scholarly journals BIOCHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION OF NATURAL LIPIDS: A REVIEW

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 12-26
Author(s):  
Marina I. Baburina ◽  
Natal’ya L. Vostrikova ◽  
Andrew N. Ivankin ◽  
Aleksandr N. Zenkin
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Food Systems ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Enzyme Preparations ◽  
Natural Processes

The aspects of biochemical transformation of natural lipids of vegetable, fish, and animal origin are considered on the model of biotechnical aspects of triglyceride transformation into products of various purpose. The indicators of biological efficacy of fats are presented regarding the systematization by groups of polyunsaturated, monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids. Some features of simulation of natural processes of hydrolytic fat degradation into energy-intensive products are discussed. At the same time, aspects of fat intake and their biochemical transformation in food systems by human enzymes, and biochemical transformation of lipids in vitro in the presence of commercial enzyme preparations were studied. The aspects of free fatty acid transformation into esters are considered for justifying their use.

The Effect of Fatty Acids upon Tumor Cell Respiration and Transplantability

1963 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 530-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard J Katchman ◽  
Robert E Zipf ◽  
James P F Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Leukemic Cells ◽  
Endogenous Respiration ◽  
Low Concentrations

Abstract The kinetic effect of palmitate, stearate, oleate, linoleate, and linolenate upon in vitro endogenous respiration of rat chloromyeloid leukemic cells has been investigated. Inhibition of respiration has been correlated with the ability of fatty acids to cause decreased cell viability and cell count; in the bioassay of fatty acid-treated tumor inocula, the increase in animal life span is correlated to the degree of dilution of the inocula due to cell lysis. The degree of lysis is dependent upon the chemical structure of the fatty acid, concentration, and duration of contact; unsaturated fatty acids are more effective than saturated fatty acids. Tumor cells, when incubated at low concentrations of fatty acids, show stimulation of O2 uptake; however, in the bioassay these fatty acid-treated inocula showed no loss in tumor activity. The nature of the physiochemical interaction between fatty acids and tumor cells is discussed.

scholarly journals Jurnal_TEDC Vol. 11 No. 1, Januari 2017

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lusi Marlina
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Olive Oil ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Palm Fruit ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Omega 6 ◽  
Fruit Oil

IDENTIFIKASI KADAR ASAM LEMAK BEBAS PADA BERBAGAI JENISMINYAK GORENG NABATILusi Marlina1, Imam Ramdan21,2 Teknik Kimia – Politeknik TEDC BandungEmail : [email protected] minyak goreng untuk mengolah makanan sangat banyak dipergunakan oleh masyarakat.Minyak goreng berasal dari bahan baku seperti: kelapa, kelapa sawit, jagung, kedelai, buah zaitun, dan lainlain. Kandungan utama dari minyak goreng secara umum adalah asam lemak yang terdiri dari asam lemakjenuh (saturated fatty acids) misalnya: asam plamitat, asam stearat, dan asam lemak tak jenuh (unsaturatedfatty acids) misalnya: asam oleat (Omega 9) dan asam linoleat (Omega 6). Asam lemak bebas merupakanasam lemak yang tidak terikat sebagai trigliserida yang dapat terbentuk karena adanya reaksi hidrolisis didalam minyak. Asam lemak yang berlebihan di dalam tubuh dapat memicu terjadinya kanker karena bersifatkarsinogen. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi kadar asam lemak bebas pada minyak gorengnabati, dengan menggunakan metode titrasi asam basa. Titrasi asam basa yaitu suatu analisis kuantitatifuntuk menetapkan kadar senyawa-senyawa yang bersifat asam, dengan menggunakan larutan basa sebagaistandar. Analisis fisika meliputi warna, aroma dan massa jenis, sedangkan analisa kimia berdasarkan kadarasam lemak bebas. Hasil dari penelitian diperoleh : kadar asam lemak bebas dari berbagai sampel minyaknabati yang terdiri dari: minyak jagung sebesar 0,22%, minyak sawit sebesar 0,16%, VCO sebesar 0,25%dan minyak zaitun sebesar 0,21%, sedangkan untuk massa jenis minyak yaitu: minyak jagung sebesar1,01gr/ml, minyak sawit sebesar 1,04gr/ml, VCO sebesar 0,97gr/ml, dan minyak zaitun sebesar 0,90gr/ml.Secara umum dapat disimpulkan bahwa minyak goreng nabati yang diteliti tidak melebihi standar SNI 3741-1995 yang ditetapkan sebesar 0,30%.Kata kunci: minyak goreng nabati, asam lemak bebas, hidrolisis, titrasi asam basa.AbstractThe use of cooking oil to proceed food is very common in daily cooking. Vegetable Cooking oil is made ofsubstance like: coconut, pal oil, corn, soybean, sunflower seeds, and others. The prominent content ofcooking oil commonly is fatty acid which consists of saturated fatty acids, as: plamitat acid, stearat acid; andunsaturated fatty acids as: oleat acid (Omega 9) and linoleat acid (Omega 6). Free fatty acid is untied fattyacid as triglyceride that can be formed as a result of hydrolysis reaction in cooking oil. The abundant fattyacid in body can cause cancer because it is carcinogenic. The purpose of the research is to identify free fattyacid levels in vegetable cooking oil, by using alkalimeter method. Alkalimeter is a quantitative analysis todetermine level of acid compounds, using standard alkali solution. Physical analysis includes, smell andweight, meanwhile chemical analysis based on free fatty acid levels. The result of the research is: free fattyacid levels of various vegetable cooking oil samples those are: corn oil about 0,22%, palm fruit oil about0,16%, VCO about 0,25%, and olive oil about 00,21%, whereas for the weights, those are: corn oil about0,01gr/ml, palm fruit oil about 0,04gr/ml, VCO about 0,97gr/ml, and olive oil about 0,90gr/ml. It can generallybe concluded that examined vegetable cooking oil still meet the standard of SNI 3741-1995 that is 0,30%.Keyword: vegetable cooking oil, saturated fatty acid, hydrolysis, alkalimeter.

