Evidence-Based Guideline of the German Nutrition Society: Fat Intake and Prevention of Selected Nutrition-Related Diseases

As nutrition-related chronic diseases have become more and more frequent, the importance of dietary prevention has also increased. Dietary fat plays a major role in human nutrition, and modification of fat and/or fatty acid intake could have a preventive potential. The aim of the guideline of the German Nutrition Society (DGE) was to systematically evaluate the evidence for the prevention of the widespread diseases obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipoproteinaemia, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and cancer through the intake of fat or fatty acids. The main results can be summarized as follows: it was concluded with convincing evidence that a reduced intake of total and saturated fat as well as a larger intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) at the expense of saturated fatty acids (SFA) reduces the concentration of total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma. Furthermore, there is convincing evidence that a high intake of trans fatty acids increases risk of dyslipoproteinaemia and that a high intake of long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids reduces the triglyceride concentration in plasma. A high fat intake increases the risk of obesity with probable evidence when total energy intake is not controlled for (ad libitum diet). When energy intake is controlled for, there is probable evidence for no association between fat intake and risk of obesity. A larger intake of PUFA at the expense of SFA reduces risk of CHD with probable evidence. Furthermore, there is probable evidence that a high intake of long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids reduces risk of hypertension and CHD. With probable evidence, a high trans fatty acid intake increases risk of CHD. The practical consequences for current dietary recommendations are described at the end of this article.

Download Full-text

Trends in the Intake of Fatty Acids and Their Food Source According to Obese Status Among Korean Adult Population Using KNHANES 2007-2017

Food and Nutrition Bulletin ◽

10.1177/0379572119898323 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 41 (1) ◽

pp. 77-88

Author(s):

Jaeouk Ahn ◽

Nam Soo Kim ◽

Byung-Kook Lee ◽

Sunmin Park Kim

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Adult Population ◽

Food Group ◽

Fat Intake ◽

Fatty Acid Intake ◽

Men And Women ◽

Acid Intake ◽

Obesity Status

Background: Increasing obesity rates are related to energy intake with carbohydrate and fat ratio. Using Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2017 data, we examined the hypothesis that the fat intake and food sources of dietary fats had changed over the last 10 years according to gender and obesity status in adult population ≥19 years. Methods: The food intake of each participant was collected by the 24-hour recall method, and nutrient intake including different fatty acids was calculated. The fatty acid intakes from 7 food groups were determined according to gender and obesity status. Results: Body mass index increased in both genders of the obese group over the decade, but it decreased in the normal-weight group. In men, energy intake was higher in the obese group than in the lean group, but the opposite trend was shown in women. Total fat intake including various fatty acids continuously and sharply increased in both men and women until 2016, then slightly declined only in men. The source of saturated fatty acid (SFA) intake was mainly from the animal food group in men and women regardless of obese status, and SFA and monounsaturated fatty acid from the animal food group gradually increased over time in both genders. N-3 fatty acid intake markedly decreased from fish and crabs and increased from sauces and nuts regardless of genders and the obese status from 2008 to 2017. Polyunsaturated fatty acid and N-6 fatty acid intake increased from bread, cookies, sauces, and nuts regardless of genders and obesity status. Conclusion: Fat intake was higher in obese men, but this was opposite in women. The N-3 fatty acid intake from seafood should increase, and the fat composition in sauce needs to be modulated to increase N-3 fatty acids.

Download Full-text

Evaluación del consumo de grasas en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 que asisten a un centro asistencial de la ciudad de Rosario

Actualización en Nutrición ◽

10.48061/san.2021.22.3.80 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Nadia Lingiardi ◽

