scholarly journals Hallmarks of exosomes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nihat Dilsiz
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cellular Communication ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Protein Biomarkers ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Donor Cells ◽  
Targeted Release

Exosomes are a new horizon in modern therapy, presenting exciting new opportunities for advanced drug delivery and targeted release. Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles with a size range of 30–100 nm, secreted by all cell types in the human body and carrying a unique collection of DNA fragments, RNA species, lipids, protein biomarkers, transcription factors and metabolites. miRNAs are one of the most common RNA species in exosomes, and they play a role in a variety of biological processes including exocytosis, hematopoiesis and angiogenesis, as well as cellular communication via exosomes. Exosomes can act as cargo to transport this information from donor cells to near and long-distance target cells, participating in the reprogramming of recipient cells.

An Overview of the Latest Applications of Platelet-Derived Microparticles and Nanoparticles in Medical Technology 2010-2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tahereh Zadeh Mehrizi
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Interesting Point ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Review Study ◽  
Cellular Pathways ◽  
Different Cell Types

: Today, Platelets and platelet-derived nanoparticles and microparticles have found many applications in nanomedical technology. The results of our review study show that no article has been published in this field to review the current status of applications of these platelet derivatives so far. Therefore, in present study, our goal is to compare the applications of platelet derivatives and review their latest status between 2010 and 2020 to present the latest findings to researchers. A very interesting point about the role of platelet derivatives is the presence of molecules on their surface which makes them capable of hiding from the immune system, reaching different target cells, and specifically attaching to different cell types. According to the results of this study, most of their applications include drug delivery, diagnosis of various diseases, and tissue engineering. However, their application in drug delivery is limited due to heterogeneity, large size, and the possibility of interference with cellular pathways in microparticles derived from other cells. On the other hand, platelet nanoparticles are more controllable and have been widely used for drug delivery in treatment of cancer, atherosclerosis, thrombosis, infectious diseases, repair of damaged tissue, and photothermal therapy. The results of this study show that platelet nanoparticles are more controllable than platelet microparticles and have a higher potential for use in medicine.

A circulating microvesicle-based biosignature for the detection of colorectal cancer.

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (4_suppl) ◽  
pp. 373-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Spetzler ◽  
T. Tinder ◽  
S. Kankipati ◽  
M. Maheshwari ◽  
C. D. Kuslich
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Surface Membrane ◽  
Stage Iv ◽  
Target Surface ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Cell Of Origin ◽  
Protein Biomarkers ◽  
Multiplexed Immunoassay

373 Background: Microvesicles are principally derived either from the endosomal pathway (as exosomes) or shed directly from the plasma membrane. They are between 40-500 nm in diameter and are secreted by most cell types, including tumor cells. In circulation, microvesicles appear to participate in cellular communication by transporting mRNAs, miRs and proteins from their cell of origin to target cells where they can elicit biological responses. The quantity and protein topography of microvesicles shed from cancer cells varies considerably compared to those shed from normal cells. Thus, the concentration of circulating plasma microvesicles with molecular markers indicative of the disease state can be used as a robust and informative blood-based biosignature. In this study we report the results of the application of a novel multiplexed method for quantifying and profiling microvesicles in plasma for the detection of colorectal cancer. Methods: We have developed a versatile mulitplexed microvesicle-based discovery panel with 73 different antibodies that target surface proteins of various microvesicle subpopulations. This system was used to develop a microvesicle-derived biosignature composed of 2 different surface membrane protein biomarkers. Results: In this study, we demonstrate that a combination of TMEM211 and CD24 provide a robust signature for the detection of colorectal cancer (CRC). We isolated microvesicles from plasma of 257 patients with CRC, 57 stage I, 104 stage II, 80 stage 3, 6 stage IV, and 11 of unknown stage; 327 self-described, age-range matched normal plasma specimens were used for the control population. The level of TMEM211 and CD24 containing microvesicles for these samples was determined using a multiplexed immunoassay. Thresholds were empirically determined to maximize the sensitivity and specificity of CRC detection, resulting in a sensitivity of 90% with a specificity of 85% with an AUC of .91. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that it is possible to use circulating microvesicles for the development of a highly sensitive and specific blood-based assay to detect CRC. [Table: see text]

scholarly journals Exosomes as Smart Nanoplatforms for Diagnosis and Therapy of Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuying Zhao ◽  
Piaoxue Liu ◽  
Hanxu Tan ◽  
Xiaojia Chen ◽  
Qi Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Brain Tumors ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Bilayer Membrane ◽  
Separation And Purification ◽  
Donor Cells ◽  
Purification Methods ◽  
Low Toxicity ◽  
Patent Applications ◽  
Targeting Ability

Exosomes are composed of a lipid bilayer membrane, containing proteins, nucleic acids, DNA, RNA, etc., derived from donor cells. They have a size range of approximately 30-150 nm. The intrinsic characteristics of exosomes, including efficient cellular uptake, low immunogenicity, low toxicity, intrinsic ability to traverse biological barriers, and inherent targeting ability, facilitate their application to the drug delivery system. Here, we review the generation, uptake, separation, and purification methods of exosomes, focusing on their application as carriers in tumor diagnosis and treatment, especially in brain tumors, as well as the patent applications of exosomes in recent years.

