scholarly journals Morphological Study of the Structure and Development of Longan Inflorescence

2005 ◽  
Vol 130 (6) ◽  
pp. 793-798
Author(s):  
Miki Nakata ◽  
Nobuo Sugiyama ◽  
Tanachai Pankasemsuk
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Study ◽  
Floral Induction ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Developmental Patterns ◽  
Apical Meristems ◽  
Naked Eye ◽  
Foliage Leaf ◽  
Dimocarpus Longan ◽  
Terminal Shoot

The structure and developmental patterns of inflorescence of longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) were studied microscopically and by the naked eye. In inflorescence of longan, compound dichasia are arranged on three to four orders of monopodial axes without the formation of terminal flowers, indicating that longan inflorescence is pleiothyrse; cymose partial inflorescences are arranged on more than two monopodial axes. Most of the monopodial axes had differentiated by the end of November just before the cool season. The first sign of inflorescence formation was the appearance of bract primordia at apical meristems of the preformed monopodial axes, with lateral axes preceding the main axes. Dichasia were formed in the axils of bract primordia, and the formation of bracts and dichasia continued. Bract appearance can be detected by the naked eye 1 week after microscopically detected bract appearance. Shoots with intermediate characteristics between the inflorescence and the vegetative shoots were formed; dichasia were formed on the lateral axes, but not on the main axes in intermediate shoots. These results suggest that apical meristems on the terminal shoot produce monopodial axes, together with foliage leaf primordia, before floral induction, but produce bract primordia and compound dichasia, which are composed of sympodial axes, after floral induction.

The rotated-lamina syndrome. I. Ulmaceae

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Charlton
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Leaf Primordium ◽  
Foliage Leaf ◽  
Normal Orientation ◽  
Ulmus Glabra ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Final Orientation ◽  
Zelkova Serrata

In a number of plants, mostly woody, the components of the buds are arranged so that the laminae of the young leaves all face towards the same (upper) side of the bud, rather than towards the bud apex; in axillary buds they usually face towards the parent axis. This situation has been known for many years. For convenience, the general case is here called the rotated-lamina syndrome. There have been very few developmental investigations of how the laminae attain their unusual orientation, and these have come to different conclusions about cases in the Ulmaceae. This paper reports a detailed investigation of the syndrome in Ulmus glabra and Zelkova serrata, with comparative observations on other Ulmaceae, including cases in Celtis that do not exhibit the syndrome. The syndrome arises by different means in Ulmus and Zelkova. In Ulmus the leaf primordium is asymmetrical from the outset, the leaf blade region is obliquely dorsiventral from an early stage, and further asymmetrical growth of the leaf buttress rotates the whole leaf blade region into its final orientation as it develops. Individual shoots show heteroblastic development in progressing from bud scale to foliage leaf initiation, in increasing accentuation of the rotated-lamina syndrome, and in an increasing degree of dorsiventrality. In Zelkova, as previously described, the leaf blade region appears first as a radially symmetrical upgrowth, and it acquires dorsiventral symmetry directly in the rotated position. In Celtis spp. the lamina arises in a quite normal orientation, but reorients as it emerges from the bud. The leaf primordia of all species studied show asymmetry in other aspects, particularly in respect of stipule development, and these seem to be general features of the organisation of dorsiventral shoots. Key words: Ulmus, Zelkova, Celtis, leaf, development, dorsiventrality, lamina rotation.

Floral induction in longan (Dimocarpus longan, Lour.) trees

2009 ◽  
Vol 122 (2) ◽  
pp. 312-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Potchanasin ◽  
K. Sringarm ◽  
D. Naphrom ◽  
K.F. Bangerth
Keyword(s):  
Floral Induction ◽  
Dimocarpus Longan

Cellular differentiation in small clumps of Lotus corniculatus callus

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 507-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie J. Howarth ◽  
R. L. Peterson ◽  
D. T. Tomes
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Differentiation ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Callus Cultures ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Tracheary Elements ◽  
Apical Meristems ◽  
Suberin Lamellae ◽  
Phenolic Substances ◽  
Vacuolated Cells ◽  
Physiological Isolation