Influence of Simazine and Atrazine on Free Fatty Acid Content in Isolated Chloroplasts

Weed Science ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Smith ◽  
R. E. Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Total Fatty Acids ◽  
Isolated Chloroplasts

Chloroplasts, isolated from fresh spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) were treated with four concentrations of each 2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine (simazine) or 2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine (atrazine) to determine the influence of these herbicides on the free fatty acid content in isolated chloroplasts. The treated chloroplast solutions were sampled at 0, 5, 15, 30, 60, and 120 min following treatment. Results indicated that most herbicide treatments increased free fatty acid content in isolated chloroplasts when compared with the zero concentration treatments. The increased fatty acid content was similar for most concentrations of simazine and atrazine. Results of individual fatty acid analyses indicated that the increase in total fatty acids was a result of increases in concentration of unsaturated rather than saturated fatty acids.

Lipolysis and biohydrogenation of linoleic and linolenic acid in vitro: comparison of linseed products and grass

2003 ◽  
Vol 2003 ◽  
pp. 169-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. T. Chow ◽  
V. Fievez ◽  
K. Raes ◽  
D. Demeyer ◽  
S. de Smet
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Feeding Strategy ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Physical Treatment ◽  
Nutritional Guidelines

With respect to human health, nutritional guidelines emphasise on increasing the ratio poly-unsaturated/saturated fatty acids (P/S) (> 0.7) and reducing the n-6/n-3 ratio (< 5). Beef is generally characterised by a low P/S ratio (0.1), while the n-6/n-3 ratio may vary between 2 and 10 depending on the feeding strategy. Hence, the provision of n-3 fatty acids by the diet is crucial for optimising the fatty acid composition of meat. However, PUFA are hydrolysed and subsequently hydrogenated in the rumen to more saturated fatty acids and intermediates that are absorbed from the intestinal tract and transported to the tissues. Lipolysis and hydrogenation may thus affect the meat fatty acid composition. For ruminants, important sources of linolenic acid (C18:3n-3) are linseed and fresh grass. Prior to use in animal nutrition, linseed needs physical treatment like extrusion or crushing. The aim of the present in vitro experiment was to study lipolysis and biohydrogenation of linoleic acid (C18:2n-6) and C18:3n-3 in fresh grass and extruded or crushed linseed products.

Uncoupling activity of endogenous free fatty acids in rat liver mitochondria

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel H. P. Chan ◽  
Edward Higgins Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Rat Liver ◽  
Respiratory Control ◽  
Aging Effect ◽  
Liver Mitochondria ◽  
Rat Liver Mitochondria

Changes in the respiratory control index (RCI) and ADP:O ratio were found to be related to alterations in the free fatty acids levels of rat liver mitochondria aging in 0.25 M sucrose–Tris buffer at 0 °C. Free fatty acid levels increased with time after isolation of mitochondria while a concomitant decrease in the RCI and ADP:O ratio occurred. The changes in free fatty acid levels corresponded with the reported increasing levels of phospholipase A activity in aged mitochondrial preparations. Washing these mitochondria with sucrose buffer containing 1% defatted bovine serum albumin (BSA) counteracted the aging effect on the RCI (e.g., 2.5 to 3.5) and reduced the free fatty acid levels (e.g., 50 to 16 nmol/mg protein). This reversible phenomenon could be repeated several times during the in vitro aging at 0 °C. Use of 125I-iodinated BSA showed that approximately 5 μg BSA/mg mitochondria was adsorbed by the mitochondrial membranes during washing. These results indicate a direct correlation between the level of endogenous fatty acids and the uncoupling of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. The mechanism of counteracting the aging effect by BSA involves the removal of some of the free fatty acids.

