scholarly journals THE USE OF BENFORD’S LAW IN PERFORMANCE AUDIT TO DETECT FRAUD IN THE STATE EXPENDITURETRANSACTIONS ASSISTED BY IDEA SOFTWARE (A Case Study at the Transportation Ministry Work Units)

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 147
Author(s):  
Eka C. Setyawan
Keyword(s):  
Research Method ◽  
Benford’S Law ◽  
Transaction Data ◽  
Benford's Law ◽  
State Expenditure ◽  
Direct Experiment ◽  
Work Units ◽  
The Right ◽  
Benford Law

The aim ofthis study was to determine the use of Benford's Law in Performance Audits todetect fraudin state expenditure transactions assisted by IDEA Software,a case studyat several Work Units of the Ministry of Transportation. The research method used was descriptive qualitative and direct experiment. This researchwas conucted while the researcher wascarruing outperformance auditat three work units of the Ministry of Transportation. The researcher used IDEA Software to analyze the financial transaction data according to Benford's law. Based on the results of the research, the right type of state expenditure to be analyzed using Benford law isgoods expenditure.In addition,Benford’s Law can be used in performance audits to determinestate expenditure transactions that are indicated fraud with the success rate of ranging from 20% to 50%t. Transactions that appear are not in accordance with Benford's law.

scholarly journals On the possibility of Benfordʼs Law application in accounting fraud detection

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (166) ◽  
pp. 11-30
Author(s):  
Mateusz Baryła
Keyword(s):  
Research Method ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Benford’S Law ◽  
Accounting Fraud ◽  
Process Data ◽  
Goodness Of Fit Test ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Polish Literature ◽  
Benford's Law

Purpose: The purpose of the article is to indicate that, theoretically and practically, Benford’s Law can be applied in order to detect accounting frauds. Methodology/approach: The paper provides an overview of current regulations and experts’ opinions published in the existing literature and internet sources. Moreover, data analysis was used as a research method. Findings: The results of assessing the conformity of the first two significant digits of distribution of foreign revenues from the sales of finished products to Benford’s Law (using the chi-square goodness of fit test) showed that in the case of a proper accounting process, one cannot reject the hypothesis that the data conform to Benford’s Law. On the other hand, the analysis of intentionally falsified foreign revenues led to the conclusion that in the case of an improper accounting process, data, in general, does not conform to Benford’s Law. Research limitations/implications: In the study, it was assumed that the human mind generates false val-ues of accounting entries, and the number of attempts to commit fraud was limited to 10. Originality/value: The article extends the existing knowledge of using Benfordʼs Law in detecting ac-counting fraud in the Polish literature.

Penyelesaian Tanah Sisa pada Pengadaan Tanah Pembangunan Jalan Tol di Kabupaten Karanganyar

Tunas Agraria ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 85-105
Author(s):  
Fredi Elroi Sudiarka ◽  
Haryo Budhiawan ◽  
Priyo Katon Prasetyo
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Land Acquisition ◽  
Director General ◽  
Case Study Method ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Qualitative Research Method ◽  
Descriptive Approach ◽  
The Right

Abstract: Article 35 of Law Number 2 of 2012 states that if there is residual land, the rightful party can request compensation in full for the leftover land that can no longer be used in accordance with the original designation and use. However, in its implementation, the implementing committee of the land acquisition still had difficulty especially for determining the criteria of the leftover land that could be compensated. Based on that issue, this study intend to (1) determining the characteristics of the leftover land that can be compensated; (2) knowing who has the right to determine the leftover land that can be compensated; (3) knowing the process of settling leftover land in land acquisition. The method used in this study is a qualitative research method with a descriptive approach to the case study method. The results of the study show that compensation that can be directly compensated for leftover land is land that has an area of less than 100m². For those who are more than 100m², the land acquisition implementation committee considers the shape of the remaining land, the leftover land area and access roads. The right to determine the leftover land is the land acquisition committee. Settlement of the leftover land carried out in Karanganyar Regency is based on a Circular from the Director General of Land Procurement.Keywords: Land Acquisition, Leftover Land, CompensationIntisari: Pasal 35 Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2012 menyebutkan bahwa apabila terdapat tanah sisa, pihak yang berhak dapat meminta ganti kerugian secara utuh terhadap tanah sisa yang sudah tidak dapat digunakan sesuai dengan peruntukan dan penggunaannya semula. Namun dalam pelaksanaannya panitia pelaksana pengadaan tanah masih kesulitan untuk menentukan kriteria tanah sisa yang dapat diberikan ganti kerugian. Berdasarkan hal tersebut penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) mengetahui karakteristik tanah sisa yang dapat diberikan ganti kerugian; (2) mengetahui siapa yang berhak menentukan tanah sisa dapat diberikan ganti kerugian; (3) mengetahui proses penyelesaian tanah sisa pada pengadaan tanah. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian kualitatif pendekatan deskriptif dengan metode studi kasus. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ganti kerugian yang dapat langsung diberikan ganti kerugian adalah tanah sisa yang memiliki luas kurang dari 100m². Untuk yang lebih dari 100m², panitia pelaksana pengadaan tanah mempertimbangkan mengenai bentuk tanah sisa, luas tanah sisa dan akses jalan. Yang berhak menentukan tanah sisa adalah panitia pengadaan tanah. Penyelesaian tanah sisa yang dilakukan di Kabupaten Karanganyar berdasarkan Surat Edaran dari Direktur Jenderal Pengadaan Tanah.Kata Kunci: Pengadaan Tanah, Tanah Sisa, Ganti Kerugian

