scholarly journals Water, sanitation, and hygiene in healthcare centres: appraisal in a pandemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enovwo E. Odjegba ◽  
Abayomi O. Bankole ◽  
Barakat O. Layi-Adigun ◽  
Victoria O. Dada
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Health Staff ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Source Type ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Joint Monitoring

Abstract Assessment of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) facilities in Primary Healthcare Centres (PHCs) and water source quality in parts of Southwestern Nigeria was conducted. Sixty-one PHCs in urban and rural areas were selected using a stratified random sampling technique. A WASH profile of the PHCs was conducted based on the water source type, type of toilet facilities, and handwashing practice using the Joint Monitoring Programme service ladder for monitoring WASH services in healthcare facilities. Water sources were tested for pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, turbidity, chloride, nitrate, and E. coli. Boreholes and hand-dug wells are the most prevalent water source type, and flush toilets and pit latrines are the major types of toilet facilities used. All but two PHCs engaged in handwashing practices. Water quality analysis results showed that chloride, nitrate, and turbidity were within the WHO drinking-water standards. Poor water quality and sanitation practices could expose health staff and patients to healthcare-associated infections. The study recommends the construction of safe, secure and accessible water sources and toilet facilities, provision of water treatment facilities, and the training of staff and patients on the significance of handwashing practices.

Assessment of access to water, sanitation and hygiene in rural schools of Central Kazakhstan

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Z Bolatova ◽  
B Toleubekov ◽  
D Kulov ◽  
K Sukhanberdiyev ◽  
K Tussupova
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Schools ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Universal Coverage ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Joint Monitoring

Abstract Background The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) call for universal coverage and access to drinking water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) for all by 2030. Access to WASH in schools is one of the priority areas, considering Joint Monitoring Program is lacking the data from many developing countries, particularly, rural areas including Kazakhstan. The aim of the paper is to assess the access to WASH at schools in rural regions of central Kazakhstan. Methods The study was conducted in three rural schools using focus group discussion with school heads, the observation of drinking water and sanitation units, and a questionnaire survey among 166 pupils. All tools cover the set of questions about the availability and the privacy of WASH facilities, accessibility, acceptability to pupils, functionality. Results Results of the study show that the main water source of Algabas and Kerney schools is a centralized piped water supply provided into the school building and 85,91% of pupils from these schools report the uninterrupted availability of water from this source. However, Sartau has its well, and only 51,72% of pupils from this school indicate that water from the main source is continuously available. All toilets are flushing toilets inside of schools and not connected to the centralized sewage system. The maximum number of the toilet is 6 in the Kerney school; however, this amount of toilets is not enough for the number of pupils by the national norms. Majority of pupils (89,15%) report that the school toilets are always available. Nevertheless, 34,87% of pupils indicate no toilet paper as a reason for not using the school toilet. Handwashing facilities are located near the toilets and in classrooms. Only 53,02% have soap available and 42,77% have access to hand drying facilities after handwashing. Conclusions The current study shows rural schools of Central Kazakhstan are not provided with sufficient materials for pupils to manage personal hygiene appropriately. Key messages The study is essential for mapping the situation of WASH in schools. This study provides the baseline data for JMP; consequently, it is crucial to plan the UN SDGs in Kazakhstan.

scholarly journals A Vulnerability Assessment in Scant Data Context: The Case of North Horr Sub-County

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (15) ◽  
pp. 6024 ◽  
Author(s):  
Velia Bigi ◽  
Alessandro Pezzoli ◽  
Elena Comino ◽  
Maurizio Rosso
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Shallow Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Local Development ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Nitrate Contamination ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Fecal Matter ◽  
Data Context

In Kenyan rural areas belonging to the Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASALs), water quantity and water quality are major issues for the local population. In North Horr Sub-County water quality is threatened by nitrate contamination due to fecal matter pollution. This research, hence, aims at assessing the vulnerability of open shallow water sources to nitrate contamination due to fecal intrusion following flooding events and nitrate percolation in groundwater. The present research, indeed, provides, on one hand, new insights into the analysis of the vulnerability in a scant data context; on the other hand, it assesses the adaptation measures contained in the local development plan. Applying the reference definition of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the results demonstrate that the open shallow water sources in the northern part of the sub-county are more vulnerable to nitrate contamination. Furthermore, the consistency of the results proves the suitability of the methodology selected. Understanding the vulnerability at the local scale is key to planning risk-reduction strategies as well to increasing the local population’s knowledge about flood-related risks and water quality.

