Categorization of animal by-products and labelling of derived products with of glycerol triheptanoate (GTH)

Animal by-products result mainly from the slaughter of animals for human consumption, the production of products of animal origin (such as dairy products), the disposal of dead animals, and disease-control measures. Regardless of their source, they pose a potential risk to public and animal health and the environment. This risk needs to be adequately controlled, either by safe disposal of such products, or by their utilization, provided that strict conditions are maintained to minimize the health risks involved. Animal by-products are classified into categories that reflect the level of risk to public and animal health arising from those by-products (Cat. 1, 2 and 3). According to Commission Regulation (EU) No 142/2011, in processing plants for the processing of Category 1 or 2 material, derived products shall be permanently marked with glycerol triheptanoate (GTH). The minimum content of marker in target materials is 250 mg/kg of fat. For the determination of glycerol triheptanoate in dry meat, bone meals, rendered fat and soil adjuvants, gas chromatography technique and mass spectrometry detection are used

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Multiresidue method for the simultaneous analysis of antibiotics and mycotoxins in feeds by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry

Acta Alimentaria ◽

10.1556/066.2020.00159 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ü.İ. Konak ◽

H.A. Yatmaz ◽

Ş. Nilüfer ◽

T. Erkaymaz ◽

M. Certel

Keyword(s):

High Performance ◽

Safety Issue ◽

Animal Health ◽

Animal Origin ◽

Limit Of Quantification ◽

Multiresidue Method ◽

Animal Feeds ◽

Relative Standard ◽

Feed Samples

AbstractResidues in animal feeds and foods of animal origin have been important safety issue concerning both human and animal health. A multiresidue method for determination of eight mycotoxins and ten antibiotics was developed and validated in animal feeds by using QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) extraction followed by UHPLC-MS/MS. Optimisation of UHPLC-MS/MS parameters was performed to achieve good separation and resolution. The method was validated according to the European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. Matrix matched calibration curves showed good r2 (≥0.995) values, and limit of quantification (LOQ) values varied between 1.2 and 5.2 μg kg−1. Average recoveries ranged from 60 to 102% with relative standard deviations of 2.2 and 15.6% for all type of feed samples except for tetracyclines, lincomycin, tylosin, ochratoxin A, and fumonisin (B1 and B2).

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Determination of patulin in apple juice by liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/854/1/012075 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 854 (1) ◽

pp. 012075

Author(s):

T Radicevic ◽

S Jankovic ◽

S Simunovic ◽

S Stefanovic ◽

Z Petrovic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Apple Juice ◽

Limit Of Detection ◽

Fruit Juices ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Human Diet ◽

Maximum Residue Limits ◽

Commission Regulation ◽

Apple Products ◽

Infants And Young Children

Abstract Patulin is a mycotoxin produced by several fungi, (Penicillium, Aspergillus, Byssochlamys). The main sources of patulin intake in human diet are apples, apple juice and apple nectar, and for this reason, apple based foods are monitored for the presence of this mycotoxin. Commission Regulation EC No 1881/2006 lays down maximum residue limits (MRLs) of 50 µg/kg in apple juice and cider, 25 µg/kg in solid apple products, and 10 µg/kg in products for infants and young children. In Serbia, maximum permitted amounts of patulin in fruit juices, reconstituted concentrated fruit juices and fruit nectars, as well as in solid apple products, including apple compote and apple puree, intended for direct human consumption are prescribed in the Regulation on maximum concentrations of certain contaminants in foodstuffs. This paper presents the LC-MS/MS method for quantitative determination of patulin in apple juice. Criteria for method validation were taken from Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. Linearity was confirmed in the concentration ranges of 0-100 µg/kg, with the limit of detection (LoD) of 9.85 µg/kg. The performance of the method was successfully verified by participating in a proficiency study.