Introduction

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arno Berger ◽  
Theodore P. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Data ◽  
Benford’S Law ◽  
Decimal Digit ◽  
Mathematical Framework ◽  
Benford's Law ◽  
History Of ◽  
Logarithmic Distribution ◽  
Benford Law ◽  
Special Case

This introductory chapter provides an overview of Benford' law. Benford's law, also known as the First-digit or Significant-digit law, is the empirical gem of statistical folklore that in many naturally occurring tables of numerical data, the significant digits are not uniformly distributed as might be expected, but instead follow a particular logarithmic distribution. In its most common formulation, the special case of the first significant (i.e., first non-zero) decimal digit, Benford's law asserts that the leading digit is not equally likely to be any one of the nine possible digits 1, 2, … , 9, but is 1 more than 30 percent of the time, and is 9 less than 5 percent of the time, with the probabilities decreasing monotonically in between. The remainder of the chapter covers the history of Benford' law, empirical evidence, early explanations and mathematical framework of Benford' law.

scholarly journals A local Benford Law for a class of arithmetic sequences

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (03) ◽  
pp. 613-638
Author(s):  
Zhaodong Cai ◽  
A. J. Hildebrand ◽  
Junxian Li
Keyword(s):  
Large Class ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Fibonacci Numbers ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Benford’S Law ◽  
Local Distribution ◽  
Local Point ◽  
Arithmetic Sequences ◽  
Benford's Law ◽  
Benford Law

It is well known that sequences such as the Fibonacci numbers and the factorials satisfy Benford’s Law; that is, leading digits in these sequences occur with frequencies given by [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]. In this paper, we investigate leading digit distributions of arithmetic sequences from a local point of view. We call a sequence locally Benford distributed of order [Formula: see text] if, roughly speaking, [Formula: see text]-tuples of consecutive leading digits behave like [Formula: see text] independent Benford-distributed digits. This notion refines that of a Benford distributed sequence, and it provides a way to quantify the extent to which the Benford distribution persists at the local level. Surprisingly, most sequences known to satisfy Benford’s Law have rather poor local distribution properties. In our main result we establish, for a large class of arithmetic sequences, a “best-possible” local Benford Law; that is, we determine the maximal value [Formula: see text] such that the sequence is locally Benford distributed of order [Formula: see text]. The result applies, in particular, to sequences of the form [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text], as well as the sequence of factorials [Formula: see text] and similar iterated product sequences.

scholarly journals Pemungutan Suara Ulang pada Pemihan Umum Tahun 2019 di Indonesia

PERSPEKTIF ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-18
Author(s):  
Retno Sari Handayani
Keyword(s):  
Research Method ◽  
Social Problems ◽  
Case Study Research ◽  
Participation Rates ◽  
Application Of Law ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Right ◽  
Technical Rules

It seems that Indonesia has not yet found the right method in implementing procedural democracy to elect legislative and executive members directly. Every election from time to time still always leaves problems. The problem to be discussed and analyzed in this study is how the application of Law Number 7 of 2017 Article 372 concerning Voting (PSU) and analyze the social problems that arise in its implementation. The research method used in this study is the normative-empirical legal research method with the live case study research category with the research category that is the legal events that the process is ongoing. As for the source of research in the form of normative legal provisions namely Law Number 7 of 2017 Article 372 as well as technical rules made with respect to these norms. The analysis shows that the implementation of the regulations made resulted in various social problems. PSU raises new problems for voters, election organizers, and election participants. A phenomenon in the form of decreased participation rates, the potential for anxiety pressure within the community because of excessive attention from officials and candidates to the distortion of preference preferences in the implementation of the PSU. The problems that arise are then expected to be considered so that the implemented PSU becomes the most appropriate solution but can still optimally minimize social problems in the community that may arise.