scholarly journals Water Source Preferences and Water Quality Perceptions among Women in the Eastern Region, Ghana: A Grounded Theory Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (20) ◽  
pp. 3835 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jhanel F. Chew ◽  
Laura Corlin ◽  
Fernando Ona ◽  
Sarah Pinto ◽  
Esther Fenyi-Baah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Grounded Theory ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Source Choice

Residents in the Eastern Region, Ghana with access to improved water sources (e.g., boreholes and covered wells) often choose to collect water from unimproved sources (e.g., rivers and uncovered wells). To assess why, we conducted two field studies to coincide with Ghana’s rainy and dry seasons. During the rainy season, we conducted semi-structured in-depth interviews among a convenience sample of 26 women in four rural communities (including one woman in the dry season). We asked each participant about their attitudes and perceptions of water sources. During the dry season, we observed four women for ≤4 days each to provide context for water collection and water source choice. We used a grounded theory approach considering the multiple household water sources and uses approach to identify three themes informing water source choice: collection of and access to water, water quality perception, and the dynamic interaction of these. Women selected water sources based on multiple factors, including season, accessibility, religious/spiritual messaging, community messaging (e.g., health risks), and ease-of-use (e.g., physical burden). Gender and power dynamics created structural barriers that affected the use of unimproved water sources. A larger role for women in water management and supply decision-making could advance population health goals.

scholarly journals Drinking water quality in the alpine pastures of the eastern Tibetan plateau

Rangifer ◽  
2004 ◽  
pp. 47-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mika Sillanpää ◽  
Riina-Maarit Hulkkonen ◽  
Angela Manderscheid
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Quality Factors ◽  
Guideline Values ◽  
Result Analysis ◽  
Water Quality And Quantity

The need for water quality research on the Tibetan plateau has arisen after the rangeland was allocated and leased as pasture grounds to individual nomadic families in the 1990s. These policies changed the access to water sources. The imposed fencing of the pasture tenures makes the situation even more delicate. Nomadic families are now obliged to use only water sources existing on their own site. The restrictions have caused the urge to use all available water, which resulted in increasing water quality and quantity problems. In the past, natural water sources were in common use. During the Collective era, machine-dug wells near the collective settlements facilitated the procurement of drinking water. Based on recent investigations in Dzoge county (Sichuan province), the nomadic families of some regions considered the availability of adequate drinking water for humans and animals as their biggest problem. For this study, eight water samples were collected from the Dzoge county area. All samples were from different kinds of sources, but all in continuous use by humans and animals. The samples were analyzed for typical potable water quality factors (hygienic and technique-aesthetic). The results show that the Chinese national guideline values were exceeded for NO4-N and PO4-P in most open sampling locations. Those parameters do not spoil the water by themselves, but together with suspended solids and organic materials produce a great environment for bacteria like E. coli and fecal streptococci to grow. The result analysis and pictures seen from the location reveal that bacterial growth may be the biggest problem in water quality. Even primitive protection around the water source (i.e. concrete rings, wooden barriers around edges, covers) seem to have a great impact on water quality.

scholarly journals Determinants of water source use, quality of water, sanitation and hygiene perceptions among urban households in North-West Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0239502
Author(s):  
Shewayiref Geremew Gebremichael ◽  
Emebet Yismaw ◽  
Belete Dejen Tsegaw ◽  
Adeladilew Dires Shibeshi
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
North West ◽  
Drinking Water Sources ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
North West Ethiopia

Background Clean water is an essential part of human healthy life and wellbeing. More recently, rapid population growth, high illiteracy rate, lack of sustainable development, and climate change; faces a global challenge in developing countries. The discontinuity of drinking water supply forces households either to use unsafe water storage materials or to use water from unsafe sources. The present study aimed to identify the determinants of water source types, use, quality of water, and sanitation perception of physical parameters among urban households in North-West Ethiopia. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among households from February to March 2019. An interview-based a pre-tested and structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. Data collection samples were selected randomly and proportional to each of the kebeles’ households. MS Excel and R Version 3.6.2 were used to enter and analyze the data; respectively. Descriptive statistics using frequencies and percentages were used to explain the sample data concerning the predictor variable. Both bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to assess the association between independent and response variables. Results Four hundred eighteen (418) households have participated. Based on the study undertaken,78.95% of households used improved and 21.05% of households used unimproved drinking water sources. Households drinking water sources were significantly associated with the age of the participant (x2 = 20.392, df = 3), educational status (x2 = 19.358, df = 4), source of income (x2 = 21.777, df = 3), monthly income (x2 = 13.322, df = 3), availability of additional facilities (x2 = 98.144, df = 7), cleanness status (x2 = 42.979, df = 4), scarcity of water (x2 = 5.1388, df = 1) and family size (x2 = 9.934, df = 2). The logistic regression analysis also indicated that those factors are significantly determining the water source types used by the households. Factors such as availability of toilet facility, household member type, and sex of the head of the household were not significantly associated with drinking water sources. Conclusion The uses of drinking water from improved sources were determined by different demographic, socio-economic, sanitation, and hygiene-related factors. Therefore; the local, regional, and national governments and other supporting organizations shall improve the accessibility and adequacy of drinking water from improved sources in the area.

