scholarly journals Effect of Sprayable 1-MCP, AVG, and NAA on Ethylene Biosynthesis, Preharvest Fruit Drop, Fruit Maturity, and Quality of ‘Delicious’ Apples

HortScience ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 1454-1460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rongcai Yuan ◽  
Jianguo Li
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Acc Oxidase ◽  
Acc Synthase ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Fruit Softening ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Oxidase Gene ◽  
Fruit Abscission ◽  
Fruit Drop ◽  
Significant Difference

Effects of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), and sprayable 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) alone or in combination on fruit ethylene production, preharvest fruit drop, fruit quality, and fruit maturation were examined in ‘Delicious’ apples (Malus ×domestica Borkh.). 1-MCP and AVG + NAA, when applied 15 days before anticipated harvest (DBAH) for untreated control trees, more effectively delayed preharvest fruit drop than AVG or NAA used alone. However, there was no significant difference in ethylene production between fruit treated with 1-MCP or AVG + NAA and those treated by AVG. Two applications of NAA increased fruit ethylene production and fruit softening, whereas AVG inhibited NAA-enhanced fruit ethylene production and fruit softening. There was no significant difference in fruit ethylene production, fruit firmness, and fruit drop control between one and two applications of 1-MCP. The concentrations of 1-MCP did not affect the efficacy of 1-MCP when applied 15 DBAH, but high concentration of 1-MCP more effectively delayed preharvest fruit drop than low concentration of 1-MCP when applied 7 DBAH. Both AVG and 1-MCP suppressed expression of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase gene MdACS1, ACC oxidase gene MdACO1, and polygalacturonase gene MdPG1 in fruit. Expression of ACS5A and MdACO1 but not MdACS1 in fruit abscission zones was decreased by AVG and 1-MCP. 1-MCP more effectively suppressed expression of MdPG2 in fruit abscission zones than AVG alone.

scholarly journals Aminoethoxyvinylglycine Inhibits Fruit Abscission Induced by Naphthaleneacetic Acid and Associated Relationships with Expression of Genes for Ethylene Biosynthesis, Perception, and Cell Wall Degradation in ‘Delicious’ Apples

2008 ◽  
Vol 133 (6) ◽  
pp. 727-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Zhu ◽  
Eric P. Beers ◽  
Rongcai Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Acc Oxidase ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Cell Wall Degradation ◽  
Oxidase Gene ◽  
Young Fruit ◽  
Fruit Abscission ◽  
Expression Of Genes

Effects of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) on young fruit abscission, leaf and fruit ethylene production, and expression of genes related to ethylene biosynthesis and cell wall degradation were examined in ‘Delicious’ apples (Malus ×domestica Borkh.). NAA at 15 mg·L−1 increased fruit abscission and ethylene production of leaves and fruit when applied at the 11-mm stage of fruit development, whereas AVG, an inhibitor of ethylene biosynthesis, at 250 mg·L−1 reduced NAA-induced fruit abscission and ethylene production of leaves and fruit. NAA also increased expression of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase genes (MdACS5A and MdACS5B), ACC oxidase gene (MdACO1), and ethylene receptor genes (MdETR1a, MdETR1b, MdETR2, MdERS1, and MdERS2) in fruit cortex and fruit abscission zones. However, AVG reduced NAA-induced expression of these genes except for MdERS2 in fruit abscission zones. NAA increased expression of the polygalacturonase gene MdPG2 in fruit abscission zones but not in fruit cortex, whereas AVG reduced NAA-enhanced expression of MdPG2 in fruit abscission zones. The expression of β-1,4-glucanase gene MdCel1 in fruit abscission zones was decreased by NAA but was unaffected by AVG. Our results suggest that ethylene biosynthesis, ethylene perception, and the MdPG2 gene are involved in young fruit abscission caused by NAA.

scholarly journals Effect of Jasmonates Differed at Fruit Ripening Stages on 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate (ACC) Synthase and ACC Oxidase Gene Expression in Pears

2007 ◽  
Vol 132 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoru Kondo ◽  
Hiroko Yamada ◽  
Sutthiwal Setha
Keyword(s):  
Jasmonic Acid ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Acc Oxidase ◽  
Acc Synthase ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Gene Expressions ◽  
Oxidase Gene ◽  
Climacteric Stage