Benford Law and Earnings Analysis

2020 ◽  
pp. 381-404
Author(s):  
Radiah Othman ◽  
Rashid Ameer
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Institutional Factors ◽  
Benford’S Law ◽  
Government Effectiveness ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Benford's Law ◽  
Governance Quality ◽  
Corporate Governance Quality ◽  
Benford Law

The literature suggests that firms are actively managing the smoothing of their reported positive net incomes. The observed frequency of second digits abnormally exceeds the level predicted by Benford's Law, which results in a higher frequency of the number zero and an abnormally low occurrence of the number nine in the second digit of the reported income numbers. A reversal pattern occurs for reported net losses. This phenomenon is typically peculiar to countries with weak governance and firms under pressure to meet analysts' expectations. This chapter examines 10 years of reported net incomes by 5,040 firms (44,636 firm-years) in 10 countries ranked as having the best corporate governance quality. The analysis reveals that firms in these countries were not spared from opportunistically rounding their earning numbers. In fact, this rounding behavior is more prevalent when net losses were reported and this rounding phenomenon co-varied with some institutional factors; in particular, the rule of law and government effectiveness has significantly influenced the rounding behavior.

scholarly journals APLIKASI HUKUM BENFORD DALAM MENGANALISA KASUS GARUDA INDONESIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresia Hesti Bwarleling
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Pattern ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Benford’S Law ◽  
Average Absolute Deviation ◽  
Absolute Deviation ◽  
Audit Planning ◽  
Benford's Law ◽  
Benford Law

<p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong>: Benford's Law is a simple and effective tool in finding fraud for an auditor. The purpose of this study was to determine whether Benford's Law can be used effectively in analyzing the indication of ambiguity in the financial statements of PT. Garuda Indonesia (Persero) Tbk. 2018. To answer this question, this research uses all accounts in the company's financial statements from 2018 and 2017. In assessing whether these accounts have differences in distribution with Benford's Law, this study uses the average absolute deviation. Then the predicted absolute deviation results are tested by referring to the exposure of Garuda's incidental publications (July, 2019). The results of this study indicate that the value of the financial statements of PT. Garuda Indonesia (Persero) Tbk. in the year 2018 fulfills the Benford Law distribution pattern. Meanwhile, in 2017 there were several deviant account values which were then asked to be restated in the 2018 reporting. Benford's law has once again proven to be used as an effective tool in audit planning.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Benford Law, Garuda Indonesia Financial Statements, Average Absolute Deviation</p><p align="center"><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>ABSTRAK:</strong> Hukum Benford merupakan alat bantu yang sederhana dan efektif dalam menemukan kecurangan bagi seorang auditor. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui apakah Hukum Benford dapat digunakan secara efektif dalam menganalisa adanya indikasi kerancuan Laporan Keuangan PT. <a href="https://www.cnnindonesia.com/tag/garuda-indonesia">Garuda Indonesia</a> (Persero) Tbk. Tahun 2018. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan tersebut, riset ini menggunakan seluruh akun dalam laporan keuangan perusahaan tahun 2018 dan 2017. Dalam menilai apakah akun-akun tersebut memiliki perbedaan distribusi dengan Hukum Benford, penelitian ini menggunakan rata-rata deviasi absolut. Kemudian hasil rata-rata deviasi absolut diuji prediksinya dengan merujuk pada paparan publikasi insidentil Garuda (Juli, 2019). Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa nilai akun Laporan Keuangan PT. <a href="https://www.cnnindonesia.com/tag/garuda-indonesia">Garuda Indonesia</a> (Persero) Tbk. Tahun 2018 memenuhi pola distribusi Hukum Benford. Sedangkan pada tahun 2017 terdapat beberapa nilai akun yang menyimpang dan kemudian diminta untuk disajikan ulang di pelaporan tahun 2018. Hukum Benford sekali lagi terbukti dapat digunakan sebagai alat bantu yang efektif dalam perencanaan audit.</p><p><strong>Kata Kunci: </strong>Hukum Benford, Laporan Keuangan <a href="https://www.cnnindonesia.com/tag/garuda-indonesia">Garuda Indonesia</a>, Rata-rata Deviasi Absolut</p>

Memperbaiki Mampu Layan Material Pelindung Struktur Face Fender Jetty Dengan Spesifikasi Material Solid Rubber Fender

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Sulardi Sulardi
Keyword(s):  
Research Method ◽  
Application Research ◽  
Protective Material ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Fitting Method ◽  
High Elasticity ◽  
The Face ◽  
Work Units ◽  
Type V