Lotus callus cultures were studied in an attempt to determine, at the cellular and subcellular levels, what morphological changes precede and accompany differentiation. Small clumps of homogenized callus were plated onto a medium containing benzyladenine, which was known to induce differentiation in this system. Initially callus was yellowish and consisted of large, vacuolated cells with deposits of starch. Marked changes occurred in these cells; peripheral and endogenous meristematic areas were initiated giving rise to shoots and either groups of tracheary elements or roots, respectively. Roots developed within 5 day s, while shoot apical meristems with leaf primordia formed by day 9. Many of the cells surrounding meristematic areas developed suberin lamellae in their walls, while others, both within and on the periphery of meristematic areas, accumulated phenolic substances. Cells within meristematic areas had large nuclei with prominent nucleoli, plastids with thylakoids but little or no starch, many mitochondria, and dictyosomes. Morphological observations tend to support the view that physiological isolation of tissue may precede differentiation.

Leaf secretory tissues in Myrsine coriacea and Myrsine venosa (Primulaceae): ontogeny, morphology, and chemical composition of essential oils

Botany ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 92 (10) ◽  
pp. 757-766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruna Nunes de Luna ◽  
Anna Carina Antunes e Defaveri ◽  
Alice Sato ◽  
Humberto Ribeiro Bizzo ◽  
Maria de Fátima Freitas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Morphological Study ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
Secretory Structures ◽  
Full Size ◽  
Secretory Cavities ◽  
First Time

Secretory structures are an outstanding feature in Primulaceae (Ericales). Such structures are known for their taxonomical and medicinal importance. However, a detailed morphological study of the secretory structures in Primulaceae has been neglected. Selected species for this study belong to Myrsine, a widely distributed genus in Brazil, popularly known as “capororoca”. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the ontogenesis of the secretory structures in the leaves of Myrsine coriacea (Sw.) R. Br. ex Roem & Schult. and Myrsine venosa A.DC. and report, for the first time, on the composition of their essential oils. The following secretory structures are found in M. coriacea and M. venosa: idioblasts, glandular trichomes, and secretory cavities. The development of all secretory structures, which is asynchronous, occurs during leaf expansion and differentiation; therefore, in leaf primordia, the same type of secretory structure could be observed at different stages of differentiation. By the complete expansion of leaf primordia, all secretory structures have reached their full size. Idioblasts are derived from both protodermal and ground meristem cells and they secrete mucilage or phenolic compounds. The glandular trichomes can be peltate, as found in both species, or branched, as found only in M. coriacea. Trichomes are initiated by the enlargement of protodermal cells, followed by their division, and they are completely formed by the end of leaf expansion. Secretory cavities are schizogenous and originated from ground meristem cells. Major components from M. coriacea essential oils were β-elemene, γ-muurolene, and α-cadinene, while the major components of M. venosa essential oils were β-caryophyllene, γ-muurolene, and δ-cadinene.

Shoot ontogeny in Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (bearberry): the annual cycle of apical activity

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (9) ◽  
pp. 1925-1932 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Remphrey ◽  
T. A. Steeves
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Growth Strategy ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Foliage Leaf ◽  
Lateral Buds ◽  
Previous Season ◽  
Lateral Shoots ◽  
Terminal Buds ◽  
Floral Bracts ◽  
Vegetative Bud

Phenological investigation of shoot ontogeny in the prostrate shrub Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. (bearberry) at two sites in Saskatchewan, Canada, revealed that most growth occurred from May to July. Vegetative bud swell and leaf primordium initiation began around the 1st of May. Following bud burst in late May, elongation of most shoots continued for 3 to 5 weeks. Most bearberry shoots were not completely preformed; that is, several neoformed foliage leaves were initiated during current-year shoot extension in addition to the leaves that had been preformed during the previous season and had overwintered in the bud. In many shoots, a terminal inflorescence was initiated in the latter part of May of the year prior to anthesis. During conversion to the flowering state, the terminal apex initiated seven to nine floral bracts, each subtending a bud. In vegetative terminal shoots, bud-scale initiation also began in mid-May to late May and new terminal buds were first evident in early to mid-June. Following the initiation of bud scales and transitional leaves, the production of preformed foliage-leaf primordia continued until about August 1. Protruding lateral buds were evident histologically in the axils of preformed leaves during the initial stages of bud swell. On long, dominant shoots numerous neoformed leaves were initiated and shoot extension was often prolonged well into August. Second-flush terminal and lateral shoots, which resulted from the expansion of neoformed leaves and internodes, were also observed. The occurrence of neoformed growth in a large proportion of shoots suggests an exploitive, opportunistic growth strategy in this species.