The effects of n-propyl dihydrojasmonate (PDJ), which is a jasmonic acid derivative, on 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase and ACC oxidase activities, their gene expressions, and ethylene productions in ‘La France’ pears (Pyrus communis L.) were investigated. The fruit was harvested 156 days after full bloom, stored at 4 °C for 15 days, ripened at 20 °C, and then dipped into 0.39 mm PDJ solution at the preclimacteric stage (0 day of ripening at 20 °C) or the climacteric stage (9 days of ripening at 20 °C). In the skin of the PDJ-treated fruit at the preclimacteric stage, the expressions of ACC synthase (ACS)1 and ACC oxidase (ACO)1 were higher than the expressions of those in the untreated control. Ethylene production also increased in the PDJ-treated fruit. In contrast, the accumulation of the ACS1 messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in the skin and an increase of ethylene production were observed in the untreated control fruit at the climacteric stage, although the levels of mRNAs hybridized with ACO1 were not different between the PDJ-treated fruit and untreated control. The endogenous jasmonic acid levels in the skin increased in the PDJ-treated fruit regardless of the application times of PDJ. These results indicate that ACS1 may be an ACC synthase gene that is induced by jasmonates in pears, and that system 2 ethylene may be regulated by jasmonates.

scholarly journals Induction of Phytohormones and Differential Gene Expression in Citrus Flowers Infected by the Fungus Colletotrichum acutatum

2004 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 1394-1401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine A. Lahey ◽  
Rongcai Yuan ◽  
Jacqueline K. Burns ◽  
Peter P. Ueng ◽  
L. W. Timmer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Differential Gene Expression ◽  
Acc Oxidase ◽  
Acc Synthase ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
Young Fruit ◽  
Fruit Drop ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Differential Gene

Colletotrichum acutatum infects citrus petals and induces premature fruit drop and the formation of persistent calyces. The accumulation of hormones and other growth regulators, and differential gene expression in affected flowers and young fruit, was examined following fungal infection. Ethylene evolution increased threefold and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) accumulation was as much as 140 times. Abscisic acid (ABA) levels showed no significant response. After infection, both trans- and cis-12-oxo-phytodienoic acid increased 8- to 10-fold. No significant difference of trans-jasmonic acid (JA) was observed in citrus flower petals or pistils. However, a fivefold increase of cis-JA was detected. The amount of salicylic acid (SA) was elevated twofold in affected petals, but not in pistils. Northern blot analyses revealed that the genes encoding ACC oxidase or ACC synthase, and 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (12-oxo-PDA) reductase, were highly expressed in affected flowers. The genes encoding auxin-related proteins also were upregulated. Application of 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2-methyl-propionic acid (clofibrate; a putative auxin inhibitor), 2,3,5-triiodobenzolic acid (an auxin transport inhibitor), or SA after inoculation significantly decreased the accumulation of the gene transcripts of auxin-responsive, GH3-like protein and 12-oxo-PDA reductase, but resulted in higher percentages of young fruit retention. The results indicate that imbalance of IAA, ethylene, and JA in C. acutatum-infected flowers may be involved in symptom development and young fruit drop.

scholarly journals Effects of NAA, AVG, and 1-MCP on Ethylene Biosynthesis, Preharvest Fruit Drop, Fruit Maturity, and Quality of ‘Golden Supreme’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ Apples

HortScience ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rongcai Yuan ◽  
David H. Carbaugh
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Ripening ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Harvest Date ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Fruit Drop ◽  
Fruit Maturity ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Golden Delicious

Effects of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) alone or in combination on fruit ethylene production, preharvest fruit drop, fruit quality, and fruit maturation were examined in ‘Golden Supreme’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ apples (Malus ×domestica Borkh.). In ‘Golden Supreme’ apples, the combination of two applications of AVG and one application of NAA 3 and 1 week, respectively, before the anticipated optimum harvest date synergistically inhibited fruit ethylene production and delayed fruit drop and ripening. Compared with one or two applications of AVG, the combination of one application of AVG and two applications of NAA had much lower preharvest fruit drop, although there was no significant difference in fruit ethylene production among these treatments. In ‘Golden Delicious’ apples, 1-MCP at 396 mg·L−1 had a better effect in delaying fruit drop than did AVG at 125 mg·L−1 or NAA at 20 mg·L−1 when they were applied a week before the optimum harvest date. The combination of NAA and 1-MCP or AVG was more effective in delaying fruit drop than were NAA, 1-MCP, or AVG alone. Fruit ethylene production was inhibited by 1-MCP and AVG but not by NAA. 1-MCP and AVG delayed fruit ripening, whereas NAA increased fruit ripening as determined by fruit firmness and starch.