◽

Yaela Dalessando ◽

Florencia Lo Piccolo ◽

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Total Energy ◽

Care Center ◽

Fat Intake ◽

Fatty Acid Intake ◽

Monounsaturated Fat ◽

Health Care Center ◽

Acid Intake ◽

Total Fat

Introduction: the evidence showed that fats have a role in diabetes development. Even though fat ideal amount in this pathology`s treatments controversial; it is known that fat quality is more important that fat quantity. Objectives: to assay the fat intake in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients who attended in a health care center in Rosario. Materials and methods: a descriptive, observational and cross-sectional study was conducted. The sample included 88 male and female adults, with T2D aged 45.55±12.33. The total energy, total fat, satured, unsatured fatty acids and cholesterol intakes were estimated through three 24-hour food recall instruments and then were compared with recommended values. Statistical analysis was performed using R statistical software 4.0.2 version. Results: mean total energy intake was 1851 kcal. Mean total fat intake was 43.30%, satured fatty acid intake 13.44%, monounsatured 14.10%, polyunsatured 12.86% and choresterol 388.55 mg. Total fat, satured and monounsatured fatty acids and cholesterol intakes were significantly higher in men (p=0.008, p=0.004, p=0.023, p=0.027; respectively). The 78.41% exceeded total fat intake. Satured fatty acid intake was inadequate in 99% of participants. The 92% had a monounsatured intake adequate to recommendations. Polyunsatured fatty acid showed an inadequate intake in 68% of patients. Cholesterol intake was inadequate in 83% of participants. There were not found significant differences in adherence to recommendations between sex. Conclusions: more than a half of T2D patients show and excessive total fat intake with inadequate intakes of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol. Only monounsaturated fat intake was adequate to recommendations.

Download Full-text

The relation between dietary intake of individual fatty acids, FEV1 and respiratory disease in Dutch adults

Thorax ◽

10.1136/thx.2007.090399 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 63 (3) ◽

pp. 208-214 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

T M McKeever ◽

S A Lewis ◽

P A Cassano ◽

M Ocké ◽

P Burney ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Dietary Intake ◽

Respiratory Symptoms ◽

Forced Expiratory Volume ◽

Aetiological Factor ◽

Chronic Obstructive ◽

Fatty Acid Intake ◽

High Intake ◽

Acid Intake

Background:A reduced dietary intake of n-3 fatty acids, in association with increased n-6 fatty acid intake, has been proposed as a potential aetiological factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. However, the relative importance of individual fatty acids within the n-3 and n-6 categories on this effect has not been widely investigated. We have studied the relation between individual fatty acid intakes, lung function and self-reported respiratory symptoms and diagnoses in a representative sample of more than 13 000 Dutch adults.Methods:Intake of individual fatty acids was estimated by a food frequency questionnaire and analysed in relation to measures of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and to questionnaire reported wheeze, asthma and COPD symptoms.Results:After adjusting for confounding, we found no protective association between individual n-3 fatty acid intakes and FEV1. Higher intakes of some n-6 fatty acids were associated with lower FEV1, this effect being most marked for c22:4 n-6 docosatetraenoic acid (reduction in FEV1 between the highest and lowest quintile of intake 54.5 ml (95% CI −81.6 to −27.4)). Most of the n-6 fatty acid effects interacted significantly with smoking, their effects being strongest in current smokers. Individual n-3 fatty acid intakes were generally associated with a higher risk of wheeze in the past year, but otherwise there was little or no association between fatty acid intake and wheeze, doctor diagnosed asthma or other respiratory symptoms.Conclusions:A high intake of n-3 fatty acids does not appear to protect against COPD or asthma, but a high intake of several n-6 fatty acids is associated with a significant reduction in FEV1, particularly in smokers. These findings indicate that high dietary intake of n-6 fatty acids, rather than reduced n-3 intake, may have an adverse effect on lung health.

Download Full-text

Modeled replacement of traditional soybean and canola oil with high-oleic varieties increases monounsaturated fatty acid and reduces both saturated fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid intake in the US adult population

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition ◽

10.1093/ajcn/nqy127 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 108 (3) ◽

pp. 594-602 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Susan K Raatz ◽

Zach Conrad ◽

Lisa Jahns ◽

Martha A Belury ◽

Matthew J Picklo

Keyword(s):

