scholarly journals Inheritance of Flowering Habit in Russian Dandelion

2015 ◽  
Vol 140 (6) ◽  
pp. 614-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrina J.M. Hodgson-Kratky ◽  
David J. Wolyn
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Genetic Model ◽  
Cold Period ◽  
Vernalization Requirement ◽  
Dominant Allele ◽  
Winter Type ◽  
Segregation Ratios ◽  
Spring Type

Russian dandelion [Taraxacum kok-saghyz (TKS)] is a latex-producing, temperate species that has the potential to be grown as a source of natural rubber in North America. Flowering habit varies within the species; winter-type plants require a cold period or vernalization to flower, whereas spring-type plants flower without this treatment. Because flowering habit is correlated with rubber yield, understanding the genetic factors governing the trait would be useful for breeding. The objective of this research was to determine the inheritance of vernalization requirement in TKS. Winter-type and spring-type plants were intercrossed to create the F1, F2, and backcross generations and progeny segregation ratios were analyzed. A genetic model with three major genes is proposed, where a dominant allele at locus A, in combination with homozygous recessive alleles at either or both of two loci, B and C, confers winter type, whereas spring type is conferred by homozygous recessive alleles at A, regardless of genotype at B or C, or dominant alleles at A, B, and C.

Polymorphism for vernalization requirement in a population of Avena fatua

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 730-733 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Darmency ◽  
C. Aujas
Keyword(s):  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Early Flowering ◽  
Vernalization Requirement ◽  
Late Flowering ◽  
Type Formula ◽  
Winter Type ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Spring Type ◽  
Germinating Seeds

Polymorphism for vernalization requirement has been observed within a population of wild oats, Avena fatua L., grown under greenhouse conditions. One group of plants was early flowering ("spring type," [Formula: see text]), whereas another was late flowering ("winter type," [Formula: see text]). Vernalization of the winter type was obtained by germinating seeds for 2 weeks at 4 °C and resulted in shortening the time to heading by 50 days. However, this polymorphism was not observed in the field when plants germinated before mid-May. Hence, vernalization requirements did not appear to have any adverse or beneficial effects on time to heading and may be a neutral character in this population. Nevertheless, the frequency of the winter type in the population increased significantly over 6 years. Mechanisms are suggested to account for this phenomenon.

Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Humor Styles: A Replication Study

2008 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip A. Vernon ◽  
Rod A. Martin ◽  
Julie Aitken Schermer ◽  
Lynn F. Cherkas ◽  
Tim D. Spector
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
North America ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Genetic Model ◽  
Model Fitting ◽  
Humor Styles ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Mz Twins

AbstractOne thousand and seventy three pairs of adult monozygotic (MZ) twins and 895 pairs of same sex adult dizygotic (DZ) twins from the United Kingdom (UK) completed the Humor Styles Questionnaire: a 32-item measure which assesses two positive and two negative styles of humor. MZ correlations were approximately twice as large as DZ correlations for all four humor styles, and univariate behavioral genetic model fitting indicated that individual differences in all of them can be accounted for entirely by genetic and nonshared environmental factors, with heritabilities ranging from .34 to .49. These results, while perhaps not surprising, are somewhat at odds with a previous study that we conducted in North America (Vernon et al., in press) in which genetic factors contributed significantly to individual differences in the two positive humor styles, but contributed far less to the two negative styles, variance in which was instead largely due to shared and nonshared environmental factors. We suggest that differences between North American and UK citizens in their appreciation of different kinds of humor may be responsible for the different results obtained in these two studies.