Ripening of 'Red Rosa' plums: effect of ethylene and 1-methylcyclopropene

2001 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 1039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Dong ◽  
Hong-Wei Zhou ◽  
Liliane Sonego ◽  
Amnon Lers ◽  
Susan Lurie
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Acc Oxidase ◽  
Acc Synthase ◽  
Fruit Softening ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Control Fruit ◽  
C Storage ◽  
Pectin Esterase ◽  
And Control

‘Red Rosa’, a Japanese type plum, was treated with 0.1 ppm 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) for 20 h at 20˚C at harvest and then held at 20˚C for ripening together with untreated fruit, or placed at 0˚C storage for 5 weeks. Another batch of plums were exposed to 15 ppm ethylene during storage at 0˚C. Fruits ripening directly after 1-MCP treatment had lower ethylene production and softened more slowly than untreated fruits. Following storage, both the ethylene-treated and 1-MCP-treated fruits were low in ethylene production and softened more slowly than untreated fruits. They also showed lower exo-polygalacturonase (exo-PG) and endo-glucanase (EGase) activities. Respiration rates, pectin esterase (PE) and endo-PG activities were similar in 1-MCP-treated and control fruits. Cell wall enzyme activities were different amongst the treatments, but did not correlate with the differences in fruit softening. 1-Aminocyclopropane–1-carboxylic acid (ACC) oxidase (ACO) activity was highest in ethylene treated fruit during ripening after storage, while the mRNA abundance was highest in control fruit at removal from storage. ACC synthase (ACS) activity was higher in control and 1-MCP-treated fruit than in ethylene-treated during ripening after storage, and message abundance was highest at removal from storage in control fruit. ACC content was highest in fruits at removal from storage. The results are discussed in terms of the role of ethylene in ripening of ‘Red Rosa’ plums.

scholarly journals Fruit Abscission and Fruit Quality of Apples Following Use of Dicamba to Control Preharvest Drop

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. 390-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard P. Marini ◽  
Ross E. Byers ◽  
Donald L. Sowers ◽  
Rodney W. Young
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Soluble Solids Content ◽  
Fruit Abscission ◽  
Fruit Drop ◽  
Solids Content ◽  
Methoxybenzoic Acid

Five apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars were treated with dicamba at concentrations of 0 to 200 mg·liter-1 during 3 years. Although the response varied with cultivar, dose, and year, dicamba always delayed fruit abscission. At similar concentrations, dicamba usually reduced fruit drop more than NAA, but less than fenoprop. Dicamba at 10 mg·liter-1 effectively delayed drop of `Delicious', whereas 20 to 30 mg·liter-1 was required for `Red Yorking', `Rome', `Winesap', and `Stayman'. Dicamba did not influence flesh firmness, soluble solids content, water core, or starch content at harvest or after storage. Chemical names used: naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)propionic acid (fenoprop); 3,6dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid (dicamba).

scholarly journals Introgression of Sub1 (SUB1) QTL in mega rice cultivars increases ethylene production to the detriment of grain- filling under stagnant flooding

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandhya Rani Kuanar ◽  
Kutubuddin Ali Molla ◽  
Krishnendu Chattopadhyay ◽  
Ramani Kumar Sarkar ◽  
Pravat Kumar Mohapatra
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Acc Oxidase ◽  
Acc Synthase ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
Oxidase Enzyme

AbstractIn the recent time, Submergence1 (Sub1)QTL, responsible for imparting tolerance to flash flooding, has been introduced in many rice cultivars, but resilience of the QTL to stagnant flooding (SF) is not known. The response of Sub1-introgression has been tested on physiology, molecular biology and yield of two popular rice cultivars (Swarna and Savitri) by comparison of the parental and Sub1-introgression lines (SwarnaSub1 and SavitriSub1) under SF. Compared to control condition SF reduced grain yield and tiller number and increased plant height and Sub1- introgression mostly matched these effects. SF increased ethylene production by over-expression of ACC-synthase and ACC-oxidase enzyme genes of panicle before anthesis in the parental lines. Expression of the genes changed with Sub1-introgression, where some enzyme isoform genes over-expressed after anthesis under SF. Activities of endosperm starch synthesizing enzymes SUS and AGPase declined concomitantly with rise ethylene production in the Sub1-introgressed lines resulting in low starch synthesis and accumulation of soluble carbohydrates in the developing spikelets. In conclusion, Sub1-introgression into the cultivars increased susceptibility to SF. Subjected to SF, the QTL promoted genesis of ethylene in the panicle at anthesis to the detriment of grain yield, while compromising with morphological features like tiller production and stem elongation.

