scholarly journals Effect of Genotype, Planting Date, and Spacing on Zoysiagrass Establishment from Vegetative Plugs

HortScience ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 1194-1197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley S. Sladek ◽  
Gerald M. Henry ◽  
Dick L. Auld
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Growing Degree Days ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Establishment Rate

Slow growth and establishment rate has become a major limitation to the increased use of zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp.) as a turfgrass surface. Two separate field studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of genotype, planting date, and plug spacing on zoysiagrass establishment. Field experiments were conducted in 2007 and 2008 to quantify the establishment rate of six zoysiagrass genotypes from vegetative plugs. ‘Meyer’ exhibited the largest plug diameter (22 cm) 6 weeks after planting (WAP). In contrast, ‘Diamond’ exhibited the smallest plug diameter (13 cm) 6 WAP. A similar trend was observed 12 WAP. ‘Meyer’, ‘Zorro’, and ‘Shadow Turf’ exhibited the largest plug diameters (60, 58, and 57 cm, respectively) 12 WAP. In contrast, ‘Emerald’ and ‘Diamond’ exhibited the smallest plug diameters (41 and 40 cm, respectively) 12 WAP. Although statistically different, all zoysiagrass genotypes reached similar establishment 18 WAP indicating that plugging these genotypes in a comparable environment and using techniques described in this research may result in analogous long-term (18 weeks) establishment. Field experiments were conducted in 2006 and 2007 to determine the optimum planting date and plug spacing of ‘Shadow Turf’ zoysiagrass. ‘Shadow Turf’ zoysiagrass plugs planted on 28 July 2006 (11% to 65% cover) and 14 June 2007 (5% to 39% cover) exhibited the greatest increase in turfgrass cover 6 WAP, except for plugs planted 15.2 cm apart on 26 May 2006 (74% cover). Zoysiagrass cover was greatest for plugs planted on 26 May 2006 (63% to 100%) and 17 May 2007 (46% to 97%) 16 WAP regardless of plug spacing. These planting dates corresponded to the highest accumulative growing degree-days (GDD) experienced by all planting dates in both years. Plugs planted on 15.2-cm centers exhibited the greatest zoysiagrass cover 6 and 16 WAP regardless of planting date. Using late spring/early summer planting dates and 15.2- to 30.5-cm plug spacings may result in the quickest turfgrass cover when establishing ‘Shadow Turf’ zoysiagrass from plugs.

Modelling the demography of crenate broomrape (Orobanche crenata) as affected by broad bean (Vicia faba) cropping frequency and planting date

Weed Science ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisca López-Granados ◽  
Luis García-Torres
Keyword(s):  
Broad Bean ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Cropping Frequency ◽  
Seed Loss ◽  
Model Predictions ◽  
Reported Data

A mathematical model of crenate broomrape populations in broad bean as affected by cropping frequency and planting dates in the absence of crenate broomrape control practices was constructed using previously reported data. In consecutive broad bean cropping, broomrape populations reached a maximum infection severity (D) of 62, 47, and 30 emerged broomrape m−2for early (mid-October), intermediate (mid-November), and late (mid-December) planting dates, respectively. The maximumDvalues were reached earlier as planting dates were brought forward, taking from 4 to 6 yr, starting from very low initial infections (D ≤0.2 emerged broomrape m−2). If broad bean was cropped every 3 yr, 15, 21, and 27 yr were needed, respectively, according to the model, to reach the maximumDfor the three planting dates considered. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine the effect of changing the values of the main demographic parameters in broomrape life cycle (germination, attachment, and seed loss) on the output of the model under different management strategies (planting dates and cropping frequency). Generally, an increase in seed attachment and a decrease in seed loss affected broomrape population dynamics. Between the two processes evaluated, the time taken to reach the maximum infection severity (D) was less sensitive than the maximum broomrape population values. Model predictions were validated using results from long-term field studies at the late planting date sown every year. Simulated values generated good predictions (R2= 0.82).