Empirical Nonparametric Bootstrap Strategies in Quantitative Trait Loci Mapping: Conditioning on the Genetic Model

Genetics ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 148 (1) ◽  
pp. 525-535
Author(s):  
Claude M Lebreton ◽  
Peter M Visscher
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Trait Loci ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Quantitative Trait ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Genetic Model ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Nonparametric Bootstrap ◽  
Test Protocol ◽  
Trait Loci

AbstractSeveral nonparametric bootstrap methods are tested to obtain better confidence intervals for the quantitative trait loci (QTL) positions, i.e., with minimal width and unbiased coverage probability. Two selective resampling schemes are proposed as a means of conditioning the bootstrap on the number of genetic factors in our model inferred from the original data. The selection is based on criteria related to the estimated number of genetic factors, and only the retained bootstrapped samples will contribute a value to the empirically estimated distribution of the QTL position estimate. These schemes are compared with a nonselective scheme across a range of simple configurations of one QTL on a one-chromosome genome. In particular, the effect of the chromosome length and the relative position of the QTL are examined for a given experimental power, which determines the confidence interval size. With the test protocol used, it appears that the selective resampling schemes are either unbiased or least biased when the QTL is situated near the middle of the chromosome. When the QTL is closer to one end, the likelihood curve of its position along the chromosome becomes truncated, and the nonselective scheme then performs better inasmuch as the percentage of estimated confidence intervals that actually contain the real QTL's position is closer to expectation. The nonselective method, however, produces larger confidence intervals. Hence, we advocate use of the selective methods, regardless of the QTL position along the chromosome (to reduce confidence interval sizes), but we leave the problem open as to how the method should be altered to take into account the bias of the original estimate of the QTL's position.

scholarly journals MMP2 Polymorphism Affects Plasma Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 Levels, and Correlates with the Decline in Lung Function in Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis Positive to Autoantibodies Patients.

Biomolecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santiago-Ruiz ◽  
Buendía-Roldán ◽  
Pérez-Rubio ◽  
Ambrocio-Ortiz ◽  
Mejía ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis ◽  
Vital Capacity ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Genetic Model ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Dominant Genetic Model ◽  
Pulmonary Remodeling

Among hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) patients have been identified who develop autoantibodies with and without clinical manifestations of autoimmune disease. Genetic factors involved in this process and the effect of these autoantibodies on the clinical phenotype are unknown. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have an important role in architecture and pulmonary remodeling. The aim of our study was to identify polymorphisms in the MMP1, MMP2, MMP9 and MMP12 genes associated with susceptibility to HP with the presence of autoantibodies (HPAbs+). Using the dominant model of genetic association, comparisons were made between three groups. For rs7125062 in MMP1 (CC vs. CT+TT), we found an association when comparing groups of patients with healthy controls: HPAbs+ vs. HC (p < 0.001, OR = 10.62, CI 95% = 4.34 − 25.96); HP vs. HC (p < 0.001, OR = 7.85, 95% CI 95% = 4.54 − 13.57). This rs11646643 in MMP2 shows a difference in the HPAbs+ group by the dominant genetic model GG vs. GA+AA, (p = 0.001, OR = 8.11, CI 95% = 1.83 − 35.84). In the linear regression analysis, rs11646643 was associated with a difference in basal forced vital capacity (FVC)/12 months (p = 0.013, = 0.228, 95% CI95% = 1.97 − 16.72). We identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with the risk of developing HP, and with the evolution towards the phenotype with the presence of autoantibodies. Also, to the decrease in plasma MMP-2 levels.

Growing Rubber in North America

1943 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-262
Author(s):  
H. L. Trumbull
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Malay Peninsula ◽  
Private Business ◽  
Government Service ◽  
East Indies ◽  
Dutch East Indies ◽  
Subsequent Capture ◽  
Peace And War