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Effect of animal origin and farm altitude on some physicochemical properties and minerals of milk samples

10.21203/rs.3.rs-98584/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mohammed Elimam Mohammed ◽

Eid Ibrahim Brima ◽

Aed Alasidy ◽

Nasir Qurishi ◽

Moad Algarni

Keyword(s):

Specific Gravity ◽

Physicochemical Properties ◽

Animal Health ◽

Animal Origin ◽

Sodium Potassium ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Sheep Milk ◽

Low Altitude ◽

Mineral Concentrations

Abstract The physicochemical properties of milk depend on many factors, including the animal origin, animal health status, size, age, and nutrition, genetics, and environmental factors. This study investigated the effect of animal origin and altitude on some physicochemical properties of milk. The studied parameters were the pH, conductivity, moisture and ash percentages, total dissolved solids (TDS), specific gravity, sodium, potassium, and calcium. The animals from where the milk samples were collected were camels (8), goats (5) and sheep (6) and from two altitudes; 14 and 2110 meters above sea level. Standard methods were used to determine the physicochemical properties of milk samples while the flame photometer technique was used for the determination of the studied mineral concentrations. At the low altitude the conductivity was significantly different between the milks of the three ruminants and the moisture, TDS, specific gravity and calcium were significantly different between the camel and sheep milks. With regard to the animals living at the high altitude, the moisture, TDS, specific gravity and the ash were significantly different between the camel and sheep milks and between the sheep and goat milks while the minerals were insignificantly different between the three milk samples. Concerning the effect of altitude on each milk, it significantly affected the pH, conductivity, ash percentage, and potassium in the camel milk samples, while it significantly affected the conductivity, specific gravity, ash percentage and the calcium in goat milks whereas it significantly affected the ash percentage in the sheep milk samples. The animal origin and the altitude have significant effects on the majority of the studied parameters.

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Determination of Antibiotic Residues in Milk by Microbial Inhibitory Tests

Folia Veterinaria ◽

10.1515/fv-2017-0028 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 61 (3) ◽

pp. 57-64

Author(s):

D. Juščáková ◽

I. Kožárová

Keyword(s):

Detection Sensitivity ◽

Animal Origin ◽

Cow’S Milk ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Grocery Stores ◽

Feed Water ◽

Antibiotic Residues ◽

Cow's Milk ◽

Raw Cow’S Milk

AbstractUndesirable substances enter the organism of animals mostly via feed, water or veterinary medicines and their residues pass subsequently into the products of animal origin. In dairy cows, sheep and goats these residues are eliminated particularly in milk. Milk intended for human consumption must comply with safety criteria also with respect to residues of antibiotics. The aim of this study was to determine the presence or absence of antibiotic residues in the milk using the tests Milchtest and Premi®Test. While the Milchtest was developed for the determination of antibiotic residues in cow, sheep and goat milk, the Premi®Test is intended for the determination of antibiotic residues in meat juice, liver, kidneys, fish, eggs and in the urine of animals treated with antibiotics. As examined matrices, we used 45 samples of raw cow’s milk collected at 3 agricultural farms and 10 samples of milk offered to consumers at grocery stores. When using the Milchtest, 8 samples tested positive and 10 provided dubious results while testing with the Premi®Test showed that only 6 samples were positive for antibiotics. Comparison of the results confirmed a higher detection sensitivity of Milchtest reflected in higher numbers of positive samples and the detection of dubious results in samples of raw cow’s milk. However, it should be noted that even the Premi®Test, although not intended preferably for the determination of antibiotics in milk, can be used, if needed, for the preliminary screening of antibiotic residues in such a matrix.

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Determination of Aflatoxins in Wheat and Wheat by-products Intended for Human Consumption, Marketed in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Journal of Food and Nutrition Research ◽

10.12691/jfnr-2-10-3 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2 (10) ◽

pp. 671-674 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Felipe Machado Trombete ◽

Douglas de Ávila Moraes ◽

Yuri Duarte Porto ◽

Thaís Barbosa Santos ◽

Glória Maria Direito ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rio De Janeiro ◽

Human Consumption ◽

By Products

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Bioaccumulation of deltamethrin, tebuconazole and chlormequat chloride in T. molitor larvae and risks associated with their human consumption

