scholarly journals Religion as the “art of being an object”: Some modern cryptotheological approaches

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 553-563
Author(s):  
Dmitry R. Yavorsky ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Status Characteristic ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Gift ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Object Status ◽  
Object Relationship ◽  
Incomplete Picture ◽  
Object Behavior

In the article, the author proceeds from the assumption that the obsession with the subject status, characteristic of the New European man, devalued the “art of being an object”. The article deals with intellectual strategies for the rehabilitation of the “object” status: the social grammar of Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy and the cybernetic epistemology of Gregory Bateson. Rosenstock-Huessy draws attention to the fact that in speech acts the speaker appears not only as the subject-source of speech, but also as the object to which the listener’s reaction is directed. Moreover, the condition for the formation of the subject of speech is the listener’s object position. This statement captures a wide range of interpretations: from psychological and pedagogical to theological. Bateson criticizes Cartesian epistemology, which, without reflexive grounds, places a person in the position of a subject, thinking, acting, that is ultimately controlling, and ignores or critically treats the position of the object. However, such epistemology gives an incomplete picture of the cognitive or practically transformative act, since it does not register the moments when the cognizing and acting subject receives feedback from the known or transformed reality — becomes an object. The “art of being an object” is proposed as an essential characteristic of religion as such. In fact, a religious situation (at least in theistic religions) is a situation of being in a complex subject-object relationship with the Absolute, where a person, as a rule, does not control the situation, but voluntarily or forcibly becomes the object of influence, control. At the same time, a religious person is not indifferent to the field of a certain power he finds himself in, therefore he is forced to use art or the “gift of discerning spirits”. In the article’s conclusion, secular forms of object behavior are criticized.

The Virtues of Everyday Talk: The Enduring Significance of John Milton’s Theory of Expressive Liberties

2020 ◽  
pp. 009059172096626
Author(s):  
Chloé Bakalar
Keyword(s):  
Political Theory ◽  
Free Speech ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Free Expression ◽  
Nonverbal Expression ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Political Theories ◽  
Everyday Talk

The system of free expression John Milton defends in Areopagitica, a pamphlet against prior restraint in publishing, is often characterized as merely a proto-liberal, truth-based marketplace of ideas theory. But this represents a misunderstanding of Milton’s views on the freedoms of conscience, speech, and the press. The tendency in political theory, philosophy, and law to reduce the “free speech Milton” to Areopagitica, and the reduction of that essay to several soundbites, has meant sidelining both the significant exceptions to expressive liberties that Milton calls for and also the role of the social in his theory. This incomplete characterization has enabled Milton’s misuse in First Amendment discourse and jurisprudence, where he is made to support hierarchical approaches to free speech that privilege public political speech and are therefore ill-equipped to address the full range of communicative experiences. More comprehensive readings of Milton, however, reveal both certain limits to free expression, and also deep consideration for a wide range of speech acts. By reading Milton’s theory of expressive liberties in light of the justifications he provides for those freedoms—i.e., virtue-building and Truth-seeking—this essay provides a fuller account of his views. What emerges is a distinctly Miltonian, virtue-driven “political theory of everyday talk” that locates value in even the most ordinary communicative acts. This theory—embracing both verbal and nonverbal expression—not only complements existing political theories of the everyday but can also help illuminate contemporary free speech concerns, many of which stem from the libertarian approach to expressive liberties that Milton (inadvertently) helped inspire.

Swedish gärna and German gern(e) and their English correspondences

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-259
Author(s):  
Karin Aijmer ◽  
Bengt Altenberg
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Parallel Corpora ◽  
Parallel Corpus ◽  
Contrastive Study ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Multilingual Corpus ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Linguistic Phenomenon ◽  
Common Function

The Swedish adverb gärna, related to German gern(e), has no obvious equivalent in English. To explore this cross-linguistic phenomenon the English correspondences of gärna are examined on the basis of the English-Swedish Parallel Corpus, a bidirectional translation corpus. The study shows that gärna has a wide range of English correspondences (translations as well as sources), representing a variety of grammatical categories (verb, adjective, adverb, noun, etc). In addition, the English texts contain a large number of omissions and unidentifiable sources (zero). The most common function of gärna is to express willingness or readiness on the part of the subject, but in the absence of a volitional controller it can also indicate a habitual tendency and even convey implications such as reluctance. It is also used in speech acts expressing offers, promises and requests and in responses to such speech acts. To compare the Swedish adverb with its German cognate gern(e) a similar contrastive study of the English correspondences of this adverb was made on the basis of the Oslo Multilingual Corpus. The studies clearly demonstrate the rich multifunctionality of the two adverbs and the advantages of using bidirectional parallel corpora in contrastive research.