Abstract Ever since war was forced upon us, with the subsequent capture by the Japanese of the Malay Peninsula and the Dutch East Indies, Americans have been groping for new sources of natural rubber to replace those cut off by our enemies. With startling dispatch, lands which produced 90 per cent of the crude rubber used by this country had been captured, and the supplies from another 7 per cent of the world's producing areas had been endangered by action against lines of communication with these sources. The problem was not entirely new, because many farseeing people, both in government service and private business, had been concerned about our dependence on distant sources for what had become one of our essential materials in peace and war. They had made studies of domestic plants which might produce rubber in quantities sufficient for our necessities. The urgency of the task, however, was not so great then as it is now. Early this year I was assigned by the Goodrich company to give this problem primary attention, and to call on any other resources of the organization for assistance whenever necessary. The purpose was to seek information and propose action which would benefit the nation, suffering under an acute shortage of natural rubber. The principal early parts of this work were the study and evaluation of all domestic plants known to produce rubber, and the discovery, if possible, of new sources of this vital material on our continent.

scholarly journals Identification of Resistance to the Large Raspberry Aphid in Black Raspberry

2010 ◽  
Vol 135 (5) ◽  
pp. 438-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Dossett ◽  
Chad E. Finn
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Black Raspberry ◽  
Dominant Allele ◽  
Native Range ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Black Raspberries ◽  
Rubus Occidentalis ◽  
Amphorophora Agathonica

The large raspberry aphid (Amphorophora agathonica Hottes) is an important vector of viruses in Rubus L. across North America. Although breeding for aphid resistance has long been recognized as an important tool for protecting red raspberries (Rubus idaeus L.) from viral infection, this is the first report of resistance to A. agathonica in black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis L.). Seedlings from 132 wild populations of black raspberries, representing the species' native range, were screened for resistance to A. agathonica. Strong resistance was found in three of these populations, one from Ontario (ORUS 3778), one from Maine (ORUS 3817), and one from Michigan (ORUS 4109). Resistance to the large raspberry aphid in ORUS 3778 and ORUS 3817 is dominant and appears to be conferred by different genes. We propose that the genes for resistance in ORUS 3778 and ORUS 3817 be designated Ag4 and Ag5, respectively. Resistance to A. agathonica in ORUS 4109 also appears to be controlled by a dominant allele at a single locus, but cannot be differentiated from Ag4 at this time.

scholarly journals Enhanced accumulation of reduced glutathione by Scopoletin improves survivability of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson’s model

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Priyadarshika Pradhan ◽  
Olivia Majhi ◽  
Abhijit Biswas ◽  
Vinod Kumar Joshi ◽  
Devanjan Sinha
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Dopaminergic Neurons ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Genetic Model ◽  
Reduced Glutathione ◽  
Redox Balance ◽  
Oxidative Markers ◽  
Cellular Inclusions ◽  
Antioxidant Machinery

Abstract Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neuromotor disorder, primarily manifested by motor anomalies due to progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons. Although alterations in genetic factors have been linked with its etiology, exponential accumulation of environmental entities such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) initiate a cyclic chain reaction resulting in accumulation of cellular inclusions, dysfunctional mitochondria, and overwhelming of antioxidant machinery, thus accelerating disease pathogenesis. Involvement of oxidative stress in PD is further substantiated through ROS induced Parkinsonian models and elevated oxidative markers in clinical PD samples; thereby, making modulation of neuronal oxidative load as one of the major approaches in management of PD. Here we have found a potent antioxidant moiety Scopoletin (Sp), a common derivative in most of the nootropic herbs, with robust neuroprotective ability. Sp increased cellular resistance to ROS through efficient recycling of GSH to prevent oxidative damage. The Sp treated cells showed higher loads of reduced glutathione making them resistant to perturbation of antioxidant machinery or neurotoxin MPP+. Sp could restore the redox balance, mitochondrial function, and prevented oxidative damage, leading to recovery of dopaminergic neural networks and motion abilities in Drosophila genetic model of PD. Our data also suggest that Sp, in combination increases the therapeutic potency of L-DOPA by mitigating its chronic toxicity. Together, we highlight the possible ability of Sp in preventing oxidative stress mediated loss of dopaminergic neurons and at the same time enhance the efficacy of dopamine recharging regimens.