Journal of Insects as Food and Feed ◽

10.3920/jiff2020.0007 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (5) ◽

pp. 457-465

Author(s):

E. Dreassi ◽

A. Mancini ◽

G. Corbini ◽

M. Botta ◽

F. Tarchi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Accumulation Rate ◽

Animal Health ◽

Scientific Data ◽

Animal Origin ◽

Agricultural Product ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Fasting Period ◽

Chlormequat Chloride ◽

Food Of Animal Origin

Edible insects are generally reared on agricultural product-based diets. These feeding substrates may contain pesticides or toxins that are derived from field practices for plant growth and defence and that may represent a health risk to insect consumers. The present study investigated Tenebrio molitor capability to uptake from contaminated substrates three chemical compounds that are employed in agricultural practices: the insecticide deltamethrin (DELTA), the fungicide tebuconazole (TEB) and the plant growth regulator chlormequat chloride (CCC), all with different properties of lipophilicity and potentially harmful for human and animal health. Newly optimised and validated LC-MS/MS methods have been used for the quantification of pesticide residues in larvae samples. Analysis showed that DELTA and TEB are retained by larvae, even after 24 h of fasting, due to their lipophilicity. Larvae fasting period allowed the elimination of 47% of DELTA residues and 78% of TEB ones. Diversely, CCC, the most hydrophilic chemical compound, was completely eliminated after the fasting. The toxicity of pesticides to larvae has been also investigated. The highest mortality of T. molitor larvae (close to 50%) was recorded for the insecticide DELTA, at the dose of 20 mg/kg and for CCC (15%) at the concentration of 4 mg/kg. The safety of insects as food and feed represents an important section in the field of the control of food of animal origin and animal health. Nevertheless, to date, this aspect is not yet completely determined due to the lack of scientific data in this area. By assessing the accumulation rate of some chemicals in reared insects and by evaluating the toxic effects that chemicals may have on larvae, this study could contribute to filling this gap.

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Determination of Aflatoxin B1 in Food and Feedstuffs in Cuba (1990 through 1996) Using an Immunoenzymatic Reagent Kit (Aflacen)

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-65.1.219 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 65 (1) ◽

pp. 219-221 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

ARTURO ESCOBAR ◽

OLGA SÁNCHEZ REGUEIRO

Keyword(s):

Detection Limit ◽

Aflatoxin B1 ◽

Great Risk ◽

Animal Health ◽

Human Consumption ◽

High Demand ◽

National Production ◽

Imported Food

The presence of aflatoxin B1 was analyzed in imported food and feedstuffs of national production in the period of 1990 through 1996, destined to animal and human consumption using an immunoenzymatic reagent kit (Aflacen, Ckure, la Habana, Cuba) with a detection limit of 0.3 μg/kg. It was found that the 17.04% of a total of 4,594 analyzed samples presented aflatoxin B1, and the biggest percentages were in sorghum and peanut with an 83.3 and 40.4%, respectively. The corn, oat, wheat, and soy are fundamental raw ingredients in the elaboration of concentrates. Percentages of contamination with aflatoxin B1 of 23.3, 10.7, 25, and 4.6 were found in corn, oat, wheat, and soy, respectively. Other analyzed foods like rice, beans, and peas presented percentages of contamination with aflatoxin B1 inferior to 5% of the analyzed samples. It was found that more than 455 samples surpassed the value of 10 μg/kg. Corn and peanut products present a high demand in population showing levels of contamination superior to 50 μg/kg. The 11.3% of the samples contaminated with aflatoxin B1 have values between 1 and 20 μg/kg, where peanut and concentrates show the highest percentages (21.9 and 18.7), respectively. These results show levels of aflatoxin B1 in the population that constitute a great risk for human and animal health.