The effect of planting date on the yield and some fibre properties of cotton in the Namoi Valley

1976 ◽  
Vol 16 (79) ◽  
pp. 265 ◽  
Author(s):  
GA Constable ◽  
NV Harris ◽  
RE Paull
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Growing Degree Days ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Fibre Properties ◽  
Commercial Cultivar ◽  
Yield Variation ◽  
Early Maturing

The effect of planting dates between September 30 and November 30 on the yield and some fibre properties of two cotton cultivars has been studied over three seasons. The yield of the commercial cultivar (Deltapine Smoothleaf) fell by an average of 20 kg ha-1 day-1 delay in planting after October 20, earlier planting dates having equal yields, producing a plateau effect. The yield of an early maturing cultivar (Short Sympodial) fell linearly by 11 kg ha-1 day-1 delay in planting. Planting dates after mid-October had an adverse effect on micronaire in the commercial cultivar, but lint length and strength were not affected. Thus maximum yield and micronaire for plantings after mid-October came from the early cultivar. Tolerance to low temperature is an important factor in cultivar earliness, and accounts for the performance of Short Sympodial in these experiments. The number of days from first flower to first frost was as reliable as growing degree days in explaining yield variation within a cultivar

scholarly journals Determining the critical period for weed control in high-yielding cotton using common sunflower as a mimic weed

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 800-807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham W. Charles ◽  
Brian M. Sindel ◽  
Annette L. Cowie ◽  
Oliver G. G. Knox
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Growing Degree Days ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Planting Season

AbstractField studies were conducted over six seasons to determine the critical period for weed control (CPWC) in high-yielding cotton, using common sunflower as a mimic weed. Common sunflower was planted with or after cotton emergence at densities of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 50 plants m−2. Common sunflower was added and removed at approximately 0, 150, 300, 450, 600, 750, and 900 growing degree days (GDD) after planting. Season-long interference resulted in no harvestable cotton at densities of five or more common sunflower plants m−2. High levels of intraspecific and interspecific competition occurred at the highest weed densities, with increases in weed biomass and reductions in crop yield not proportional to the changes in weed density. Using a 5% yield-loss threshold, the CPWC extended from 43 to 615 GDD, and 20 to 1,512 GDD for one and 50 common sunflower plants m−2, respectively. These results highlight the high level of weed control required in high-yielding cotton to ensure crop losses do not exceed the cost of control.

scholarly journals Spatial Soil Temperature and Moisture Monitoring Across the Transylvanian Plain in Romania

2010 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatrix HAGGARD ◽  
Teodor RUSU ◽  
David WEINDORF ◽  
Horea CACOVEAN ◽  
Paula MORARU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Spline Interpolation ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Growing Degree Days ◽  
Base Temperature ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Important Region ◽  
Soil Temperatures

The Transylvanian Plain, Romania is an important region for agronomic productivity. However, limited soils data and adoption of best management practices hinder land productivity. Soil temperatures of the Transylvanian Plain were evaluated using a set of twenty datalogging stations positioned throughout the plain. Soil temperatures were monitored at the surface and at 10, 30, and 50 cm depths, and soil moisture was monitored at 10 cm. Preliminary results indicate that most soils of the Transylvanian Plain will have a mesic temperature regime. However, differences in seasonal warming and cooling trends across the plain were noted. These have important implications for planting recommendations. Growing degree days (GDDs) are preferred over maturity ratings, because they can account for temperature anomalies. The crop being considered for this study was corn. The base temperature (BT) was set at 10oC, and the upper threshold was 30oC. Two methods were used to calculate GDDs; 1) minimum and maximum daily temperatures, and 2) 24 h of averaged temperature data. Growing degree days were run from 110-199 day of year (DOY) to represent approximate planting date to tasseling. The DOY that 694 accumulated growing degree days (AGDDs) was reached at each site was then analyzed to identify differences across the TP. Three sites failed to reach 694 AGDDs by DOY 199, and were excluded from comparisons to other results. Averaged values were used to create spline interpolation maps with ArcMap 9.2 (ESRI, Redlands, CA, USA). The southeastern portion of the TP was found to tassel a month earlier assuming a planting date of 109 DOY. Four DeKalb® corn hybrids were then selected based on GDDs to tasseling, drydown, drought tolerance, and insect resistance. With a better understanding of the GDD trends across the TP, more effective planting and harvesting could be accomplished by Romanian farmers to maximize agronomic production.

