Application of nanomaterial graphene oxide on biochemical traits of Milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.) under salinity stress

Identifying environmental factors, plant characteristics, and agronomic activities plays an essential role in medicinal plant production. Milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.) is a well-known medicinal plant with extensive use in diverse liver diseases and is economically a significant crop. This research was conducted to evaluate the effect of the sole and integrated applications of graphene oxide (GO), zeolite, and chitosan as modifying materials on gas exchange and the secondary metabolites of milk thistle under severe salinity stress. Seven sole and integrated combinations of nano-materials comprised of T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, and control (T8, no nano-materials application) and two levels of saline water (12 ds/m) and tap water (control, 0.8 ds/m) were applied to the soil of experimental plots based on a factorial design with three replications. The results showed that the highest photosynthesis rate was obtained with T7 treatment for both water treatments. The highest plant silymarin concentration was obtained from the T6 treatment under both saline and tap water conditions. This treatment increased the silymarin concentration by 15.9% compared to the T8. The highest plant silymarin yield (180 mg per plant) was recorded for the T7 under tap water (control) condition, and 130.3 mg/plant for T6 under salinity stress, respectively. The Transmission Electron Microscope technology indicated that GO at low concentration (0.01%) could be safely used to enhance milk thistle germination and growth under severe salinity stress conditions

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Plant growth promoters mediated quality and yield attributes of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.) ecotypes under salinity stress

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-02435-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Noreen Zahra ◽

Abdul Wahid ◽

Muhammad Bilal Hafeez ◽

Mohammed Nasser Alyemeni ◽

Tariq Shah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Salinity Stress ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Milk Thistle ◽

Silybum Marianum ◽

Growth Promoters ◽

Yield Attributes ◽

Plant Growth Promoters ◽

Moringa Leaf Extract

AbstractSilybum marianum (L.) Gaertn (Astraceae) is a well-reputed medicinal plant mostly utilized for silymarin (Sily) content and oil production, however, the information about Sily contents in achene part is still fragmented under different climatic conditions. In this study four milk thistle ecotypes from Faisalabad (FSD), Gujranwala (GUJ), Quetta (QTA), and Kallar kahar (KK) having an altered achene color were analyzed under salt stress. Application of plant growth promoters (PGPs) is one of the solution for ameliorating the effect of salinity and increasing the quantity and quality traits of milk thistle, so ascorbic acid (AsA), thiourea (TU), and moringa leaf extract (MLE) were soil supplied after developing salinity stress (120 mM with irrigation) at germination stage. Predetermined levels were selected for PGPs such as AsA (500 µM), MLE (3%), and TU (250 µM). Results revealed that all yield related attributes were significantly decreased, while secondary metabolites, pericarp epidermis, pericarp parenchyma, and pericarp seed integument increased under salinity stress. Data suggested that PGPs treatment was helpful to alleviate the deleterious effects of salinity stress and enhance the milk thistle quality and quantity parameters. The ecotypic variations with altered achene color patterns represent an advantage for QTA ecotypes for higher Sily extraction under salt stressed conditions.

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Effect of Chitosan on Seed Germination and Biochemical Traits of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum) Seedling under Salt Stress

Iranian Journal of Seed Research ◽

10.29252/yujs.3.2.105 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 105-118

Author(s):

Mehdi Aghighi Shahverdi ◽

Heshmat Omidi ◽

Sayed Esmail Mousavi

Keyword(s):

Salt Stress ◽

Seed Germination ◽

Milk Thistle ◽

Silybum Marianum ◽

Biochemical Traits

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The pathogen of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) in the Czech Republic

JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE ◽

10.24297/jaa.v5i1.4264 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 538-544

Author(s):

Ivana Safrankova ◽

Kolackova P ◽

Rutivckova G

Keyword(s):

Czech Republic ◽

Environmental Factors ◽

Active Compound ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Medicinal Herb ◽

Milk Thistle ◽

Silybum Marianum ◽

The Czech Republic

Milk thistle is grown in the Czech Republic as a medicinal herb; silymarin is isolated from its achenes and used for the production of liver and gallbladder medicine. The quality and content of the active compound is influenced not only by environmental factors, but also by pests and pathogens. The occurrence of pests of milk thistle variety Silyb was observed in two localities during the years 2011 2013. In the year 2011 the mycoflora of seeds of four milk thistle varieties was determined. Representatives of 15 species were isolated from the seeds, most of them saprophytic. 21 fungal species were isolated and identified from milk thistle plants during the vegetation; Septoria silybi among the most important ones. Possibilities of protection of milt thistle against pathogens are discussed.

