scholarly journals Root Pruning and Auxin Alter Root Morphology of Hickories

HortScience ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 1517-1520
Author(s):  
Brandon M. Miller ◽  
William R. Graves
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Development ◽  
Subsequent Treatment ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Coarse Root ◽  
Root Branching ◽  
First Order ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Carya Ovata

A reputation for coarse root systems with dominant taproots, and for slow shoot development among seedlings, limits use of hickory species (Carya Nutt.) that could increase diversity in managed landscapes. We examined effects of root pruning and application of auxin on root and shoot development of seedlings of several species of hickory. Our hypothesis was that pruning the radicle shortly after seed germination and subsequent treatment with auxin would increase root branching without curtailing development of the shoot. Germinated seeds of Carya aquatica (F. Michx.) Nutt., Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch, Carya laciniosa (F. Michx.) Loudon, Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch, and Carya tomentosa (Lam.) Nutt. were treated by removing two-thirds of the length of the radicle with and without immediate application of 3000 mg·L−1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) via Hormex rooting powder #3 to the remaining one-third of radicle. Neither treatment altered stem height, stem caliper, or root dry weight. After 75 days, root-pruned seedlings of Carya ovata without auxin had 42% fewer fibrous first-order lateral roots than did unpruned controls. Root pruning plus auxin led to a 79% increase in the number of fibrous first-order lateral roots of C. laciniosa and an ≈50% increase in the shoot dry weight of C. aquatica. Both root pruning and root pruning plus auxin evoked formation of taproot branches for all species. Because species differed in responses of root and shoot systems to root pruning with and without auxin, the practice should be implemented cautiously based on the species.

scholarly journals Growth of mango (Mangifera indica L.) rootstocks as influenced by pre-sowing treatments

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 582-586
Author(s):  
R. J. Patel ◽  
T. R. Ahlawat ◽  
A. I. Patel ◽  
J. J. Amarcholi ◽  
B. B. Patel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Survival Percentage ◽  
Total Dry Weight

An experiment was carried out at Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari during 2014 to evaluate the effect of pre-sowing treatments on survival percentage and growth of mango rootstocks. Mango stones were soaked in aqueous solutions of GA3 (100 and 200 ppm), Beejamruth (2 % and 3 %) and Thiourea (1 % and 2 %) for 12 and 24 hours. The trial was evaluated in Completely Randomized Design based on factorial concept and the treatments were replicated thrice. Imposition of treatments led to significant differences at 5 % level of significance for all parameters chosen in this study. Mango stones when treated with Thiourea at 1 % had the maximum shoot length (49.93 cm), root length (34.38 cm), shoot dry weight (21.08 g) and total dry weight (26.36 g). The highest number of lateral roots (10.90) and survival percentage (64.17) was observed in mango stones dipped in 100 ppm GA3. Between the two soaking duration, soaking mango stones for 24 hours recorded higher values for shoot length (45.03 cm), root length (32.79 cm), number of lateral roots (9.83), survival percentage (62.72), shoot root fresh weight ratio (4.30), shoot dry weight (21.33 g), total dry weight (26.28 g) and shoot root dry weight ratio (4.32). Thus, survival percentage and growth of mango rootstocks can be substantially improved by soaking mango stones in aqueous solutions of 100 ppm GA3 or Thiourea at 1 % for 24 hours before sowing.

scholarly journals Longleaf Pine Root System Development and Seedling Quality in Response to Copper Root Pruning and Cavity Size

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Anne Sword Sayer ◽  
Shi-Jean Susana Sung ◽  
James D. Haywood
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
System Development ◽  
Longleaf Pine ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Cavity Size ◽  
Root System Development ◽  
Primary Lateral

Abstract Cultural practices that modify root system structure in the plug of container-grown seedlings have the potential to improve root system function after planting. Our objective was to assess how copper root pruning affects the quality and root system development of longleaf pine seedlings grown in three cavity sizes in a greenhouse. Copper root pruning increased seedling size, the allocation of root system dry weight to the taproot, and the fraction of fibrous root mass allocated to secondary lateral roots compared with primary lateral roots. It decreased the allocation of root system dry weight to primary lateral roots and led to a distribution of root growth potential that more closely resembled the root growth of naturally sown seedlings. These effects of copper root pruning may benefit longleaf pine establishment. However, because copper root pruning increased competition for cavity growing space among the taproot and fibrous roots, we suggest that recommendations regarding cavity size and seedling quality parameters be tailored for copper-coated cavities.