Techniques and Applications of Animal- and Plant-Derived Exosome-Based Drug Delivery System

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 1543-1569
Author(s):  
Fulong Man ◽  
Junfeng Wang ◽  
Rong Lu
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Drug Delivery System ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Drug Loading ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Extracellular Vesicle ◽  
Cellular Communication ◽  
Different Cell Types

Exosomes are a kind of extracellular vesicle, has a particle size of 50–150 nm. Exosomes derived from different cell types are thought to participate in the regulation of cellular communication. On account of the ability of exosomes to deliver various cargos to a corresponding target site, they are often used to deliver therapeutic cargos for treatment. This review summarizes the origins and composition of exosomes, and provides a detailed overview of the current methods for exosome isolation and drug loading as well as the application of exosomes to drug delivery systems (DDSs) to provide practical suggestions for exosome studies. Moreover, this review also highlights the research progresses on plant-derived exosomes in determining their commonalities with and distinctions from animal-derived exosomes, and the advantages and challenges faced by plant-derived exosomes as drug delivery carriers are also discussed to contribute to the further application of plant-derived exosomes.

scholarly journals Cochlear protein biomarkers as potential sites for targeted inner ear drug delivery

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 368-379
Author(s):  
James G. Naples ◽  
Lauren E. Miller ◽  
Andrew Ramsey ◽  
Daqing Li
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Inner Ear ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Stria Vascularis ◽  
Spiral Ganglion ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Protein Biomarkers ◽  
Single Location ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
The Many

AbstractThe delivery of therapies to the cochlea is notoriously challenging. It is an organ protected by a number of barriers that need to be overcome in the drug delivery process. Additionally, there are multiple sites of possible damage within the cochlea. Despite the many potential sites of damage, acquired otologic insults preferentially damage a single location. While progress has been made in techniques for inner ear drug delivery, the current techniques remain non-specific and our ability to deliver therapies in a cell-specific manner are limited. Fortunately, there are proteins specific to various cell-types within the cochlea (e.g., hair cells, spiral ganglion cells, stria vascularis) that function as biomarkers of site-specific damage. These protein biomarkers have potential to serve as targets for cell-specific inner ear drug delivery. In this manuscript, we review the concept of biomarkers and targeted- inner ear drug delivery and the well-characterized protein biomarkers within each of the locations of interest within the cochlea. Our review will focus on targeted drug delivery in the setting of acquired otologic insults (e.g., ototoxicity, noise-induce hearing loss). The goal is not to discuss therapies to treat acquired otologic insults, rather, to establish potential concepts of how to deliver therapies in a targeted, cell-specific manner. Based on our review, it is clear that future of inner ear drug delivery is a discipline filled with potential that will require collaborative efforts among clinicians and scientists to optimize treatment of otologic insults.

scholarly journals Targeted Liposomal Drug Delivery to Monocytes and Macrophages

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ciara Kelly ◽  
Caroline Jefferies ◽  
Sally-Ann Cryan
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cationic Lipids ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Liposomal Drug ◽  
Cell Ablation ◽  
Monocytes And Macrophages ◽  
Particulate Carriers ◽  
Mannose Receptors

As the role of monocytes and macrophages in a range of diseases is better understood, strategies to target these cell types are of growing importance both scientifically and therapeutically. As particulate carriers, liposomes naturally target cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS), particularly macrophages. Loading drugs into liposomes can therefore offer an efficient means of drug targeting to MPS cells. Physicochemical properties including size, charge and lipid composition can have a very significant effect on the efficiency with which liposomes target MPS cells. MPS cells express a range of receptors including scavenger receptors, integrins, mannose receptors and Fc-receptors that can be targeted by the addition of ligands to liposome surfaces. These ligands include peptides, antibodies and lectins and have the advantages of increasing target specificity and avoiding the need for cationic lipids to trigger intracellular delivery. The goal for targeting monocytes/macrophages using liposomes includes not only drug delivery but also potentially a role in cell ablation and cell activation for the treatment of conditions including cancer, atherosclerosis, HIV, and chronic inflammation.

scholarly journals Transporter-Targeted Nano-Sized Vehicles for Enhanced and Site-Specific Drug Delivery

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2837 ◽  
Author(s):  
Longfa Kou ◽  
Qing Yao ◽  
Hailin Zhang ◽  
Maoping Chu ◽  
Yangzom D. Bhutia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Nano Drug Delivery