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Chlorine dioxine DBPs (disinfection by-products) in drinking water

Journal of Biological Research - Bollettino della Società Italiana di Biologia Sperimentale ◽

10.4081/jbr.2013.3669 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 86 (1) ◽

Author(s):

C. Lasagna ◽

E. Raffo ◽

M. Bianchi ◽

L. Pocaterra

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Ion Chromatography ◽

Chlorine Dioxide ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Analytical Technique ◽

Experimental Part ◽

Italian Regions ◽

By Products ◽

Different Origin

Since the 1970s it has been well known that, though water for human consumption is generally disinfected before being distributed along the network, the use of chemicals results in the formation of many different Disinfection By-Products (DBPs). In the case of chlorine dioxide, the most important and represented DBPs are chlorite and chlorate: after an introduction concerning the current Italian regulation on this subject, in the experimental part the results of a 7-year minitoring campaign, concerning water of different origin collected from taps in various Italian regions, are shown. The analytical technique used for the determination of chlorite and chlorate was Ion Chromatography. The result obtained are finally discussed.

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Knowledge and practice of cattle handlers on antibiotic residues in meat and milk in Kwara State, Northcentral Nigeria

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0257249 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (10) ◽

pp. e0257249

Author(s):

Mary Idowu Olasoju ◽

Taiwo Israel Olasoju ◽

Oluwawemimo Oluseun Adebowale ◽

Victoria Olusola Adetunji

Keyword(s):

Online Survey ◽

Animal Health ◽

Health Concern ◽

Animal Origin ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Antibiotic Residues ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Poor Knowledge ◽

Food Of Animal Origin ◽

Knowledge And Practice

Objectives Antibiotics are important for improving animal health and production. However, the deposition of its residues in food of animal origin intended for human consumption at non-permissible levels has generated global health concern and the need to tackle this using the “One Health Approach”. This study assessed the knowledge and practice of 286 cattle handlers in Kwara State, Nigeria. Methods A web-based cross sectional online survey using a semi-structured questionnaire was conducted from November to December, 2019. Univariate, bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed at 95% confidence interval to determine predictors of good knowledge and practices towards Antibiotic Residues in Meat and Milk among cattle handlers. Results This study revealed that majority (52.7% n = 165/286) of the cattle handlers were not aware of antibiotic residues. Knowledge and practices regarding antibiotic residues were generally poor among the study population; 36.7% and 35.5% had satisfactory knowledge and practice respectively. The age (p = 0.026), gender (p = 0.006) and business duration (p = 0.001) of participants were significantly associated with their knowledge of antimicrobial residues. The effect of education on knowledge was modified by age. The odds of having poor knowledge on antibiotic residues increased 4 times among participants who were ≤40 years old than those above 40 years (Stratum Specific OR = 3.65; CI = 1.2, 11.1; p = 0.026). Knowledge levels of participants were statistically associated with their practice levels p<0.05 (OR = 2.43; CI = 1.45. 4.06; p = 0.0006). Conclusion This implies that poor knowledge is a risk factor to having poor practice among cattle handlers. Deliberate efforts towards educating cattle farmers on best farm practices in antibiotic use would prevent antibiotic residues in meat and milk. Also, an effective surveillance system for monitoring the use of veterinary drugs in Kwara State, Nigeria is crucial.

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Study of the biodegradation of slaughterhause feather waste by Bradford method

Acta Agraria Debreceniensis ◽

10.34101/actaagrar/55/1913 ◽

2014 ◽

pp. 77-81

Author(s):

Lili Mézes ◽

Szabolcs Molnár

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Enzymatic Degradation ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Feather Waste ◽

Physical Chemical ◽

Pre Treatment ◽

Poultry Feather ◽

By Products

The 15–20% of the by-products of meat- and poultry industry – that unsuitable for human consumption – contains keratin. The slaughter technology of poultry produces large amount of poultry feather with 50–70% moisture content. This means more million tons annually worldwide (Williams et al., 1991; Hegedűs et al., 1998). The keratin content of feather can be difficulty digested, so physical, chemical and/or biological pre-treatment is needed in practice, which has to be set according to the utilization method. The microbiological and enzymatic degradation of feather to soluble protein and amino acids is a very favourable and relatively cheap opportunity to produce valuable products of the resulting feather. Our applied treatments were based on the determination of the most effective method, which is able to follow the biodegradation of waste poultry feather.

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