Prohibition of pollution of marine environments: challenges and prospects

This article examines how marine pollution can be effectively contained and curtailed using existing regulatory instruments. The harmful effect of marine pollution on marine ecosystems and species is a problem that needs to be addressed as a matter of urgency. It is against the backdrop of this concern that national and international legal frameworks have been put in place to regulate, reduce or stop marine pollution. Despite this, the problem of marine pollution is still rampant and impacting negatively on marine socio-economic goods and services. It is pertinent to point out that marine pollution only receives attention when it has catastrophic impacts. This article scrutinizes frameworks that have been put in place to curb marine pollution by assessing their functions. It submits that measures should be taken to ensure compliance of these regulations and that prevention of marine pollution should be prioritized in order to guard against the manifestation of destructive adverse effects of harmful substances.

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Assessment of goods and services, vulnerability, and conservation status of European seabed biotopes: a stepping stone towards ecosystem-based marine spatial management

Mediterranean Marine Science ◽

10.12681/mms.23 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 49 ◽

Cited By ~ 86

Author(s):

M. SALOMIDI ◽

S. KATSANEVAKIS ◽

A. BORJA ◽

U. BRAECKMAN ◽

D. DAMALAS ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Marine Pollution ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Conservation Status ◽

Marine Ecosystems ◽

Hydrocarbon Exploration ◽

Human Welfare ◽

Goods And Services ◽

Starting Point ◽

Spatial Management ◽

Marine Realm

The goal of ecosystem-based marine spatial management is to maintain marine ecosystems in a healthy, productive and resilient condition; hence, they can sustainably provide the needed goods and services for human welfare. However, the increasing pressures upon the marine realm threaten marine ecosystems, especially seabed biotopes, and thus a well-planned approach of managing use of marine space is essential to achieve sustainability. The relative value of seabed biotopes, evaluated on the basis of goods and services, is an important starting point for the spatial management of marine areas. Herein, 56 types of European seabed biotopes and their related goods, services, sensitivity issues, and conservation status were compiled, the latter referring to management and protection tools which currently apply for these biotopes at European or international level. Fishing activities, especially by benthic trawls, and marine pollution are the main threats to European seabed biotopes. Increased seawater turbidity, dredged sediment disposal, coastal constructions, biological invasions, mining, extraction of raw materials, shipping-related activities, tourism, hydrocarbon exploration, and even some practices of scientific research, also exert substantial pressure. Although some first steps have been taken to protect the European sea beds through international agreements and European and national legislation, a finer scale of classification and assessment of marine biotopes is considered crucial in shaping sound priorities and management guidelines towards the effective conservation and sustainability of European marine resources.

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Atmospheric deposition: Effects on sculptures

10.31221/osf.io/xs7jq ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Chem Int

Keyword(s):

Adverse Effects ◽

Atmospheric Deposition ◽

Case Studies ◽

Review Paper ◽

Harmful Effect ◽

Public Concern

Public concern over the deleterious effects of atmospheric deposition (AD) has grown rapidly due to its adverse effects (teratogenicity, toxicity, and carcinogenicity) to human, animals, and materials. The aim of this review is to describe the effect of the AD on sculptures, measures for its reduction, and case studies on maintenances of sculptures against the AD. To this end, a step-by-step review is outlined to discuss the harmful effect of AD contamination on many important sculptures. The review paper is also extended to describe preventive steps to reduce AD on sculptures to help reduce the risks associated with AD.

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Phytotoxicity and Other Adverse Effects on the In Vitro Shoot Cultures Caused by Virus Elimination Treatments: Reasons and Solutions

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10040670 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 670

Author(s):

Katalin Magyar-Tábori ◽

Nóra Mendler-Drienyovszki ◽

Alexandra Hanász ◽

László Zsombik ◽

Judit Dobránszki

Keyword(s):