The effect of wrenching on morphology and field performance of Douglas fir and loblolly pine seedlings

1976 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuomi Tanaka ◽  
J. D. Walstad ◽  
J. E. Borrecco
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
Second Year

Second-year Douglas fir and 1st-year loblolly pine nursery stock were undercut and wrenched while actively growing in nursery beds. Their morphology and field performance were compared with Douglas fir seedlings that had been undercut only and with loblolly pine seedlings that had been left intact.The treatment produced shorter, thinner-stemmed loblolly pine seedlings with reduced shoot dry weight. Height, diameter, and shoot dry weight of Douglas fir seedlings were virtually unaffected, but root dry weight was increased substantially. Development of fibrous lateral roots was stimulated in both species. As a consequence, shoot–root ratios were considerably improved, and the seedlings were better conditioned to withstand outplanting. On droughty sites, field survival of Douglas fir was increased by 20 percentage points and loblolly pine by 30 percentage points. Wrenching also extended by several weeks the fall and spring planting periods for loblolly pine and the fall planting period for Douglas fir.

Salinity and waterlogging tolerance amongst accessions of messina (Melilotus siculus)

2011 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 225 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Rogers ◽  
T. D. Colmer ◽  
P. G. H. Nichols ◽  
S. J. Hughes ◽  
K. Frost ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Waterlogging Tolerance ◽  
Root Volume ◽  
Root Porosity ◽  
Good Tolerance ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Gas Volume

Melilotus siculus (common name messina) has shown potential as a productive annual forage legume in saline and waterlogged areas in temperate Australia. The salt and waterlogging tolerances of 30 M. siculus accessions were evaluated at germination and as established plants. Many accessions germinated at 240 mm NaCl, but germination was <15% at 320 mm NaCl. In vegetative plants, accessions differed in the degree of growth reduction at 300 mm NaCl, with some producing >90%, but others <20%, of non-saline controls. A negative relationship (r = 0.47, P < 0.001) was found between dry weight under non-saline conditions and relative salt tolerance (i.e. salt-treated as % of controls). Concentrations of Cl– and Na+ in shoots of all accessions increased significantly with increasing NaCl in the medium, although these differed among accessions. No relationships were found between shoot Cl–, Na+, or K+ concentrations and relative salt tolerance at 300 mm NaCl, whereas net K+ : Na+ selectivity to shoots was positively correlated with relative salt tolerance (r = 0.30, P = 0.1). All accessions showed good tolerance to stagnant, O2-deficient conditions in the root medium, and shoot growth was not reduced by >20% in any accession. Root porosity (% gas volume/root volume) in both the main and lateral roots increased in all accessions when in stagnant medium, but accessions differed in root porosity. Lateral root porosity was not, however, correlated with either shoot dry weight or root dry weight in stagnant conditions. No single accession of M. siculus had the highest tolerance to saline conditions both at germination and the vegetative stage, but some accessions (e.g. SA 40002 and SA 40004) performed consistently well under saline and waterlogged conditions. Further research and selection is warranted on these accessions with the aim to release a cultivar.

scholarly journals Root Characteristics and Seed Yields of Cowpeas Grown with and without Added Nitrogen Fertilizer

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 1238-1239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian A. Kahn ◽  
Judith L. Schroeder
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Root Characteristics ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Input Sample

Field experiments were conducted in Oklahoma in 1993 and 1994. Cowpeas [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] were grown using either noninoculated seed and 23 kg·ha–1 of preplant nitrogen (N) fertilizer (conventional) or Rhizobium-inoculated seed and no preplant N fertilizer (reduced input). Sample plants were excavated at first pod set and analyzed for nodulation and root morphology. Additional plants were harvested at the green-shell stage to determine seed yield and plant N concentration. Conventional and reduced input cowpeas did not differ in dry weight of root mass components, total root dry weight, shoot dry weight, shoot: root ratio, nodule distribution among root morphological components, total nodule fresh weight, plant N concentration, or green-shell seed yield. Most of the nodule fresh weight generally was associated with nodules on the basal and lateral roots. Results indicate that cowpea root characteristics are not necessarily altered by the presence or absence of added N fertilizer at a given location.