Impact of Planting Date on Melanaphis sacchari (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Population Dynamics and Grain Sorghum Yield

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (6) ◽  
pp. 2731-2736 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas J Seiter ◽  
Anne D Miskelley ◽  
Gus M Lorenz ◽  
Neelendra K Joshi ◽  
Glenn E Studebaker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
The United States ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Melanaphis Sacchari ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Sugarcane Aphid ◽  
Aphid Feeding ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), has become a major pest of grain sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, in the United States in recent years. Feeding by large densities of sugarcane aphids causes severe damage, which can lead to a total loss of yield in extreme cases. Our objective was to determine the effect of grain sorghum planting date on sugarcane aphid population dynamics and their potential to reduce yields. We conducted field experiments from 2015 to 2017 in which an aphid-susceptible grain sorghum hybrid was planted at four different dates, which encompassed the typical range of planting dates used in Arkansas production systems. Plots were either protected from sugarcane aphid feeding using foliar insecticide sprays, or left untreated to allow natural populations of sugarcane aphids to colonize and reproduce freely. Planting date impacted both the magnitude and severity of sugarcane aphid infestations, with the highest population densities (and subsequent reductions in sorghum yield) generally occurring on plots that were planted in May or June. Sugarcane aphid feeding reduced yields in the untreated plots in two of the four planting date categories we tested. Earlier planting generally resulted in less sugarcane aphid damage and improved yields compared with later planting dates. While the effect of planting date on sugarcane aphid populations is likely to vary by region, sorghum producers should consider grain sorghum planting date as a potential cultural tactic to reduce the impact of sugarcane aphid.

Repeseed adaptation in Northern New South Wales. II.* Predicting plant development of Brassica campestris L. and Brassica napus L. and its implications for planting time, designed to avoid water deficit and frost

1978 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 711 ◽  
Author(s):  
AS Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Intermediate Region ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Linear Temperature ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Moisture Deficit

Two experiments were conducted to determine the growing degree-day (D°) requirements of annual B. campestris and B. napus cultivars, and to evaluate their use in planning crop development strategies to avoid frost and moisture deficit at three locations. In the first experiment, base temperatures and D° requirements were calculated for four phases from planting to grain-filling, on the basis of linear temperature-development rate responses measured in the field at Tamworth, N.S.W. The phenological pattern of each species was predicted for several planting dates at locations representing the north-west slopes, northern tablelands and an intermediate region, by using long-term mean daily temperatures and calculated Do requirements. From these predictions and long-term mean daily rainfall and pan evaporation rates, the available soil moisture depletion was estimated for each planting date. For each location, planting date strategies for both species were evaluated for avoidance of frost and moisture deficit. The predicted optimum planting dates for B. napus and B. campestris were, respectively, 20 June and 5 August for the north-west slopes, 20 August and 1 October for the northern tablelands, and 30 June and 18 August for the intermediate region. In the second experiment, the influence of planting date on the grain yield of B. campestris and B. napus was studied in several seasons at each of the locations studied in the first experiment. The planting date that gave the highest yield varied between species and locations. B. campestris was favoured by later dates than B. napus. For both species these dates were earliest on the north-west slopes and latest on the northern tablelands. Yields of B. napus were higher than those of B. campestris at all locations when each species was planted at a favourable time. Predicted optimum planting dates from experiment 1 are discussed in relation to the field results from experiment 2. _____________________ *Part I, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 29: 693 (1978).

scholarly journals Short- and Long-Term Effects of Nonconsciously Processed Ambient Scents in a Servicescape: Findings From Two Field Experiments

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 440-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Girard ◽  
Marcel Lichters ◽  
Marko Sarstedt ◽  
Dipayan Biswas
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Railway Company ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Ambient Scents ◽  
Short Term Effects

Ambient scents are being increasingly used in different service environments. While there is emerging research on the effects of scents, almost nothing is known about the long-term effects of consumers’ repeated exposure to ambient scents in a service environment as prior studies on ambient scents have been lab or field studies examining short-term effects of scent exposure only. Addressing this limitation, we examine the short- and long-term effects of ambient scents. Specifically, we present a conceptual framework for the short- and long-term effects of nonconsciously processed ambient scent in olfactory-rich servicescapes. We empirically test this framework with the help of two large-scale field experiments, conducted in collaboration with a major German railway company, in which consumers were exposed to a pleasant, nonconsciously processed scent. The first experiment demonstrates ambient scent’s positive short-term effects on consumers’ service perceptions. The second experiment—a longitudinal study conducted over a 4-month period—examines scent’s long-term effects on consumers’ reactions and demonstrates that the effects persist even when the scent has been removed from the servicescape.