scholarly journals Contrasting Patterns of Colonization with Verticillium longisporum in Winter- and Spring-Type Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus) in the Field and Greenhouse and the Role of Soil Temperature

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (8) ◽  
pp. 2090-2099 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaorong Zheng ◽  
Annette Pfordt ◽  
Laxman Khatri ◽  
Alice Bisola Eseola ◽  
Antonia Wilch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Temporal Pattern ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Juvenile Growth ◽  
Root Infection ◽  
Winter Oilseed Rape ◽  
Winter Type ◽  
Spring Type

Oilseed rape, an important source of vegetable plant oil, is threatened by Verticillium longisporum, a soil-borne vascular fungal pathogen so far occurring in oilseed rape growing regions in Europe and Canada. Despite intensive research into V. longisporum in the last decades in controlled conditions, basic knowledge is still lacking about the time course of infection, temporal pattern of colonization, and disease development on field-grown plants. In this study, colonization of roots, stem bases, and stems with V. longisporum was followed by real-time PCR from the seedling until mature plant stages in 2-year field experiments with microsclerotia-infested plots and either spring-type or autumn-sown (winter-type) oilseed rape cultivars. The temporal pattern of plant colonization differed between greenhouse and field-grown oilseed rape and between spring- and winter-type plants in the field. Within 28 to 35 days, a continuous systemic colonization with V. longisporum was detected in roots and shoots of young plants in the greenhouse associated with significant stunting. In contrast, real-time PCR analysis of V. longisporum in field-grown winter oilseed rape plants displayed a strongly discontinuous colonization pattern with low fungal growth in roots during juvenile growth stages until flowering, whereas in spring oilseed rape, no root colonization was observed until early flowering stages. Hence, stem colonization with the pathogen required 6 months in winter oilseed rape and 1 month in spring oilseed rape from the time of initial root infection. The different patterns of stem colonization were related to soil temperature. Average soil temperatures in 5-cm depth during 7 days before sampling time points from 2 years of field experiments displayed a significant relationship with fungal colonization in the root. A climate chamber inoculation trial with soil temperature levels that varied from 6 to 18°C revealed a threshold temperature of >12°C in the soil to enable root invasion. This soil condition is reached in winter-type oilseed rape in the field in Germany either until the eight-leaf stage in early autumn or after pod stage in spring, whereas in spring-sown oilseed rape early root infection is delayed owing to the cool conditions during juvenile growth stages. The delay of stem colonization in field-grown oilseed rape may explain the lack of stunting as observed in the greenhouse and the previously reported inconsistent effects of V. longisporum on yield levels and seed quality, which were confirmed in this study.

Lateral Plate Morph Genetics Revisited: Evidence for a Fourth Morph in Three-Spined Sticklebacks

Behaviour ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 132 (15-16) ◽  
pp. 1153-1171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerzy Banbura ◽  
Theo C.M. Bakker
Keyword(s):  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Genetic Model ◽  
Major Gene ◽  
Modifier Gene ◽  
Lateral Plate ◽  
New Model ◽  
Adaptive Value ◽  
Segregation Ratios ◽  
Locus System

Abstract1. The view that four (not three) lateral plate morphs exist in the three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus is supported in this paper. The morphs are: trachura (= completely plated), semiarmata (= partially plated), leiura (= low plated), and leiura-with-keel (= low-plated-with-keel). 2. Two one-locus and four two-locus models of lateral plate morph inheritance are identified and reviewed. A new genetic model for a two-locus system comprising one major gene with three alleles and one dominance modifier gene with two alleles is advocated. 3. Predictions of different models are explicitly examined using the existent data. 4. Results of 10 new crosses that distinguished the form leiura-with-keel are presented. The segregation ratios obtained are best explained by the new model. 5. Adaptive value of plate morph differentiation is not clear. Different aspects of selection on the morphs are discussed.

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