Peculiarities of pigment complex functioning of winter wheat plants depending on the fertilizer application method

To obtain the maximum yield of winter wheat, it is necessary to further optimize the existing cultivation technologies in the direction of their adaptation to changing environmental conditions. One of the areas of adaptation of plants to adverse abiotic factors is the active functioning of the photosynthetic apparatus, which depends on the amount of nutrients introduced. The influence of fertilizer application on the condition of the pigment complex of winter wheat plants in the conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine has been studied. Two varieties of winter wheat were selected for the study: Shestopalivka and Mason. The experiment scheme involved the application of fertilizers at sowing (K0; K12) and foliar treatment with various tank mixtures (urea; urea + magnesium sulfate; urea + magnesium sulfate + potassium monophosphate). The pigment content has been determined by grinding fresh leaves of winter wheat, followed by the addition of a solvent in the form of acetone. Measurements of pigments were performed using a spectrophotometer. According to the research results, it was established that before the foliar treatment the a-chlorophyll content and carotenoids was higher in the plant leaves of the Shestopalivka variety. At the same time, the b-chlorophyll content on the contrary was higher for plants of the Mason variety by 17%, which may be due to the adaptation of plants of this variety to lack of light. On the 3rd day after foliar treatment, a decrease in the pigment content in the plant leaves of all experimental variants has been observed, which was due to the active growth of the photosynthetic surface and a decrease in the total dry matter mass. There was no significant difference between the varieties of the content of photosynthetic pigments in this period. On the 10th day after foliar treatment, an increase in a- and b-chlorophyll content has been observed for both studied varieties, which may be the result of adaptation of the photosynthetic apparatus of winter wheat plants to lighting conditions. Foliar treatment of winter wheat plants with a tank mixture of urea with magnesium sulfate and potassium monophosphate contributed to a further increase in the content of a-chlorophyll by 12-23%, and b-chlorophyll by 5-37% depending on the variety compared to the control. The results of the research testify to the high efficiency of complex application of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizers for foliar treatment of winter wheat plants in the BBCH 31 stage, both against the background of pre-sowing application of potassium fertilizers and without it.

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Blue Light added with Red LEDs Enhance Growth Characteristics, Pigments Content, and Antioxidant Capacity in Lettuce, Spinach, Kale, Basil, and Sweet Pepper in a Controlled Environment

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants8040093 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 93 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Most Naznin ◽

Mark Lefsrud ◽

Valerie Gravel ◽

Md Azad

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Chlorophyll Content ◽

Plant Height ◽

Plant Species ◽

Light Treatment ◽

Pigment Content ◽

Growth Chamber ◽

Carotenoid Content ◽

Controlled Environment ◽

Significant Difference

The aim of this study was to investigate the different combinations of red (R) and blue (B) light emitting diode (LEDs’) lighting effects on growth, pigment content, and antioxidant capacity in lettuce, spinach, kale, basil, and pepper in a growth chamber. The growth chamber was equipped with R and B light percentages based on total light intensity: 83% R + 17% B; 91% R + 9% B; 95% R + 5% B; and control was 100% R. The photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), photoperiod, temperature, and relative humidity of the growth chamber were maintained at 200 ± 5 μmol m−2 s−1, 16 h, 25/21 ± 2.5 °C, and 65 ± 5%, respectively. It is observed that the plant height of lettuce, kale, and pepper was significantly increased under 100% R light, whereas the plant height of spinach and basil did not show any significant difference. The total leaf number of basil and pepper was significantly increased under the treatment of 95% R + 5% B light, while no significant difference was observed for other plant species in the same treatment. Overall, the fresh and dry mass of the studied plants was increased under 91% R + 9% B and 95% R + 5% B light treatment. The significantly higher flower and fruit numbers of pepper were observed under the 95% R + 5% B treatment. The chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll content of lettuce, spinach, basil, and pepper was significantly increased under the 91% R + 9% B treatment while the chlorophyll content of kale was increased under the 95% R + 5% B light treatment. The total carotenoid content of lettuce and spinach was higher in the 91% R + 9% B treatment whereas the carotenoid content of kale, basil, and pepper was increased under the 83% R + 17% B treatment. The antioxidant capacity of the lettuce, spinach, and kale was increased under the 83% R + 17% B treatment while basil and pepper were increased under the 91% R + 9% B treatment. This result indicates that the addition of B light is essential with R light to enhance growth, pigment content, and antioxidant capacity of the vegetable plant in a controlled environment. Moreover, the percentage of B with R light is plant species dependent.

