of the driest regions in Europe with a mean annual precipitation of c. 240 mm. The landscape is deeply dissected, with canyons, ramblas and sparsely vegetated eroded badland slopes. The vegetation is predominantly a biological soil crust consisting of different types of lichen-rich communities, one of the more conspicuous being dominated by Diploschistes diacapsis (Ach.) Lumbsch. This lichen is mainly restricted to the north- facing slopes, where it forms extensive whitish carpets and probably plays an important role in preventing erosion of the slopes and allowing plant colonization. South-facing slopes are much more eroded and generally lack vegetation. %The photosynthetic performance of north (shade) and south-facing (sun) populations of D. diacapsis was studied to determine if these different populations showed any adaptations to the microclimatic conditions of their individual habitats. The response of CO2 exchange to light intensity, temperature and water content was measured under controlled conditions in the laboratory. Dry weight-based net photosynthetic rates were higher in the southern-exposed population but quantum efficiency, and light compensation points were similar. Thallus weight per unit area (LMA) was considerably higher for shade specimens but maximum water content and optimal water content were very similar and chlorophyll content on a dry weight basis was also similar. Chlorophyll content on an area basis was higher in the northern-exposed population and always much larger than those reported in other studies on the same species (up to 8 times larger) with the result that NP values on a chlorophyll basis were relatively low. The larger LMA meant that shade thalli stored more water per unit area which should ensure longer active periods than sun thalli. The results support a strategy pair of high NP and short active time versus low NP and long active time, both having been reported for other soil crust species. However, the visibly larger biomass of the shade D. diacapsis suggests that the lichen is at the limit of its adaptability in these habitats.

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