scholarly journals Production of Endogenous Acetate by the Liver in Lactating Ewes

1976 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
N D Costa ◽  
GH Mclntosh ◽  
AM Snoswell
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Free Fatty Acid Concentration ◽  
Acetate Production ◽  
Hepatic Venous Blood ◽  
The Mean

The production of endogenous acetate by the liver has been investigated in lactating ewes using animals with indwelling arterial, and portal and hepatic venous cannulae. The capacity of the liver to produce acetate from acetyl-CoA in vitro has also been examined using homogenates prepared from liver biopsy samples. Mean arterial, portal and hepatic venous blood acetate concentrations in four ewes at 4 weeks lactation were 0'40, 1�00 and 1�46 mM respectively. The mean exogenous and endogenous acetate production rates were 56 and 54 mmol/h respectively, giving a total of 110 mrnol/h. The mean portal-hepatic venous difference in free fatty acid concentration was 81 11M. Converting this uptake of free fatty acids by the liver (based on palmitate as a standard) to 2-carbon equivalents, the acetate produced accounted for 70 % of the fatty acids taken up. The correlation coefficient (r2) between uptake of free fatty acids and production of acetate by the liver was o� 83 (P < O� 01),

scholarly journals Effect of Different Types of Dietary Fatty Acids on Subclinical Inflammation in Humans

2013 ◽  
pp. 145-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. KRÁLOVÁ LESNÁ ◽  
P. SUCHÁNEK ◽  
E. BRABCOVÁ ◽  
J. KOVÁŘ ◽  
H. MALÍNSKÁ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Systemic Inflammation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Pufa Diet

Replacing SAFAs (saturated fatty acids) for vegetable PUFAs (polyunsaturated fatty acids) has a well documented positive effect on the lipoprotein pattern while the direct effect of dietary fatty acids composition on systemic inflammation remains to be proven. In well controlled randomised cross-over study with 15 overweight/obese postmenopausal women, the effect of dietary switch on systemic inflammation was investigated. A two 3 weeks dietary period either with predominant animal fat (SAFA, 29 caloric % SAFA) or vegetable fat (PUFA 25 % caloric % PUFA) were interrupted by wash-out period. The expected increasing effect on SAFA diet to LDL-C (low density cholesterol) and opposite effect of PUFA diet was documented following changes in fatty acid spectrum in VLDL (very low density cholesterol) particles. The switch from SAFA diet to PUFA diet produced a significant change of CRP (C-reactive protein) concentration (p<0.01) whereas similar trend of IL-18 did not reach statistical significance. In this study, previous in vitro results of different SAFA and PUFA proinflammatory effects with well documented molecular mechanisms were first proven in a clinical study. It could be stated that the substantial change of dietary fatty acid composition might influence proinflammatory effect in addition to traditional cardiovascular risk factors.

1 CUMULUS CELLS PROTECT OOCYTES AGAINST POTENTIAL LIPOTOXICITY FROM ELEVATED FREE FATTY ACID CONCENTRATIONS IN FOLLICULAR FLUID

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 148
Author(s):  
H. Aardema ◽  
F. Lolicato ◽  
B. A. J. Roelen ◽  
P. L. A. M. Vos ◽  
J. B. Helms ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Follicular Fluid ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Cumulus Cells ◽  
The Impact