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Effect of Nanoaquacitrates on Physiological Parameters of Fodder Galega Infected with Phytoplasma

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S ◽

10.1515/eces-2018-0011 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 153-168 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Hanna Huliaieva ◽

Iryna Tokovenko ◽

Victor Maksin ◽

Volodymyr Kaplunenko ◽

Antonina Kalinichenko

Keyword(s):

Chlorophyll Content ◽

Laboratory Experiments ◽

Photosynthetic Apparatus ◽

Photochemical Activity ◽

Electron Acceptors ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Bisphosphate Carboxylase ◽

Oxygenase Activity ◽

Foliar Treatment ◽

Galega Orientalis

Abstract The laboratory experiments have been found that soaking seeds Galega orientalis L. (Fodder galega) in nanoaquacitrates solutions of Mn (10 and 20 mg/dm3), Mo (4 mg/dm3) and Mg (2 and 4 mg/dm3), has been lead to germination energy rise, while Mn (10 and 20 mg/dm3) and Mo (4 mg/dm3) concentrations has been influenced germinating ability. At the same time, the soaking seeds in solution of nanoaquacitrates Mn (20 mg/dm3) had the biggest stimulatory effect on the accumulation 7 daily sprouts mass (on 18%). It has been shown that soaking seeds in nanoparticles Mn and Mo solutions leads to the increase of catalase activities (especially under the influence of manganese) and peroxidase activities (under molybdenum influence). Applying the method of chlorophyll a fluorescence in the field and greenhouse experiments with Galega orientalis L. plants, artificial infected with phytoplasma Acholeplasma laidlawii var. granulum st. 118 the following changes in the photosynthetic apparatus has been indicated: reduction in the length of the light-antenna, blocking transport of electrons in plastoquinone pool PSII with reducing the pool of electron acceptors. It has also been indicated that photochemical activity resistance of the photosynthetic apparatus decreases while its stability increases, as result of described above effects the concentration of chlorophyll a and b in plants leaves decreases. The above-mentioned negative effects have been deactivated through foliar treatment of infected Galega orientalis L. plants with nanoaquacitrates solution Mo (4 mg/dm3) that allow increasing of photochemical resistance of photosynthetic apparatus as well as chlorophyll content in leaves. The foliar treatment with Mn (20 mg/dm3) solution of the infected plants, in compared with infected plants without treatment, resulted in more significant increase of Ki value (which correlate to the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activity), which is explaining anti-mycoplasma effect of this solution.

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Inﬂuence of seed pre-sowing treatment with multicomponent treaters on the condition of winter wheat pigment complex in the Southern Steppe of Ukraine

Agrobìologìâ ◽

10.33245/2310-9270-2021-163-1-59-67 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 59-67

Author(s):

Yu. Klipakova ◽

Z. Bilousova ◽

I. Korotka ◽

V. Keneva

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Chlorophyll Content ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Leaf Surface ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Quantitative Index ◽

Wheat Varieties ◽

Vegetative Period ◽

Pigment Complex ◽

Constant Improvement

In the conditions of climate change, the existing technologies for winter grain crops growing need constant improvement. Development of the leaf surface and its longest preservation is the main vector of any technology for growing winter wheat, and this issue is especially important in unstable weather conditions. The aim of the research was to establish the inﬂuence of multicomponent and multidirectional seed treaters on the state of pigment complex in the leaves of plants of different winter wheat varieties and its productivity during the growing season. When studying pigment complex in the leaves of winter wheat plants in the vegetative period of development this indicator for Antonivka variety was s fund to be 7.17 mg/g of dry matter, and for Shestopalivka variety – 8.04 mg/g of dry matter on average for the variants. The generative period was noted to have an increase in chlorophyll content for both varieties - it was 8.19 mg/g of dry matter for Antonivka and 8.22 mg/g of dry matter for Shestopalivka variety, which is 14.2 % and 2.2 % more than in vegetative period. The productivity of chlorophylls in the vegetative period of plants growth and development averaged 5.14 mg of dry matter/mg of chlorophyll per day for Antonivka, which is 28.4 % more than in Shestopalivka variety (3.69 mg of dry matter/ mg of chlorophyll) per day). With the beginning of the generative period, Shestopalivka variety was noted to have a more stable pigment complex, which is confrmed by a double increase in chlorophylls productivity compared to the previous period. Thus, the increase in chlorophyll content, depending on the pre-sowing treatment with the preparations, is more active in Antonivka variety, but the quantitative index is dominated by Shestopalivka variety. In arid climates, moderate formation of pigments and preservation of their productivity stabilizes grain maturation process, which was noted for both varieties treated with Lamardor and Lamardor plus Gaucho. Key words: chlorophyll, winter wheat, seed treater, pigment productivity.