Face fender structure jetty No.1 PT. Pertamina RU V is a Dutch building construction with a protective face fender structure of ulin wood material. The problem faced is the wood protective material ulin fragile, easily broken and can damage the hull when leaning. This study aims to provide a description of the specification of solid rubber fender material and its fitting method as a protective fender jetty structure No.1 PT. Pertamina RU V Balikpapan. The research method used is the application research method with case study approach handling the problem of damage to the protective material of the face fender jetty structure. The result of the research shows the material specification which suitable and suitable to be used as the substitute for the protective wood of face fender structure is the specification of solid rubber fender type V because it has high elasticity and elongation, impact and vibration reduction, not easily broken, not easy to break, according to SNI 06-3568-2006 standard, MOT standard (Japan) and according to EAU standard 1990 (Germany). The result of this research is succes story to overcome the problems in Pertamina RU V which can be replicated in Pertamina Other work units and outside Pertamina environment experiencing similar problems. Keywords: Ulin wood protector

scholarly journals ANALISIS YURIDIS ATAS PERBUATAN MELAWAN HUKUM DALAM PROSES PENGALIHAN SAHAM BERDASARKAN HAK WARIS PADA PERSEROAN TERBATAS (STUDI PUTUSAN NOMOR 146/PDT/2018/PT BTN) [JURIDICAL ANALYSIS OF UNLAWFUL ACTIONS IN THE PROCESS OF TRANSFER OF SHARES BASED ON INHERITANCE RIGHTS IN A LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY (CASE STUDY ON COURT DECISION NO 146/PDT/2018/PT BTN)]

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 155
Author(s):  
Mayang Sary Br Lubis ◽  
Budiman Ginting ◽  
Tengku Keizrina Devi Anwar ◽  
Detania Sukarja
Keyword(s):  
Research Method ◽  
Limited Liability ◽  
District Court ◽  
Limited Liability Company ◽  
Legal Certainty ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
Library Research ◽  
The Right ◽  
Bahasa Indonesia

<p>The transfer of shares in a limited liability company (LLC) is conducted in several ways based on article 57 UU PT, one of which is through inheritance. According to article 57 ayat (2) UU PT, the devolution process does not have to meet requirements contained in article 57 ayat (1) UU PT. In regards to that, this research analyzes the transfer of shares based on the right of inheritance in limited liability companies, considerations and the decisions of judges in the settlement of the Disctrict Court No. 146/PDT/2018/PT BTN regarding the process of the transfer of shares and examines the legal certainty of the heirs who do not receive a portion of the share inheritance. The research method used is normative judical research. This research is analytical juridical. Data collection techniques are carried out through library research conducted with document studies. The data obtained are qualitatively analyzed and concluded deductively. Based on the juridical analysis of the transfer of shares that did not get of the other heirs in the Decision of the District Court No. 146/PDT/ 2018/PT BTN, the panel of judges contended that in the case, the process of transferring share has contained unlawful acts which may result in disadvantage to other heirs, in this case the Notary should provide a good legal counseling to the appearers and pay close attention to the required documents so that will not result in losses to other people in the futures.</p><p><strong>BAHASA INDONESIA ABSTRACT:</strong></p><p>Pengalihan saham pada perseroan terbatas dilakukan dengan beberapa cara dalam Pasal 57 Undang-Undang Nomor 40 Tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan Terbatas (UU PT), salah satunya adalah melalui pewarisan. Sesuai dengan pasal 57 ayat (2) UU PT, proses pewarisan tidaklah harus memenuhi syarat yang ada pada pasal 57 ayat (1) UU PT. Sehubungan dengan hal tersebut, penelitian ini menganalisis mengenai pengalihan saham berdasarkan hak waris pada perseroan terbatas, pertimbangan dan putusan hakim dalam Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Nomor 146/PDT/2018/PT BTN berkenaan dengan bagaimana proses pengalihan saham tersebut serta membahas mengenai kepastian hukum terhadap para ahli waris yang tidak mendapatkan bagian terhadap harta warisan berupa saham. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian yuridis normatif. Penelitian ini bersifat yuridis analitis. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui <em>library research</em> yang dilakukan dengan studi dokumen. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis secara kualitatif dan ditarik kesimpulan secara deduktif. Berdasarkan analisis yuridis pengalihan saham yang tidak mendapatkan persetujuan para ahli waris lainnya dalam Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Nomor 146/PDT/2018/PT BTN, Majelis Hakim berpendapat bahwa proses pengalihan saham yang ada pada kasus ini mengandung perbuatan melawan hukum yang mengakibatkan kerugian terhadap ahli waris lainnya, seharusnya Notaris pada kasus ini haruslah memberikan penyuluhan hukum yang baik terhadap para penghadap dan memperhatikan dokumen yang diperlukan secara teliti agar tidak menimbulkan kerugian kepada orang lain di kemudian hari.</p>

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