At Risk ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Canola Oil ◽

Food Sources ◽

Fatty Acid Intake ◽

High Oleic ◽

Acid Intake ◽

The Us ◽

Age And Sex

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND High-oleic (HO) seed oils are being introduced as replacements for trans fatty acid (TFA)–containing fats and oils. Negative health effects associated with TFAs led to their removal from the US Generally Recognized As Safe list. HO oils formulated for use in food production may result in changes in fatty acid intake at population levels. Objectives The purposes of this study were to 1) identify major food sources of soybean oil (SO) and canola oil (CO), 2) estimate effects of replacing SO and CO with HO varieties on fatty acid intake overall and by age and sex strata, and 3) compare predicted intakes with the Dietary Reference Intakes and Adequate Intakes (AIs) for the essential fatty acids (EFAs) α-linolenic acid (ALA) and linoleic acid (LA). Design Food and nutrient intakes from NHANES waves 2007–2008, 2009–2010, 2011–2012, and 2013–2014 in 21,029 individuals aged ≥20 y were used to model dietary changes. We estimated the intake of fatty acid with the replacement of HO-SO and HO-CO for commodity SO and CO at 10%, 25%, and 50% and evaluated the potential for meeting the AI at these levels. RESULTS Each modeling scenario decreased saturated fatty acids (SFAs), although intakes remained greater than recommended for all age and sex groups. Models of all levels increased the intake of total monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), especially oleic acid, and decreased the intake of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly LA and ALA. Replacement of traditional with HO oils at 25–50% places specific adult age and sex groups at risk of not meeting the AI for LA and ALA. Conclusions The replacement of traditional oils with HO varieties will increase MUFA intake and reduce both SFA and PUFA intakes, including EFAs, and may place specific age and sex groups at risk of inadequate LA and ALA intake.

Download Full-text

Fatty acid intake and metabolic syndrome among overweight and obese women

Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia ◽

10.1590/1980-5497201500040020 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 930-942 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Priscila Maximino ◽

Paula Martins Horta ◽

Luana Caroline dos Santos ◽

Cecília Lacroix de Oliveira ◽

Mauro Fisberg

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

Fatty Acid Intake ◽

Obese Women ◽

Food Diary ◽

Overweight Women ◽

Acid Intake

ABSTRACT: Objective: To examine relations between fatty acids intake and metabolic syndrome (MetS) status among overweight and obese women (n = 223). Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. The physical and laboratory tests included anthropometry, body composition evaluation and measurements of blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, insulinemia and lipid profiles. A three-day food diary was used to evaluate fatty acids consumption. Statistical analysis included χ2 test and odds ratio measurements. Results: The women had 35.2 (6.9) years old and 15.2% presented MetS. Women with MetS presented higher serum levels of very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose and insulin in addition to higher diastolic blood pressure in comparison to women without MetS. Overweight women with MetS consumed higher amounts of monounsaturated fatty acids - 24.3 g (24.7 - 36.4) versus overweight women without MetS - 23.9 g (23.8 - 26.8), polyunsaturated fatty acids - 16.7 g (14.6 - 21.1) versus overweight women without MetS - 13.6 g (13.8 - 15.8) and linoleic fatty acids - 15.9 g (6.5) versus overweight women without MetS - 13.1 g (5.1). Among obese women with MetS, higher intake of linoleic fatty acids was also noted - 17.6 g (6.1) versus obese women without MetS - 14.3 g (6.6) in addition to higher consumption of trans fatty acids - 4.7 g (4.8 - 6.3) versus obese women without MetS - 3.9 g (2.9 - 4.6). Increased quartiles of monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, linoleic and trans fatty acid intake were significantly associated with a greater occurrence of MetS. Conclusion: Lipid intake may be related to MetS, although other factors also need to be considered, such as lifestyle, genetics and metabolism.

Download Full-text

Relationship between Dietary n-6 Fatty Acid Intake and Hypertension: Effect of Glycated Hemoglobin Levels

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu10121825 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 1825 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Haruki Nakamura ◽

Akinori Hara ◽

Hiromasa Tsujiguchi ◽

Thao Thi Thu Nguyen ◽

Yasuhiro Kambayashi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Confidence Interval ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Glycated Hemoglobin ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Fatty Acid Intake ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Acid Intake

The relationship between dietary n-6 fatty acids and hypertension is not clear. The metabolic products of n-6 fatty acids include those that control blood pressure, such as prostaglandin and thromboxane, and that differ depending on the extent of glucose tolerance. This cross-sectional study investigated the association of dietary n-6 fatty acid intake on hypertension, and the effects of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) value in 633 Japanese subjects aged 40 years and older. Dietary intake was measured using a validated brief self-administered diet history questionnaire. We defined hypertension as the use of antihypertensive medication or a blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg. The prevalence of hypertension was 55.3%. A high n-6 fatty acids intake inversely correlated with hypertension in subjects with HbA1c values less than 6.5% (odds ratio, 0.857; 95% confidence interval, 0.744 to 0.987). On the contrary, in subjects with an HbA1c value of 6.5% or higher, the n-6 fatty acids intake was significantly associated with hypertension (odds ratio, 3.618; 95% confidence interval, 1.019 to 12.84). Regular dietary n-6 fatty acid intake may contribute to the prevention and treatment of hypertension in a healthy general population. By contrast, in subjects with diabetes, regular n-6 fatty acids intake may increase the risk of hypertension.