Adverse Effects ◽

Physiological Condition ◽

Harmful Effect ◽

Shoot Cultures ◽

Virus Elimination ◽

In Vitro Shoots ◽

Further Development ◽

In Vitro Shoot Cultures ◽

Harmful Effects

In general, in vitro virus elimination is based on the culture of isolated meristem, and in addition thermotherapy, chemotherapy, electrotherapy, and cryotherapy can also be applied. During these processes, plantlets suffer several stresses, which can result in low rate of survival, inhibited growth, incomplete development, or abnormal morphology. Even though the in vitro cultures survive the treatment, further development can be inhibited; thus, regeneration capacity of treated in vitro shoots or explants play also an important role in successful virus elimination. Sensitivity of genotypes to treatments is very different, and the rate of destruction largely depends on the physiological condition of plants as well. Exposure time of treatments affects the rate of damage in almost every therapy. Other factors such as temperature, illumination (thermotherapy), type and concentration of applied chemicals (chemo- and cryotherapy), and electric current intensity (electrotherapy) also may have a great impact on the rate of damage. However, there are several ways to decrease the harmful effect of treatments. This review summarizes the harmful effects of virus elimination treatments applied on tissue cultures reported in the literature. The aim of this review is to expound the solutions that can be used to mitigate phytotoxic and other adverse effects in practice.

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Environmental Assessment in Marine Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction: Practice and Prospects

Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting ◽

10.1017/amp.2017.78 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 111 ◽

pp. 252-255

Author(s):

Robin Warner

Keyword(s):

Human Activity ◽

Marine Environment ◽

Environmental Assessment ◽

Marine Pollution ◽

Scientific Research ◽

Marine Ecosystems ◽

Marine Resources ◽

Governance Structures ◽

National Jurisdiction ◽

Marine Areas

Knowledge of the threats posed to the oceans by human activity has expanded beyond marine pollution to encompass recognition of the risks posed to vulnerable marine ecosystems (VMEs) by overfishing, destructive fisheries practices, and invasive exploitation of living and nonliving marine resources. However, with the still-developing state of marine scientific research, the majority of activities at sea continue to occur with limited knowledge of their impacts on the marine environment. In this climate of uncertainty, environmental assessment assumes heightened importance. While governance structures will generally exist to facilitate environmental assessment in marine areas within national jurisdiction, these structures are still developing for marine areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ).

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Regional Network in Marine Science and Technology f for the Caribbean: Know – Why Network

10.31219/osf.io/e3e33 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Chris Corbin ◽

Antonio Villasol Núñez ◽

William James Senior ◽

Arístide Márquez ◽

Ivis Fermín ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Environmental Quality ◽

Financial Support ◽

Marine Pollution ◽

Marine Ecosystems ◽

Caribbean Region ◽

Regional Network ◽

Development Agency ◽

Regional Project ◽

The Caribbean

The Marine Sciences and Technologies Regional Project for the Wider Caribbean Region, knownas ”Know Why Network”, came into being as part of the financial support provided by theSwedish Development Agency (SIDA) and is administered and directed by the AMEP subprogramme(Evaluation and Management of Marine Pollution) of the Caribbean EnvironmentalProgramme (CEP). The general aim of this project is the exchange of capacities between countries with theobjectives of implementing the Pollution from Land-based Sources Protocol (LBS) andimproving knowledge about the environmental quality of the marine ecosystems and theirresources in the Wider Caribbean Region (WRC).

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Aquatic and Marine Ecosystems

EDIS ◽

10.32473/edis-4h189-2002 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 2002 (8) ◽

Author(s):

Deborah J. Glauer

Keyword(s):

Young People ◽

Environmental Education ◽

Subject Matter ◽

Life Skills ◽

Marine Ecosystems ◽

Natural World ◽

Marine Environments ◽

Basic Premise

The new Florida 4-H Aquatic/Marine Ecosystems Leader’s Guide, is a part of the Environmental Education Framework, OUR NATURAL WORLD, This framework includes the basic premise that aquatic/marine environments are important in children’s lives, particularly to those children in Florida. The 4-H Aquatic/Marine Ecosystems program provides an opportunity for young people to practice a variety of life skills while learning subject matter.