Structure and development of terminal bud scales in green ash

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. K. Merrill
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Apical Region ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Foliage Leaf ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Terminal Buds ◽  
Early Developmental

Structure and development of terminal bud scales of green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. subintegerrima) were studied to provide a basis for comparison with foliage leaves of the same species. To identify early developmental stages of bud scales, structure and phenology of terminal buds were investigated first. Overwintering terminal buds have typically three or four pairs of bud scales and three to six pairs of foliage leaf primordia. Bud scales have a flattened base topped by rudimentary leaflets. After bud break, the first leaf primordia that are initiated develop and mature into terminal bud scales by early summer. Although morphology and anatomy of mature foliage leaves and bud scales are very different, primordia of leaf forms are similar until they reach a length of 500 μm. At that length both leaf forms have a base and apical leaflets. Bud scale bases widen and elongate without much thickening, while growth in the apical region is restricted. Marginal growth of the bud scale base is different from that described for most leaf blades. Terminal bud scales could be interpreted as being ontogenetically derived from foliage leaf primordia.

scholarly journals Discovery of spatial pattern of prickles on stem of Rosa hybrida ‘Red Queen’ and mathematical model of the pattern

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuaki Amikura ◽  
Hiroshi Ito ◽  
Miho S. Kitazawa
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Spatial Pattern ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Rosa Hybrida ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Red Queen ◽  
Developmental Patterns

AbstractThe developmental patterns of many organisms are orchestrated by the diffusion of factors. Here, we report a novel pattern on plant stems that appears to be controlled by inhibitor diffusion. Prickles on rose stems appear to be randomly distributed, but we deciphered spatial patterns of prickles on Rosa hybrida cv. ‘Red Queen’ stem. The prickles primarily emerged at 90 to 135 degrees from the spiral phyllotaxis that connected leaf primordia. We proposed a simple mathematical model that explained the emergence of the spatial patterns and reproduced the prickle density distribution on rose stems. We confirmed the model can reproduce the observed prickle patterning on stems of other plant species using other model parameters. These results indicated that the spatial patterns of prickles on stems of different plant species are organized by similar systems. Rose cultivation by humans has a long history. However, prickle development is still unclear and this is the first report of prickle spatial pattern with a mathematical model. Comprehensive analysis of the spatial pattern, genome, and metabolomics of other plant species may lead to novel insights for prickle development.

scholarly journals Floral Induction of Longan (Dimocarpus longan) by Potassium Chlorate: Application, Mechanism, and Future Perspectives

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shilian Huang ◽  
Dongmei Han ◽  
Jing Wang ◽  
Dongliang Guo ◽  
Jianguang Li
Keyword(s):  
Woody Plants ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Floral Induction ◽  
Potassium Chlorate ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Apical Buds ◽  
Dimocarpus Longan ◽  
Regulation Mechanisms ◽  
Flowering Regulation

Longan (Dimocarpus longan L.) is one of the most important tropical and subtropical fruits in the world. Longan fruit has high nutritional and medical value, and is regarded as a treasure among fruits. Since it was first reported that potassium chlorate (KClO3) could be successfully applied to promote flowering in longan, this compound has been widely used in the production of on-season and off-season longan fruits. KClO3 has thus played a great role in promoting the development of the longan industry. In this review, we summarize the application methods, influencing factors, and physiological and molecular mechanisms associated with KClO3-mediated induction of longan flowering. It can be deduced that leaves may play a crucial role in the transport of and response to KClO3. Leaves supply carbon and nitrogen nutrition, and hormone and signaling molecules needed for the differentiation of apical buds. Moreover, cytokinins may be crucial for KClO3-mediated induction of longan flowering. More effort should be focused on studying the molecular mechanisms underlying this process. This will not only help us to better understand floral induction by KClO3 in longan but also enrich our understanding of flowering regulation mechanisms in woody plants.

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