scholarly journals Root Pruning Influences Level of Embolism during Posttransplant Growth of Corylus colurna

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 689d-689
Author(s):  
P.R. Knight ◽  
J.R. Harris ◽  
J.K. Fanelli
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Pine Bark ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Branch Number ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight

Two-year-old, bareroot, Corylus colurna seedlings were grown in 7.5-L containers from 15 Mar. to 23 June 1995. Plants were grown in a glasshouse using pine bark media. Temperatures were maintained at 30/20°C. Plants received no fertilization or Osmocote 18–6–12 top-dressed at 14 or 28 g/container. Additionally, plants were pruned to remove 0%, 25%, or 50% of the root system based on root length. Height, diameter, branch number, leaf area, and root and shoot dry weight increased linearly as rate of fertilization increased. Percent embolism was not influenced by rate of fertilization. Plant height, branch number, leaf area, and root and shoot dry weight were not influenced by rate of root pruning. Plant diameter increased linearly as rate of root pruning decreased. Percent embolism increased linearly as rate of root pruning increased.

scholarly journals GROWTH OF FOUR SOUTHWESTERN LANDSCAPE TREES IN CUPRIC-HYDROXIDE-PAINTED NURSERY CONTAINERS

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 325b-325
Author(s):  
C.A. Martin ◽  
S. Bhattacharya
Keyword(s):  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Lateral Branch ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Latex Paint ◽  
Branch Number ◽  
Root Branching ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Cupric Hydroxide ◽  
Species Specific

Seedling liners of sweet acacia (Acacia smallii), shoestring acacia (Acacia stenophylla), palo brea (Cercidium praecox), and Chilean mesquite (Prosopis chilensis) were potted on 1 June 1993 into 27-liter (#5) black polyethylene containers filled with a 70% ponderosa pine forest mulch, 15% sand, and 15% silt (by volume) rooting medium. Just before potting, the inner wall of one-half of the containers of each species was painted with a latex paint impregnated with cupric hydroxide; the remaining containers were unpainted as a control treatment. Trees were then grown for 5 months in an outdoor container production nursery at a spacing distance of 45 cm. All trees were irrigated and fertilized according to standard nursery practices. The effect of cupric-hydroxide-painted containers (CHPC) on tree growth was species specific. Compared with nonpainted controls, CHPC caused roots to become more branched and decreased shoot lateral branch number and extension lengths of sweet acacia and shoestring acacia. CHPC also decreased height of shoestring acacia, but did not affect height of sweet acacia or root and shoot dry weight of sweet acacia and shoestring acacia. Shoot and root dry weight, height, and shoot lateral branch number and extension lengths of Chilean mesquite in CHPC were all increased compared with nonpainted controls. CHPC did not affect root branching of Chilean mesquite. Also, CHPC did not affect any measured growth variable of palo brea.

Root and shoot development in Corymbia calophylla and Banksia brownii after the application of the fungicide phosphite

2002 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 155 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Barrett ◽  
B. L. Shearer ◽  
G. E. St J. Hardy
Keyword(s):  
Root Development ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Development ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Growth Abnormalities

The effects of low-volume foliar application (24, 48, 96 kg ha–1) of phosphite on root and shoot development in Corymbia calophylla Lindley and Banksia brownii ex R.Br. were investigated in a glasshouse study. Shoot growth, root and shoot dry weight and root length were not significantly reduced by phosphite application in C. calophylla 2 weeks and 4 months after phosphite application. Shoot growth, shoot dry weight and root length were not significantly reduced in the non-mycorrhizal B. brownii. However, in plants treated with 24 and 96 kg ha–1, root dry weight was significantly reduced 4 months but not 2 weeks after spray. A discoloration of the root stele was also observed in phosphite-treated plants of this species. At 2 weeks after spray, root concentrations of phosphite in C. calophylla were up to five times higher than shoot concentrations. At 4 months after application, growth abnormalities were observed in B. brownii and these included spindly new shoot growth with rosetted foliage of reduced leaf size. The results of this study, which assessed one mycorrhizal and one non-mycorrhizal native species, suggest that species may vary in their response to phosphite in terms of root development and phosphite applied at rates of 24 kg ha–1 or higher may result in reduced root growth, particularly in non-mycorrhizal species. Further studies on root development in a wider range of species are needed to validate these findings.