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Physiological characteristics of grain filling in high quality winter wheat under different fertilizer application dose and plant density

CHINESE JOURNAL OF ECO-AGRICULTURE ◽

10.3724/sp.j.1011.2009.00890 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 17 (5) ◽

pp. 890-894

Author(s):

Jian-Hua LIU ◽

Jun-Yi NIU ◽

Zhi-Li YAN

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Plant Density ◽

Grain Filling ◽

Fertilizer Application ◽

Physiological Characteristics ◽

High Quality

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Phytotoxicity of Silver Nanoparticles on Tobacco Plants: Evaluation of Coating Effects on Photosynthetic Performance and Chloroplast Ultrastructure

Nanomaterials ◽

10.3390/nano11030744 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 744

Author(s):

Petra Peharec Štefanić ◽

Karla Košpić ◽

Daniel Mark Lyons ◽

Lara Jurković ◽

Biljana Balen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Silver Nanoparticles ◽

Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide ◽

Photosynthetic Apparatus ◽

Chloroplast Ultrastructure ◽

Photosynthetic Performance ◽

Pigment Content ◽

Inhibitory Effects ◽

Tobacco Plants ◽

Agriculture And Food ◽

The Impact

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are the most exploited nanomaterial in agriculture and food production, and their release into the environment raises concern about their impact on plants. Since AgNPs are prone to biotransformation, various surface coatings are used to enhance their stability, which may modulate AgNP-imposed toxic effects. In this study, the impact of AgNPs stabilized with different coatings (citrate, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)) and AgNO3 on photosynthesis of tobacco plants as well as AgNP stability in exposure medium have been investigated. Obtained results revealed that AgNP-citrate induced the least effects on chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters and pigment content, which could be ascribed to their fast agglomeration in the exposure medium and consequently weak uptake. The impact of AgNP-PVP and AgNP-CTAB was more severe, inducing a deterioration of photosynthetic activity along with reduced pigment content and alterations in chloroplast ultrastructure, which could be correlated to their higher stability, elevated Ag accumulation, and surface charge. In conclusion, intrinsic properties of AgNP coatings affect their stability and bioavailability in the biological medium, thereby indirectly contributing changes in the photosynthetic apparatus. Moreover, AgNP treatments exhibited more severe inhibitory effects compared to AgNO3, which indicates that the impact on photosynthesis is dependent on the form of Ag.

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Components of test weight of ten varieties of winter wheat grown with two rates of nitrogen fertilizer application

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600062444 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 85 (3) ◽

pp. 559-563 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Fiona M. Pushman ◽

J. Bingham

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Protein Content ◽

Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽

Ventral Surface ◽

Fertilizer Application ◽

Test Weight ◽

Varietal Differences ◽

Flour Yield ◽

Packing Efficiency ◽

Xylene Separation

SUMMARYVarietal and environmental factors which influence test weight were investigated in a field trial with ten varieties of winter wheat and two rates of nitrogen fertilizer. Varietal differences in test weight were correlated positively with the protein content of the grain and inversely with grain yield but they were not related to 1000-grain weight or to flour yield. Variation in test weight associated with varietal and environmental effects in protein content was due to differences in the density of the grain, as measured by displacement of xylene. Separation into density grades within a sample by a flotation method showed a similar relationship with protein content. There were also varietal differences in packing efficiency of the grain. In the case of Maris Huntsman a poor packing efficiency was considered to stem from morphological features of the floret and developing grain which lead to characteristic transverse folds in the ventral surface of the mature grain. For wheat grown in the United Kingdom, test weight may provide a useful guide to flour yield for samples of one variety but it is likely to be misleading for comparisons between varieties.