Metabolic conditions characterized by elevated free fatty acid levels in the blood are often associated with reduced fertility performance. Increased concentrations of saturated free fatty acids can induce lipotoxicity in cumulus–oocyte-complexes in vitro, while unsaturated fatty acids like oleic acid are mostly harmless and able to counteract the impact of saturated fatty acids (Aardema et al. 2011 Biol. Reprod. 85, 62–69). This study investigates the impact of elevated free fatty acids in the blood on the follicular fluid and the lipid of cumulus and oocytes derived from these follicles. Furthermore, in vitro maturing oocytes were exposed to free fatty acid concentrations measured in follicles of control and metabolically stressed animals from this study to determine the impact on oocyte developmental competence. Cyclic heifers (n = 12) were synchronized (7 days CIDR®) and superstimulated from Day 10 of the synchronized cycle [4 days of Folltropin-V® (Bioniche Animal Health Inc., Belleville, ON, Canada) in decreasing doses; in total 200 mg]. Heifers received ad libitum grass silage, apart from the experimental group (n = 6), which was metabolically stressed during the period of superstimulation. Ovaries were collected by ovariectomy at final maturation, 22 h after the induced LH peak. Follicular fluids and cumulus–oocyte complexes (COC) were collected from follicles of ≥8 mm. To determine the free fatty acid and lipid composition, blood, follicular fluid, cumulus cells, and oocytes were analyzed with mass spectrometry. The COC (4 runs, 400 per group) derived from slaughterhouse ovaries were in vitro matured in a standard medium without or with the dominating free fatty acids, saturated palmitic and stearic and unsaturated oleic acid, in concentrations measured in follicular fluid of control (80, 70, and 100 µM) and experimental heifers (150, 100, and 200 µM) and fertilized and cultured until the blastocyst stage. Culture data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and lipid data by two-sample t-test (P ≤ 0.05 considered significant). Procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Metabolic stress resulted in elevated free fatty acid levels in blood (from 430 ± 70 to 1048 ± 190 µM) and follicular fluid (from 357 ± 72 to 670 ± 133 µM), with relatively high oleic acid concentrations in follicular fluid (+10%). The increased levels of free fatty acids in follicular fluid resulted in a massive increase of fatty acids in the cumulus cells, but oocytes did only show marginal changes. In line with this, maturation in the presence of elevated palmitic, stearic, and oleic acid did not impair oocyte developmental competence and resulted in comparable blastocyst rates for the standard medium and the free fatty acid control and metabolic stress medium (31 ± 8.7, 34 ± 7.8, and 28 ± 1.7%). Thus, cumulus cells appear to protect oocytes against potential lipotoxicity from elevated free fatty acid concentrations by the accumulation of these fatty acids. This work was funded by Pfizer Animal Health.

scholarly journals Evidence-Based Guideline of the German Nutrition Society: Fat Intake and Prevention of Selected Nutrition-Related Diseases

2015 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 141-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Günther Wolfram ◽  
Angela Bechthold ◽  
Heiner Boeing ◽  
Sabine Ellinger ◽  
Hans Hauner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Fatty Acid Intake ◽  
High Intake ◽  
Acid Intake ◽  
Long Chain

As nutrition-related chronic diseases have become more and more frequent, the importance of dietary prevention has also increased. Dietary fat plays a major role in human nutrition, and modification of fat and/or fatty acid intake could have a preventive potential. The aim of the guideline of the German Nutrition Society (DGE) was to systematically evaluate the evidence for the prevention of the widespread diseases obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipoproteinaemia, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and cancer through the intake of fat or fatty acids. The main results can be summarized as follows: it was concluded with convincing evidence that a reduced intake of total and saturated fat as well as a larger intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) at the expense of saturated fatty acids (SFA) reduces the concentration of total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma. Furthermore, there is convincing evidence that a high intake of trans fatty acids increases risk of dyslipoproteinaemia and that a high intake of long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids reduces the triglyceride concentration in plasma. A high fat intake increases the risk of obesity with probable evidence when total energy intake is not controlled for (ad libitum diet). When energy intake is controlled for, there is probable evidence for no association between fat intake and risk of obesity. A larger intake of PUFA at the expense of SFA reduces risk of CHD with probable evidence. Furthermore, there is probable evidence that a high intake of long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids reduces risk of hypertension and CHD. With probable evidence, a high trans fatty acid intake increases risk of CHD. The practical consequences for current dietary recommendations are described at the end of this article.

Utilization of free fatty acids by diaphragm in vitro

1962 ◽  
Vol 203 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. T. Bodel ◽  
D. Rubinstein ◽  
E. E. McGarry ◽  
J. C. Beck
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽  
Rat Diaphragm ◽  
Diaphragm In Vitro

Human and rat diaphragm and rat gastrocnemius muscle oxidize and esterify palmitate-1-C14. Incorporation of C14 was found to be in proportion to the palmitate present in the medium over a range of concentrations from 0.8 to 2.9 µEq/ml. Fasting increased C14O2 production but had no effect on esterification. Iodoacetate or an atmosphere of nitrogen inhibited esterification of palmitate but increased the amount of free fatty acid in the tissue. Insulin increased esterification, and this was enhanced by the addition of glucose. Glucose and insulin exerted a sparing action on the oxidation of glycerides by a tissue previously charged with palmitate-1-C14. Growth hormone administered in vivo over a period of 1 week or in vitro during incubation had no effect on esterification or metabolism of palmitate-1-C14.

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