Download Full-text

Maternal polyunsaturated fatty acids and risk for autism spectrum disorder in the MARBLES high-risk study

Autism ◽

10.1177/1362361319877792 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 24 (5) ◽

pp. 1191-1200 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Yunru Huang ◽

Ana-Maria Iosif ◽

Robin L Hansen ◽

Rebecca J Schmidt

Keyword(s):

Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Spectrum Disorder ◽

Fatty Acid Intake ◽

Third Trimester ◽

Acid Intake

Prior research studies suggest that maternal polyunsaturated fatty acids could have protective effects on neurodevelopmental outcomes. The objective of this study was to examine associations between maternal polyunsaturated fatty acid intake during pregnancy and risk for autism spectrum disorder and other non-typical development in a prospective cohort. Eligible women already had a child with autism spectrum disorder and were planning a pregnancy or were pregnant with another child. Children were clinically assessed longitudinally and diagnosed at 36 months. Maternal polyunsaturated fatty acid intake during pregnancy was estimated using food frequency questionnaires. Maternal third-trimester plasma polyunsaturated fatty acid concentration was measured by gas chromatography. In all, 258 mother–child pairs were included. Mothers consuming more total omega-3 in the second half of pregnancy were 40% less likely to have children with autism spectrum disorder (relative risk = 0.6, 95% confidence interval: 0.3–0.98). No significant associations were observed between maternal third-trimester plasma polyunsaturated fatty acid subtype concentrations and risk of autism spectrum disorder. However, higher plasma eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid concentrations were associated with lower non-typical development risk (relative risk ranging from 0.47 to 0.88). This study provides suggestive evidence of associations between risk of autism spectrum disorder in the children and maternal omega-3 intake in late pregnancy but not with third-trimester plasma polyunsaturated fatty acids. Further research is needed to evaluate these potential relationships. Lay abstract Prior studies suggest that maternal polyunsaturated fatty acids intake during pregnancy may have protective effects on autism spectrum disorder in their children. However, they did not examine detailed timing of maternal polyunsaturated fatty acid intake during pregnancy, nor did they evaluate plasma concentrations. This study investigates whether maternal polyunsaturated fatty acids in defined time windows of pregnancy, assessed by both questionnaires and biomarkers, are associated with risk of autism spectrum disorder and other non-typical development in the children. Food frequency questionnaires were used to estimate maternal polyunsaturated fatty acid intake during the first and second half of pregnancy. Gas chromatography measured maternal plasma polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations in the third trimester. In all, 258 mother–child pairs from a prospective cohort were included. All mothers already had a child with autism spectrum disorder and were planning a pregnancy or pregnant with another child. Children were clinically assessed longitudinally and diagnosed at 36 months. For polyunsaturated fatty acid intake from questionnaires, we only found mothers consuming more omega-3 in the second half of pregnancy were 40% less likely to have children with autism spectrum disorder. For polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations in the third-trimester plasma, we did not observe any statistical significance in relation to the risk of autism spectrum disorder. However, our study confirmed associations from previous studies between higher maternal docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid plasma concentrations in the late pregnancy and reduced risk for non-typical development. This study markedly advanced understandings of whether and when maternal polyunsaturated fatty acid intake influences risk for autism spectrum disorder and sets the stage for prevention at the behavioral and educational level.

Download Full-text

Trans Fatty Acid Intake Induces Intestinal Inflammation and Impaired Glucose Tolerance

Frontiers in Immunology ◽

10.3389/fimmu.2021.669672 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Takuro Okamura ◽

Yoshitaka Hashimoto ◽

Saori Majima ◽

Takafumi Senmaru ◽

Emi Ushigome ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Trans Fatty Acid ◽