scholarly journals Gibberellins Regulate Lateral Root Development that is Associated with Auxin and Cell Wall Metabolisms in Cucumber

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bingbing Cai ◽  
Ting Wang ◽  
Hong Sun ◽  
Cuimei Liu ◽  
Jinfang Chu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Concentration Dependent Manner ◽  
Lateral Root Development ◽  
Functional Studies ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight

Abstract Background: Cucumber is an economically important crop cultivated worldwide. However, it is susceptible to various stresses due to weak and shallow root systems, limiting its productivity. Lateral roots (LRs) are critical for plant stress tolerance and productivity. Increasing evidence showed that gibberellins (GAs) play important roles, positively or negatively, in LR development in many plants. Therefore, it is of great importance for cucumber production to study the role of GAs in LR development. Results: The application of various concentrations of GA3 and uniconazole, a GA biosynthesis inhibitor, on germinated cucumber seeds for 5 days showed that GAs regulated cucumber LR development in a concentration-dependent manner. 1 µM, 10 µM, 50 µM and 100 µM GA3 significantly increased secondary root length, tertiary root number and length. It is worthy note that 50 µM GA3 treatment showed strong effects in increasing root dry weight and the root/shoot dry weight ratio. Pairwise comparisons between GA3-treated roots and Control at 2, 3 and 5 days after germination (DAG) identified 417 down-regulated genes enriched for GA metabolism-related processes and 447 up-regulated genes enriched for cell wall metabolism-related processes in GA3-treated roots. Linear factorial modeling was also performed to systematically identify DEGs and a total of 3523 non-redundant DEGs were identified in our RNA-seq data. Of these, most of the genes involved in auxin and cell wall metabolisms were up-regulated in GA3-treated roots. Conclusions: GAs positively regulate LR development in cucumber putatively associated with enhanced IAA and cell wall metabolisms. Our findings not only shed light on LR regulation mediated by GA but also offer an important resource for functional studies of candidate genes putatively involved in the regulation of LR development in cucumber and other crops.

scholarly journals PEG-Induced Osmotic Stress Alters Root Morphology and Root Hair Traits in Wheat Genotypes

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1042
Author(s):  
Arif Hasan Khan Robin ◽  
Shatabdi Ghosh ◽  
Md. Abu Shahed
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Main Axis ◽  
Wheat Genotypes ◽  
First Order ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Peg Stress

Wheat crop in drought-prone regions of Bangladesh suffers from osmotic stress. The objective of this study was to investigate the response of wheat genotypes with respect to root morphology and root hair traits under polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced osmotic stress. A total of 22 genotypes of wheat were grown hydroponically and two treatments—0% and 10% PEG—were imposed at 14 days after germination. Plant growth was reduced in terms of plant height, number of live leaves per tiller, shoot dry weight, number of root-bearing phytomers, and roots per tiller. Notably, PEG-induced osmotic stress increased root dry weight per tiller by increasing length of the main axis and lateral roots, as well as the diameter and density of both lateral roots and root hairs of the individual roots. A biplot was drawn after a principal component analysis, taking three less-affected (high-yielding genotypes) and three highly affected (low-yielding genotypes and landrace) genotypes under 10% PEG stress, compared to control. Principal component 1 separated PEG-treated wheat genotypes from control-treated genotypes, with a high and positive coefficient for the density of lateral roots and root hairs, length and diameter of the main axis, and first-order lateral roots and leaf injury scores, indicating that these traits are associated with osmotic stress tolerance. Principal component 2 separated high-yielding and tolerant wheat genotypes from low-yielding and susceptible genotypes, with a high coefficient for root dry weight, density of root hairs and second-order lateral roots, length of the main axis, and first-order lateral roots. An increase in root dry weight in PEG-stress-tolerant wheat genotypes was achieved through an increase in length and diameter of the main axis and lateral roots. The information derived from this research could be exploited for identifying osmotic stress-tolerant QTL and for developing abiotic-tolerant cultivars of wheat.

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