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Improvement of the photosynthetic activity of Moldavian dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) through foliar application of a nitrophenolate–based biostimulant

BIO Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/bioconf/20181001009 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 ◽

pp. 01009

Author(s):

Sławomir Kocira ◽

Agnieszka Sujak ◽

Tomasz Oniszczuk ◽

Agnieszka Szparaga ◽

Mariusz Szymanek ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chlorophyll Content ◽

Photosynthetic Activity ◽

Foliar Application ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Abiotic Stress Tolerance ◽

Photosynthetic Apparatus ◽

Nutrient Content ◽

Physiological Processes ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

Reported Study

Application of biostimulants instigates many physiological processes that enhance nutrition efficiency, abiotic stress tolerance, and quality traits of crops, regardless of their nutrient content. One of such preparations is Atonik which contains nitrophenol compounds naturally occurring in plant cells. Several studies have confirmed its beneficial effect on the growth, development, and improved metabolic activity of plants. Therefore, it seems advisable to investigate the effect of Atonik preparation on the photosynthetic activity of Moldavian dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.). The reported study was carried out in 2014 in Perespa, Poland. Over the growing season, Atonik was foliar-applied at a dose of 0.3 L/ha (0.1%) and 0.6 L/ha (0.2%) by single and double spraying of plants. Chlorophyll content and nitrogen status (N) were estimated by a Chlorophyll Meter SPAD-502 Plus. The foliar application of Atonik was found to improve the efficiency of the photosynthetic apparatus and chlorophyll content in the leaves of Dracocephalum moldavica plants, but the results were dependent on biostimulant concentration and number of its applications, and on the date of measurement. To conclude, Atonik is an environmental-friendly preparation which has a positive impact on the metabolic processes of plants.

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Differences in warming impacts on wheat productivity among varieties released in different eras in North China

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859615000118 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 153 (8) ◽

pp. 1353-1364 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

C. Y. ZHENG ◽

J. CHEN ◽

Z. W. SONG ◽

A. X. DENG ◽

L. N. JIANG ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Biomass Production ◽

Air Temperature ◽

North China ◽

Growth Period ◽

Wheat Breeding ◽

Wheat Growth ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Significant Difference

SUMMARYTen leading varieties of winter wheat released during 1950–2009 in North China were tested in a free-air temperature increase (FATI) facility. The FATI facility mimicked the local air temperature pattern well, with an increase of 1·1 °C in the daily mean temperature. For all the tested varieties, warming caused a significant reduction in the total length of wheat growth period by 5 days and especially in the pre-anthesis period, where it was reduced by 9 days. However, warming increased wheat biomass production and grain yield by 8·4 and 11·4%, respectively, on an average of all the tested varieties. There was no significant difference in the warming-led reduction in the entire growth period among the tested varieties. Interestingly, the warming-led increments in biomass production and grain yield increased along with the variety release year. Significantly higher warming-led increases in post-anthesis biomass production and 1000-grain weight were found in the new varieties compared to the old ones. Meanwhile, a significant improvement in plant productivity was noted due to wheat breeding during the past six decades, while no significant difference in the length of entire growth period was found among the varieties released in different eras. The results demonstrate that historical wheat breeding might have enhanced winter wheat productivity and adaptability through exploiting the positive effects rather than mitigating the negative impacts of warming on wheat growth in North China.

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Survival of Xanthoria parietina in simulated space conditions: spectroscopic analysis and vitality assessment

10.5194/epsc2021-207 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Christian Lorenz ◽

Renato Benesperi ◽

Elisabetta Bianchi ◽

Stefano Loppi ◽

Alessio Papini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Uv Radiation ◽

Spectral Band ◽

High Vacuum ◽

Photosynthetic Apparatus ◽

Space Radiation ◽

Adaptive Plasticity ◽

Cotton Cloth ◽

Extreme Conditions ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Xanthoria Parietina