Nano-devices are recognized as increasingly attractive to deliver therapeutics to target cells. The specificity of this approach can be improved by modifying the surface of the delivery vehicles such that they are recognized by the target cells. In the past, cell-surface receptors were exploited for this purpose, but plasma membrane transporters also hold similar potential. Selective transporters are often highly expressed in biological barriers (e.g., intestinal barrier, blood–brain barrier, and blood–retinal barrier) in a site-specific manner, and play a key role in the vectorial transfer of nutrients. Similarly, selective transporters are also overexpressed in the plasma membrane of specific cell types under pathological states to meet the biological needs demanded by such conditions. Nano-drug delivery systems could be strategically modified to make them recognizable by these transporters to enhance the transfer of drugs across the biological barriers or to selectively expose specific cell types to therapeutic drugs. Here, we provide a comprehensive review and detailed evaluation of the recent advances in the field of transporter-targeted nano-drug delivery systems. We specifically focus on areas related to intestinal absorption, transfer across blood–brain barrier, tumor-cell selective targeting, ocular drug delivery, identification of the transporters appropriate for this purpose, and details of the rationale for the approach.

scholarly journals Exosomes: Cell-Derived Nanoplatforms for the Delivery of Cancer Therapeutics

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Hyosuk Kim ◽  
Eun Hye Kim ◽  
Gijung Kwak ◽  
Sung-Gil Chi ◽  
Sun Hwa Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Cancer Therapeutics ◽  
Strong Stability ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Drug Delivery Vehicles ◽  
Exosome Biogenesis ◽  
Donor Cells ◽  
Delivery Vehicles ◽  
Targeting Ability

Exosomes are cell-secreted nanovesicles that naturally contain biomolecular cargoes such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Exosomes mediate intercellular communication, enabling the transfer biological signals from the donor cells to the recipient cells. Recently, exosomes are emerging as promising drug delivery vehicles due to their strong stability in blood circulation, high biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and natural targeting ability. In particular, exosomes derived from specific types of cells can carry endogenous signaling molecules with therapeutic potential for cancer treatment, thus presenting a significant impact on targeted drug delivery and therapy. Furthermore, exosomes can be engineered to display targeting moieties on their surface or to load additional therapeutic agents. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of exosome biogenesis and the development of efficient exosome engineering techniques will provide new avenues to establish convincing clinical therapeutic strategies based on exosomes. This review focuses on the therapeutic applications of exosomes derived from various cells and the exosome engineering technologies that enable the accurate delivery of various types of cargoes to target cells for cancer therapy.

scholarly journals Exosomes as New Biomarkers and Drug Delivery Tools for the Prevention and Treatment of Various Diseases: Current Perspectives

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 7763
Author(s):  
Qi Liu ◽  
Shiying Li ◽  
Amandine Dupuy ◽  
Hoa le Mai ◽  
Nicolas Sailliet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Biological Molecules ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Novel Biomarkers ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
New Biomarkers

Exosomes are nano-sized vesicles secreted by most cells that contain a variety of biological molecules, such as lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. They have been recognized as important mediators for long-distance cell-to-cell communication and are involved in a variety of biological processes. Exosomes have unique advantages, positioning them as highly effective drug delivery tools and providing a distinct means of delivering various therapeutic agents to target cells. In addition, as a new clinical diagnostic biomarker, exosomes play an important role in many aspects of human health and disease, including endocrinology, inflammation, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. In this review, we summarize the development of exosome-based drug delivery tools and the validation of novel biomarkers, and illustrate the role of exosomes as therapeutic targets in the prevention and treatment of various diseases.

scholarly journals Exosomes as Drug Delivery Systems: Endogenous Nanovehicles for Treatment of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Ana Ortega ◽  
Olga Martinez-Arroyo ◽  
Maria J. Forner ◽  
Raquel Cortes
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Systemic Lupus ◽  
Drug Delivery Vehicles ◽  
Delivery Vehicles

Exosomes, nanometer-sized lipid-bilayer-enclosed extracellular vesicles (EVs), have attracted increasing attention due to their inherent ability to shuttle proteins, lipids and genes between cells and their natural affinity to target cells. Their intrinsic features such as stability, biocompatibility, low immunogenicity and ability to overcome biological barriers, have prompted interest in using exosomes as drug delivery vehicles, especially for gene therapy. Evidence indicates that exosomes play roles in both immune stimulation and tolerance, regulating immune signaling and inflammation. To date, exosome-based nanocarriers delivering small molecule drugs have been developed to treat many prevalent autoimmune diseases. This review highlights the key features of exosomes as drug delivery vehicles, such as therapeutic cargo, use of targeting peptide, loading method and administration route with a broad focus. In addition, we outline the current state of evidence in the field of exosome-based drug delivery systems in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), evaluating exosomes derived from various cell types and engineered exosomes.

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