scholarly journals Long-Term Trends in Air Temperature Distribution and Extremes, Growing Degree‐Days, and Spring and Fall Frosts for Climate Impact Assessments on Agricultural Practices in Nebraska

2012 ◽  
Vol 51 (11) ◽  
pp. 2060-2073 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kari E. Skaggs ◽  
Suat Irmak
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Central City ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Growing Degree Days ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Growing Season Length ◽  
Average Maximum

AbstractAir temperature influences agricultural practices and production outcomes, making detailed quantifications of temperature changes necessary for potential positive and negative effects on agricultural management practices to be exploited or mitigated. Temperature trends of long-term data for five agricultural locations, ranging from the subhumid eastern to the semiarid western parts of Nebraska, were studied to determine local temperature changes and their potential effects on agricultural practices. The study quantified trends in annual and monthly average maximum and minimum air temperature (Tmax and Tmin), daily temperature range (DTR), total growing degree-days, extreme temperatures, growing‐season dates and lengths, and temperature distributions for five heavily agricultural areas of Nebraska: Alliance, Central City, Culbertson, Fremont, and Hastings. July and August were the months with the greatest decreases in Tmax for the central part of Nebraska—Culbertson, Hastings, and Central City. Alliance, Culbertson, and Fremont had year-round decreases in DTR. Central City and Hastings experienced growing‐season decreases in DTR. Increases in growing‐season length occurred at rates of 14.3, 16.7, and 11.9 days century−1 for Alliance, Central City, and Fremont, respectively. At Hastings, moderately earlier last spring frost (LS) at a rate of 6.6 days century−1 was offset by an earlier (2.7 days century−1) first fall frost (FF), resulting in only a 3.8 days century−1 longer growing season. There were only slight changes in LS and FF dates of around 2 days earlier and 1 day later per century, respectively, for Culbertson.

Within-Season Changes in the Residual Weed Community and Crop Tolerance to Interference over the Long Planting Season of Sweet Corn

Weed Science ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin M. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Crop Tolerance ◽  
Weed Interference ◽  
Control Failure ◽  
Planting Season

Sweet corn is planted over a long season to temporally extend the perishable supply of ears for fresh and processing markets. Most growers' fields have weeds persisting to harvest (hereafter called residual weeds), and evidence suggests the crop's ability to endure competitive stress from residual weeds (i.e., crop tolerance) is not constant over the planting season. Field studies were conducted to characterize changes in the residual weed community over the long planting season and determine the extent to which planting date influences crop tolerance to weed interference in growth and yield traits. Total weed density at harvest was similar across five planting dates from mid-April to early-July; however, some changes in composition of species common to the midwestern United States were observed. Production of viable weed seed within the relatively short growth period of individual sweet corn plantings showed weed seedbank additions are influenced by species and planting date. Crop tolerances in growth and yield were variable in the mid-April and both May plantings, and the crop was least affected by weed interference in the mid-June and early-July planting dates. As the planting season progressed from late-May to early-July, sweet corn accounted for a great proportion of the total crop–weed biomass. Based on results from Illinois, a risk management perspective to weeds should recognize the significance of planting date on sweet corn competitive ability. This work suggests risk of yield loss from weed control failure is lower in late-season sweet corn plantings (June and July) than earlier plantings (April and May).

Rice Response to Clomazone as Influenced by Application Rate, Soil Type, and Planting Date

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. O'Barr ◽  
Garry N. McCauley ◽  
Rodney W. Bovey ◽  
Scott A. Senseman ◽  
James M. Chandler
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Rice Yield ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Silty Clay Loam ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Fine Sandy Loam

Clomazone is an effective herbicide widely used for PRE grass control in rice. However, use of clomazone on sandy textured soils of the western Texas rice belt can cause serious rice injury. Two field experiments at three locations were conducted in 2002 and 2003 to determine the optimum rate range that maximizes barnyardgrass and broadleaf signalgrass control and minimizes rice injury across a wide variety of soil textures and planting dates. At Beaumont (silty clay loam), Eagle Lake (fine sandy loam), and Ganado (fine sandy loam), TX, PRE application of 0.34 kg ai/ha clomazone applied to rice planted in March, April, or May optimized barnyardgrass and broadleaf signalgrass control and rice yield while minimizing rice injury. Data suggest that, although injury might occur, clomazone is safe to use in rice on sandy textured soils.

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