One of the main topics of astrobiology is the study of life limits in stressful environments. This field of research has the aim to understand the physiological and biochemical effects on unprotected biological samples in extreme conditions, such as space. Moreover, these studies provide indications about organisms&#8217; adaptive plasticity under a climate change perspective, the terrestrial geological past and future scenarios, as well as extra-terrestrial habitats as Mars surface. The biological specimen chosen for this study was Xanthoria parietina (L.) Th. Fr. It is a widespread foliose lichen growing on bark and rocks which has a broad spectrum of tolerance to air pollutants such as NOX and heavy metals, and resistance to UV-radiation because of the screening properties provided by the secondary metabolism product parietin. In this study we evaluated the ability of this lichen specie to survive under simulated UV space radiation in two different extreme environments i.e., in N2 atmosphere (N2) and in vacuum (100~10-2 Pa) (VAC). Thalli of X. parietina were randomly collected in a remote area of Tuscany, Italy in June and July 2020. Thalli were dehydrated for 24 h at room temperature (25&#176;C) and stored at -18&#176;C until treatment. Three days before the treatment, thalli were allowed to recover their normal metabolic conditions in a growth chamber at 25 &#176;C and 70 &#956;mol m-2 s-1 PAR photons. Overnight, thalli were covered with a black cotton cloth and kept moistened by spraying with distilled water. The simulated UV space radiation was produced using a Xe-enhanced UV lamp with a sun-like emission spectrum (wavelength range 185-2000 nm). The aforementioned atmospheric conditions (N2 and VAC) were chosen to set up an extreme and dehydrating environment for the lichen. The total absorbed UV radiation dose was 1.34 MJ m-2 for each exposed sample. During the irradiation, the IR reflectance spectrum of the lichen was monitored in situ with infrared spectroscopy to assess changes in spectral bands. The efficiency of the photosynthetic apparatus was assessed as indicator of vitality, and was expressed in terms of chlorophyll a fluorescence (FV/FM) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). The examination of X. parietina recovery through eco-physiological analysis revealed the capacity of this lichen species to survive in extreme conditions such as those simulated in this investigation. It has been highlighted the significant difference between treatments about the photosynthetic efficiency parameters recovery trends, finding that UV-radiation in vacuum produces more intense effects on FV/FM values. After 72h, UV N2 fluorescence mean values recovered up to 93% of the starting ones, while UV VAC fluorescence recovered up to 45% of the pre-exposure values. The IR analysis revealed several spectral band changes in the fingerprint region. The most visible variation was the 5200 cm-1 water band, disappearing in the overtone region. This analysis suggests that the disappearance of H2O band after treatment is strictly linked to the thalli dehydration due to the atmospheric simulated conditions represented by N2 insufflation and high vacuum application. Nevertheless, X. parietina was able to survive to UV-radiation in N2 atmosphere and in vacuum, and for this reason it may be considered a candidate for further evaluations on its survival capacity in extreme conditions.

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Potassium and Water-Deficient Conditions Influence the Growth, Yield and Quality of Ratoon Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) in a Semi-Arid Agroecosystem

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11112257 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 2257

Author(s):

Rajan Bhatt ◽

Jagdish Singh ◽

Alison M. Laing ◽

Ram Swaroop Meena ◽

Walaa F. Alsanie ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insect Pests ◽

Growth Yield ◽

Fertilizer Application ◽

Quality Parameters ◽

Cane Yield ◽

Yield And Quality ◽

Fertilizer Application Rate ◽

Significant Difference ◽

K Fertilizer ◽

Ratoon Sugarcane

Groundwater and soil potassium deficiencies are present in northern India. Sugarcane is a vital crop in the Indian Punjab; it is grown on approximately 91,000 hectares with an average yield of 80 tonnes ha−1 and a sugar recovery rate of 9.59%. The role of potassium (K) fertilizer under both sufficient and deficient irrigation in ratoon sugarcane crops is not well documented. We conducted a split-plot ratoon cane experiment during 2020–2021 at the Gurdaspur Regional Research Station of Punjab Agricultural University, India, on K-deficient soils. Main treatments were fully irrigated (I1) and water stressed (I0) conditions, with sub-treatments reflecting K fertilizer application rates of 0 (M1), 67 (M2), 133 (M3), and 200 (M4) kg K ha−1. The ratoon sugarcane performance was assessed in terms of growth, productivity, sugar quality and incidence of key insect pests. At harvest, trends in the growth and yield parameters in I1 were improved over the I0 treatment, with cane height (+12.2%), diameter (+3.3%), number of internodes (+5.4%), biomass yield (+7.6%) and cane yield (+5.9%) all higher, although little significant difference was observed between treatments. Ratoon cane yield under irrigation was 57.1 tonnes ha−1; in water-stressed conditions, it was 54.7 tonnes ha−1. In terms of sugarcane quality parameters, measured 12 months after harvesting the initial seed crop, values of Brix (+3.6%), pol (+3.9%), commercial cane sugar percentage (+4.0%) and extractable sugar percentage (+2.8%) were all higher in the irrigated treatments than the water-stressed plot. Irrigated treatments also had a significantly lower incidence of two key insect pests: top borer (Scirpophaga excerptalis) was reduced by 18.5% and stalk borer (Chilo auricilius) by 21.7%. The M3 and M4 treatments resulted in the highest cane yield and lowest incidence of insect pests compared to other K-fertilizer treatments. Economic return on K-fertilizer application increased with increasing fertilizer dosage. Under the potassium-deficient water-stressed conditions of the region of north India, a fertilizer application rate of 133 kg K ha−1 is recommended to improve ratoon sugarcane growth, yield, and quality parameters and economic returns for sugarcane farmers.

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