Trans Fatty Acids ◽

Intestinal Inflammation ◽

Fatty Acid Intake ◽

Acid Intake ◽

Trans Fatty Acid Intake ◽

High Sucrose Diet ◽

High Sucrose

Background and AimsMany nutritional and epidemiological studies have shown that high consumption of trans fatty acids can cause several adverse effects on human health, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer. In the present study, we investigated the effect of trans fatty acids on innate immunity in the gut by observing mice fed with a diet high in trans fatty acids, which have been reported to cause dysbiosis.MethodsWe used C57BL6/J mice and fed them with normal diet (ND) or high-fat, high-sucrose diet (HFHSD) or high-trans fatty acid, high-sucrose diet (HTHSD) for 12 weeks. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed on the mice stool samples, in addition to flow cytometry, real-time PCR, and lipidomics analysis of the mice serum and liver samples. RAW264.7 cells were used for the in vitro studies.ResultsMice fed with HTHSD displayed significantly higher blood glucose levels and advanced fatty liver and intestinal inflammation, as compared to mice fed with HFHSD. Furthermore, compared to mice fed with HFHSD, mice fed with HTHSD displayed a significant elevation in the expression of CD36 in the small intestine, along with a reduction in the expression of IL-22. Furthermore, there was a significant increase in the populations of ILC1s and T-bet-positive ILC3s in the lamina propria in mice fed with HTHSD. Finally, the relative abundance of the family Desulfovibrionaceae, which belongs to the phylum Proteobacteria, was significantly higher in mice fed with HFHSD or HTHSD, than in mice fed with ND; between the HFHSD and HTHSD groups, the abundance was slightly higher in the HTHSD group.ConclusionsThis study revealed that compared to saturated fatty acid intake, trans fatty acid intake significantly exacerbated metabolic diseases such as diabetes and fatty liver.

Download Full-text

Nrf2 affects the efficiency of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj20130863 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 457 (3) ◽

pp. 415-424 ◽

Cited By ~ 116

Author(s):

Marthe H. R. Ludtmann ◽

Plamena R. Angelova ◽

Ying Zhang ◽

Andrey Y. Abramov ◽

Albena T. Dinkova-Kostova

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Fatty Acid Oxidation ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Acid Oxidation ◽

Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Oxidation ◽

Atp Production ◽

Mitochondrial Fatty Acid ◽

Mitochondrial Oxidation ◽

Long Chain

Transcription factor Nrf2 affects fatty acid oxidation; the mitochondrial oxidation of long-chain (palmitic) and short-chain (hexanoic) saturated fatty acids is depressed in the absence of Nrf2 and accelerated when Nrf2 is constitutively activated, affecting ATP production and FADH2 utilization.

Download Full-text

Consumption of Fish and ω-3 Fatty Acids and Cancer Risk: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses of Observational Studies

Advances in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/advances/nmaa055 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 1134-1149 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Keum Hwa Lee ◽

Hyo Jin Seong ◽

Gaeun Kim ◽

Gwang Hun Jeong ◽

Jong Yeob Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Cancer Risk ◽

Observational Studies ◽

Fatty Acid Intake ◽

Umbrella Review ◽

Acid Intake ◽

Weak Evidence ◽

Meta Analyses

ABSTRACT Multiple studies have suggested that ω-3 fatty acid intake may have a protective effect on cancer risk; however, its true association with cancer risk remains controversial. We performed an umbrella review of meta-analyses to summarize and evaluate the evidence for the association between ω-3 fatty acid intake and cancer outcomes. We searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews from inception to December 1, 2018. We included meta-analyses of observational studies that examined associations between intake of fish or ω-3 fatty acid and cancer risk (gastrointestinal, liver, breast, gynecologic, prostate, brain, lung, and skin) and determined the level of evidence of associations. In addition, we appraised the quality of the evidence of significant meta-analyses by using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system. We initially screened 598 articles, and 15 articles, including 57 meta-analyses, were eligible. Among 57 meta-analyses, 15 reported statistically significant results. We found that 12 meta-analyses showed weak evidence of an association between ω-3 fatty acid intake and risk of the following types of cancer: liver cancer (n = 4 of 6), breast cancer (n = 3 of 14), prostate cancer (n = 3 of 11), and brain tumor (n = 2 of 2). In the other 3 meta-analyses, studies of endometrial cancer and skin cancer, there were no assessable data for determining the evidence levels. No meta-analysis showed convincing, highly suggestive, or suggestive evidence of an association. In the sensitivity analysis of meta-analyses by study design, we found weak associations between ω-3 fatty acid intake and breast cancer risk in cohort studies, but no statistically significant association in case-control studies. However, the opposite results were found in case of brain tumor risk. Although ω-3 fatty acids have been studied in several meta-analyses with regard to a wide range of cancer outcomes, only weak associations were identified in some cancer types, with several limitations. Considering the nonsignificant or weak evidence level, clinicians and researchers should cautiously interpret reported associations between ω-3 fatty acid consumption and cancer risks.

Download Full-text