scholarly journals Physiological and Molecular Characterization of the Response to Ethylene during Senescence of Carnation Genotypic Variants

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Woodson ◽  
Shimon Mayak ◽  
Haim Rabinowitch
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Dianthus Caryophyllus ◽  
Acc Oxidase ◽  
Acc Synthase ◽  
Early Response ◽  
Vase Life ◽  
Petal Senescence ◽  
Ethylene Treatment ◽  
Novel Proteins ◽  
Exogenous Ethylene

The senescence of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) flowers is associated with increased production of the phytohormone ethylene, which in turn serves to initiate and regulate the processes involved in programmed petal death. We investigated the regulation of ethylene production and petal senescence in carnation. Several carnation genotypes were identified that exhibited extended vase-life in comparison to flowers from typical commercial cultivars. The capacity of these genotypes to produce ethylene during postharvest vase-life and to respond to exogenous ethylene was investigated. Several genotypes, represented by 'Sandrosa' and 87-37G produced little ethylene durig their postharvest vase-life and as a result failed to exhibit the symptoms (in-rolling and wilting) typical of flowers producing elevated levels of ethylene. These genotypes were further separated by their capacity to respond to exogenous ethylene by both increased ethylene synthesis and premature petal senescence. In one case a genotype (799) was identified that was not capable of responding to exogenous ethylene by either increased ethylene production or premature petal senescence. The regulation of ethylene production during petal senescence was investigated both at the enzyme and gene levels. A full length cDNA was identified for the petal senescence-related ACC synthase gene. Utilizing this, and other ethylene biosynthetic pathway cDNA probes, an increase in both ACC synthase and ACC oxidase mRNAs were detected following ethylene treatment. An increase in ACC oxidase mRNA and enzyme activity was detected within 2-3 h following ethylene treatment, indicating the expression of this gene is an early response to ethylene. An investigation into the expression of novel proteins during petal senescence revealed a number of polypeptides increased in abundance and possibly play a role in the regulation or biochemical processes of senescence. One polypeptide of 70 kDa was identified as being encoded by the previously characterized gene SR12 and possibly represents a b-galactosidase involved in the remobilization of carbohydrates during senescence.

scholarly journals Ethanol reduces ripening of 'Royal Gala' apples stored in controlled atmosphere

2016 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 403-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDERSON WEBER ◽  
AURI BRACKMANN ◽  
VANDERLEI BOTH ◽  
ELIZANDRA P. PAVANELLO ◽  
ROGERIO O. ANESE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Acc Oxidase ◽  
Fruit Softening ◽  
Controlled Atmosphere ◽  
Storage Quality ◽  
Ethanol Effect ◽  
Flesh Browning ◽  
Positive Effect

This work aims at evaluate ethanol effect of acetaldehyde application in post-storage quality of 'Royal Gala' apples maintenance, and to compare them with consolidated storage techniques. Thus two experiments were performed during the years of 2008 and 2009. In the first experiment (2008), the application of ethanol, acetaldehyde or 1-MCP and ethylene scrubbing were tested. Fruits were stored in controlled atmosphere (CA) with 1.0kPa O2 and 2.0kPa CO2 at 0.5°C. In the second experiment (2009), the treatments tested were ethanol application combined or not with low relative humidity (LRH) and LRH alone. In this experiment, apples were stored in CA with 1.2kPa O2 + 2.5kPa CO2 at 0.5°C. After eight months of storage, 0.5 mL ethanol kg-1 apples month-1 or 0.25 mL acetaldehyde kg-1 apples month-1 increased mealiness, flesh browning, and decays incidence and reduced flesh firmness. In contrast, 0.3 mL ethanol kg-1 apples month-1, tested on second experiment, prevented fruit softening and decreased ACC oxidase activity and ethylene production. Although lower relative humidity was not efficient in maintaining post-storage quality, it enhanced the positive effect of ethanol application at 0.3 mL kg-1 apples month-1.

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