Propositions II: Approaches to Reciprocity

2019 ◽  
pp. 77-94
Author(s):  
Marcel Hénaff
Keyword(s):  
Social Groups ◽  
The Self ◽  
Social Bond ◽  
Stone Age ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Gift ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Seminal Article

This chapter looks at different approaches to the subject of reciprocity. Whereas many philosophers tend to understand reciprocity as a form of equivalence and a return to the self, many theorists in the social sciences—economists included—view it as a synonym of generosity or a figure of altruism. This divergence should lead one to recommend a dialogue between the two fields to avoid such misunderstandings. But above all, this invites one to recognize that the concept of reciprocity is not well defined and that there is a need to clarify its status, which is at the core of philosophical reflections on the relationships with Others, norms of morality, the social bond, and ultimately the gift itself. The chapter then considers what sociology and anthropology can say about the question, since it comes under the purview of those disciplines to investigate the nature of the relationships observed among members of social groups and attempt to define them. In particular, it assesses two authors whose analyses on this point have marked the debates of the past few decades: sociologist Alvin Gouldner, author of a seminal article on the norm of reciprocity; and anthropologist Marshall Sahlins, whose book of record Stone Age Economics dedicates an entire chapter to defining the nature of practices of reciprocity.

scholarly journals Social Media and Fake News in Nigeria: A Speech Act Analysis of WhatsApp Messages on Coronavirus

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-66
Author(s):  
Godwin Ayigbo Owojecho Godwin
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
World Health ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
The Social ◽  
Media Space ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Speech Act Analysis

The evolution of social media has opened a new vista in digital communication across the world, Nigeria inclusive. Since the confirmation of the index case of Coronavirus in Nigeria, a lot of news on the subject which are largely considered by the World Health Organization to be false, had gone viral on the social media space. This study essentially examines some of those messages on WhatsApp that were circulated across Nigeria.  Five WhatsApp messages collected between March – June, 2020 were analysed using the framework of Austin’s Speech Acts with insights from the Conversational Maxims of Grice’s Cooperative Principles. The main objective of this analysis is to unravel the communicative effects of language. Findings show that the writers of those WhatsApp messages carefully manipulate some linguistic features to make such messages perform some illocutionary acts as well as trigger some perlocutionary moves in the minds of the readers. This buttresses the fact that language is used to achieve both linguistic and non linguistic aims.

scholarly journals Skinder as gespreksgenre

Literator ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.S. Van der Merwe
Keyword(s):  
Social Identities ◽  
Social Aspects ◽  
Story Telling ◽  
Informal Conversation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Subject

Gossip as a discourse genre Gossip is one of the wide range of sub-categories of discourse genres in story-telling. It is one of the most common interactive forms of discourse in informal conversation, because it has its origin in the general inclination of man to show an intense interest in other people’s activities. Although the development of gossip differs with regard to the subject of discussion, the context and situation in which it is produced as well as the persons participating, it is possible to distinguish definite universal features of gossip. This article deals with the most prominent characteristics of gossip. The focus falls on the structure, the gossiping process, the content, the pejorative, evaluating nature of it and the social aspects involved in gossiping. Special attention is paid to non-verbal elements, which are frequently used when people gossip. In spite of the negative connotations gossip has, it is very important in the establishment of social identities and relations. It should therefore not be neglected in the study of language.

Marcel Mauss: In Pursuit of the Whole. A Review Essay

2007 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 473-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Hart
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
English Speakers ◽  
Age Difference ◽  
Emile Durkheim ◽  
Progressive Politics ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Gift ◽  
Historical Relationship ◽  
Sciences Sociales

Emile Durkheim assembled a team to promote his vision for sociology, but he and Mauss were in many ways a double act, like Marx and Engels. There was room for only one leader of the movement, so we speak of the Durkheimians and the Marxists. Mauss and Engels each assumed leadership of the movement they jointly founded after their partner's death, but the intrinsic inequality of the partnership was made worse in Mauss' case by age difference, kinship seniority, and his inability to write books of his own. The publication of an abridged English translation of Marcel Fournier's Marcel Mauss: A Biography (2006 [1994]) allows us to reconsider his historical relationship with Durkheim, as well as his legacy for anthropology, history, and the social sciences today. French scholarship on Mauss is, of course, much more advanced than its Anglophone counterpart and it is less confined to academic anthropology. Fournier's 800-page collection of Mauss' Écrits politiques (1997) remains virtually unknown to English-speakers and the collective organized in his name, the Mouvement Anti-Utilitariste dans les Sciences Sociales (with its journal, revue du MAUSS), continues the eponymous founder's commitment to integrating progressive politics and intellectual work over a wide range of issues. In both cases, The Gift (1990 [1925]) has iconic significance as Mauss' most discussed work; but, as Sigaud (2002) has already pointed out, the Anglophone academy, with assistance from one or two leading French anthropologists, has taken up its message in ways that depart seriously from the author's original intentions.