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A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF STANDARDIZATION METHODS FOR THE MILK THISTLE FRUIT (SILYBUM MARIANUM)

University proceedings Volga region Medical sciences ◽

10.21685/2072-3032-2016-4-4 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

S. A. Burkush ◽

◽

S. V. Chizhov ◽

N. V. Firstova ◽

N. N. Glebova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Comparative Study ◽

Milk Thistle ◽

Silybum Marianum ◽

Standardization Methods

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Protective Effects of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum) against Aflatoxin B1 in Broiler Chicks

Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences ◽

10.5713/ajas.2011.10418 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 24 (7) ◽

pp. 1011-1018 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

N. Chand ◽

Din Muhammad ◽

F. R. Durrani ◽

M. Subhan Qureshi ◽

Sahibzada S Ullah

Keyword(s):

Aflatoxin B1 ◽

Milk Thistle ◽

Broiler Chicks ◽

Protective Effects ◽

Silybum Marianum

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GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF SILYBUM MARIANUM AS A MEDICINAL PLANT UNDER SALINITY STRESS

Plant Breeding and Seed Science ◽

10.37317/pbss-2019-0003 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 25-38

Author(s):

M. A. Dorri ◽

B. Kamkar ◽

M. Aghdasi ◽

A. R. Safahani

Keyword(s):

Medicinal Plant ◽

Seedling Growth ◽

Block Design ◽

Germination Percentage ◽

Milk Thistle ◽

Tolerance Index ◽

Root Weight ◽

Silybum Marianum ◽

Nacl Concentration ◽

Salinity Levels

Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) is used as a medicinal plant in the treatment of liver diseases. In order to investigate germination and seedling growth in S. marianum subjected to NaCl, a three replicated experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design in the laboratory of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. Treatments included seven salinity levels (50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175 and 200 mM) and a control (distilled water). Germination percentage (GP), mean germination time (MGT), seed-ling vigour index (SVI), shoot, root and seedling weight were measured. The effect of salinity levels was significant on GP, SVI, MGT and seedling weight and length (p ≤ 0.01). However, the NaCl concentration effect was not significant on shoot : root length ratio and or shoot : root weight ratios. Results showed that germination decreased when salinity increased, while MGT increased. MGT was 1.75 times higher than in the control at the highest salt concentration. MGT difference was not significant between 75 mM NaCl and con-trol, while it dramatically increased by increasing the NaCl concentration from 150 to 200 mM NaCl. Reduc-tion slope and salt tolerance index (STI) were estimated for germination (0.54 and 231.9) and seedling stage (0.24 and 237.4). According to the results, milk thistle could be considered as a valuable medicinal plant in fairly salinized areas.

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Influence of irrigation and row spacing on the growth, seed yield and active substance of milk thistle (Silybum marianum)

International Journal of Horticultural Science ◽

10.31421/ijhs/7/3-4/288 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 7 (3-4) ◽

Author(s):

G. Karimzedah ◽

R. Omidbaigi ◽

Bakhshai D.

Keyword(s):

Medicinal Plant ◽

Seed Yield ◽

Active Substance ◽

Milk Thistle ◽

Row Spacing ◽

Silybum Marianum ◽

Ripe Fruit ◽

Suitable Amount ◽

Ancient Times ◽

Active Substances

Milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn) has been used in medicine since ancient times, but it has been cultivated as a medicinal plant only in recent decades. The ripe fruit of milk thistle contains flavonoids, which are used to prepare anti-hepatotoxic drugs. The main purpose of this study was to substantiate the effects of irrigation and row spacing on growth, seed yield and the content of active substances (silybin and silymarin) in milk thistle. The results showed that the suitable amount of irrigation was 20 mm and the appropriate row spacing was 25 cm.

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