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HEAT RELATED ILLNESSES

The Professional Medical Journal ◽

10.29309/tpmj/2015.22.05.1264 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 22 (05) ◽

pp. 546-553

Author(s):

Sajid Ali Mustafvi ◽

Nadeem Yousaf ◽

Zainab Amjad ◽

Tahir Ahamd Munir ◽

Syed Shoiab Shah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adverse Effects ◽

Heat Waves ◽

Heat Stroke ◽

Harmful Effect ◽

Health Sciences ◽

Male Students ◽

Anxiety State ◽

Air Conditioner ◽

Disturbed Sleep ◽

Great Percent

Objective: To study the adaptive strategies from harmful effect of heat waveon an urban, educated, well to do subjects for a period of May to July 2014.Data Source:250 selected young students of RIHS. Design of Study: Descriptive Study. Setting: RawalInstitute of Health Sciences, Islamabad. Period: March – July 2014. Method: A questionnairewas circulated among the students of Rawal Institute of Health Sciences Islamabad regardingeffects of heat and measures taken to combat its effects. Results: A total of 250 urban studentswith mean age of 19.77±1.10 years were inducted in the study, having resources to face theextreme heat. A significant number of female non boarder students (p=0.000), wearing cottonclothes (p=0.000) having fair skin (p=0.000) and using air condition at homes (p=0.000) werenot acclimatized to heat waves still have headache and anxiety. A great percent of students didnot complaint of headache, heat exhaustion, heat cramp or syncope, except mild sweating,effect on studies. A great percentage (>65%) of students complained of malaise, nauseavomiting. Male students showed increase thirst than female, while anxiety state was noticedmore in female than male students. Conclusion: The use of cotton clothing, daily bathing,increased water intake and use of air conditioner minimized the severe adverse effects likeheat exhaustion, heat syncope, and heat stroke, although the minor effects like skin tanning,disturbed sleep, anxiety and adverse effects on studies cannot be avoided in heat wave season.

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Sources of Air Pollution

Handbook of Research on Microbial Tools for Environmental Waste Management - Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-3540-9.ch011 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 220-258

Author(s):

Abderrezak Khelfi

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Particulate Matter ◽

Adverse Effects ◽

Chemical Reactions ◽

Dust Storms ◽

Pollution Sources ◽

Atmospheric Gases ◽

Secondary Pollutants ◽

Harmful Substances ◽

Life On Earth

This chapter describes how air is a complex natural gaseous system essential to support life on Earth. Air pollution comes from a wide variety of sources, which discharge of harmful substances into the atmosphere, causing adverse effects to humans and the environment. They can be natural or anthropogenic. Natural air pollution sources are multiple and include volcanic eruption, fire, ocean vapors, dust storms and fermentation of organic materials. However, the range and quantities of chemicals discharged into the atmosphere from industry, transport, agriculture, energy production, domestic heating, and many other human activities, have increased dramatically. Some pollutants are emitted directly into the atmosphere and are known as primary pollutants (NOx, SOx, particulate matter, etc.). Others are formed in the air as a result of chemical reactions with other pollutants and atmospheric gases; these are known as secondary pollutants like ozone. This chapter provides an overview on air pollution sources as well as the ways in which pollutants can affect human health and the environment.

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Bacteriophage can drive virulence in marine pathogens

Marine Disease Ecology ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198821632.003.0004 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 73-82 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mark Little ◽

Maria Isabel Rojas ◽

Forest Rohwer

Keyword(s):

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Bacterial Pathogens ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Relevant Literature ◽

Marine Ecosystems ◽

Marine Environments ◽

Human Pathogens ◽

Large Role ◽

Associated Bacteria ◽

And Function

The roles of prophages in disease have mainly considered human pathogens, while their role in marine pathogens has only recently been considered. This chapter reviews the relevant literature on what is known of prophages in marine ecosystems and provides a meta-analysis of the abundance and function of prophages in marine pathogenic bacteria. According to these results, bacterial pathogens in marine environments contain a significantly higher abundance of prophage DNA in their genomes than host-associated bacteria, which are non-pathogenic. The authors also surveyed the genetic content of the prophages that were associated with known pathogens and compared their functions to non-pathogens. Their findings suggest that horizontally acquired prophage-encoded DNA may play a large role in the ecology and evolution of marine diseases

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