Criminological and legal value of the highest position in the criminal hierarchy as characteristics of the social status of the subject of the crime and the personality of the criminal

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 64-71
Author(s):  
Iulia S. Karavaeva
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Second Person ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

The appearance of article 210.1 in the criminal law caused an active discussion in the scientific community and many critical comments. Supporting the idea of the legislator about the need to strengthen the fight against organized crime by criminal legal means, the author notes the failure of the wording used in this norm, the complexity of its practical application, and the violation of the fundamental principles of legality, justice, and guilt. These criticisms are analyzed using the criminal legal approach, which allows projecting the provisions of the criminal law on the criminological plane. Thus, the highest position in the criminal hierarchy, being a special feature of crime, characterizes its social status within the framework of criminal interactions. In addition, the status and role characteristics of the subject have the value of the criminals personal characteristics. Given the criminological doctrine of the criminal, the author formulates the concept of the individual special subject of the crime as a specific sociocriminological personality type characterized, as a rule, a high degree of public danger, which is based on the relationship between the social status and role of the offender with criminal threats, a wide range of victimization, criminal commitment, legal nihilism, and capabilities and skills to counteract the preliminary investigation. In support of this definition, the author analyzes the features of the sociodemographic and value-normative subsystems of the personality of a special subject of crime and argues for the relationship with the personality of the criminal as a private with a general one. Justifying the typologization of the personality of a special subject of crime into socialized and non-socialized types, the author refers to the second person who occupies the highest position in the criminal hierarchy.

The Poetics of Christian Engagement: Living Compassionately in a Sexual Politics of Meat World

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-59
Author(s):  
Carol J. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Justice ◽  
Sexual Politics ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Justice Movements ◽  
Object Status ◽  
Object Relationship

One of the central features of Western existence is the objectification and use of other beings in creating the subjectification of human beings. My argument is for a Christian veganism that rejects the dependence of the subject on the object status of other beings. The roadblocks to recognizing the necessity for Christian veganism I call the pedagogy of the oppressor. I propose that one way to change the subject-object relationship is a poetics of Christian engagement. Christian veganism may seem a radical position theoretically and pragmatically, but I will offer suggestions for expanding Christian engagement with other animals and for the food and environmental justice movements of which veganism is a part.

Evocative Listening: Mediated practices in everyday life

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 216-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Chaves ◽  
Pedro Rebelo
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Environmental Philosophy ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Sonic Art ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Queen's University ◽  
Object Relationship

The history of sonic arts is charged with transgressive practices that seek to expose the social, aural and cultural thresholds across various listening experiences, posing new questions in terms of the dialogue between listener and place. Recent work in sonic art exposes the need for an experiential understanding of listening that foregrounds the use of new personal technologies, environmental philosophy and the subject–object relationship. This paper aims to create a vocabulary that better contextualises recent installations and performances produced within the context of everyday life, by researchers and artists at the Sonic Arts Research Centre at Queen's University Belfast.

scholarly journals Czym jest edukacja biologiczna w wychowaniu człowieka?

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-118
Author(s):  
Ilona Żeber-Dzikowska
Keyword(s):  
Educational Games ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Large Degree ◽  
Scientific Discipline ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Subject

Schools allow to develop and extend the approaches and attitudes in the social, moral, ideological, and religious spheres. The realization of these matters is possible due to the fulfillment of three basic school functions, i.e. didactic, educational, and protective. No one should forget that human education starts already in the period of childhood. Initially, parents introduce the children to the indispensable problems and matters in their future lives. It takes place in the form of games. They satisfy their growing need of gaining the knowledge, by answering numerous questions. They develop the knowledge through practical activities to let them gain experience, that is, organize walks, educational games, and so forth. Then young people begin school education, which influences, to a large degree, their lives. Then, in the educational process, the subject of Biology appears, almost certainly already known thanks to the parents’ education. The scientific discipline called Biology is a very important element in the education of people, which is helpful in understanding their own personalities and the surrounding reality. The wide range of biological contents as well as the short reflection on the subject of gaining the knowledge in the range of Biology allows us to notice, that this discipline, similarly to other disciplines shapes the personality of young, growing up people. All things considered, however, it differs from disciplines such as history, or mathematics, because it is closely and directly related to the human being and functioning, as the basis of human life. Biology, more considerably and effectively, than different disciplines, makes the students sensible towards human needs as well as the needs of nature and its protection.

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