scholarly journals Domestic drinking water management: Quality assessment in Oforikrom municipality, Ghana

2021 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 003685042110359
Author(s):  
Eugene Appiah-Effah ◽  
Emmanuel Nketiah Ahenkorah ◽  
Godwin Armstrong Duku ◽  
Kwabena Biritwum Nyarko
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Water Quality Management ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Water Quality Analysis ◽  
Microbial Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water Sources

Drinking water in Ghana is estimated at 79%, but this only represents the proportion of the population with access to improved drinking water sources without regard to the quality of water consumed. This study investigated the quality of household drinking water sources in the Oforikrom municipality where potable water requirements are on the rise due to an ever-increasing population. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were employed in this study. One Hundred households were randomly selected and interviewed on the available options for drinking water and household water treatment and safe storage. A total of 52 points of collection (POC) and 97 points of use (POU) water samples from households were collected for physicochemical and microbial water quality analysis. Amongst the available drinking water options, sachet water (46%) was mostly consumed by households. Water quality analysis revealed that the physicochemical parameters of all sampled drinking water sources were within the Ghana Standards Authority (GSA) recommended values expected for pH (ranging from 4.50 to 7.50). For the drinking water sources, bottled (100%, n = 2) and sachet water (91%, n = 41) showed relatively good microbial water quality. Generally, POC water samples showed an improved microbial water quality in comparison to POU water samples. About 38% ( n = 8) of the households practicing water quality management, were still exposed to unsafe drinking water sources. Households should practice good water quality management at the domestic level to ensure access to safe drinking water. This may include the use of chlorine-based disinfectants to frequently disinfect boreholes, wells and storage facilities at homes.

scholarly journals Water source quality in Ahenema Kokoben, Ghana

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 450-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amadu Salifu ◽  
Helen M. K. Essandoh ◽  
Afsatou Ndama Traore ◽  
Natasha Potgieter
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Guideline Values ◽  
Test Kit

Abstract Regular monitoring of microbial quality of water used for drinking is an important aspect of public health. Microbiological quality, using a novel microbial water quality test kit – Compartment Bag Test (CBT; AguaGenX, LLC, Chapel Hill, NC, USA), and physical parameters (pH, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, temperature and electrical conductivity) of 94 different water sources used by communities in the Ahenema Kokoben area of Ghana for drinking were tested. Using the WHO drinking water quality risk categories for the presence of Escherichia coli indicator bacteria, only 56% (53/94) of the water sources were safe for drinking, while 29% (27/94) of the water sources were classified as high risk and unsafe for human purposes. Some of the physical parameters were also higher than guideline values and could have been a contributing factor to poor water quality. Overall, the CBT proved to be a reliable alternative to traditional and laboratory-dependent microbial drinking water quality tests which can be easily used by water authorities to make sure that water is safe to drink.

scholarly journals Water Quality Analysis of Drinking Water Resource Lake Sapanca and Suggestions for the Solution of the Pollution Problem in the Context of Sustainable Environment Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 3917
Author(s):  
Muhammed Ernur Akıner ◽  
İlknur Akıner
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Mathematical Representation ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Ann Model ◽  
Rapid Urbanization

Lake Sapanca is the drinking water source of the Sakarya province of Turkey. Intensive urbanization in the region is the main obstacle to implementing appropriate physical planning and measures to adapt to rapid change. The monitoring of the water quality parameters in the planning and management of the lakes is significant. The Artificial Neural Network (ANN), a mathematical representation of the human brain’s functioning, was employed to estimate the Lake’s Dissolved Oxygen (DO) concentration. pH, Magnesium (Mg), Temperature (Temp), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Orthophosphate (o-PO4), Nitrite Nitrogen (NO2-N), and Nitrate Nitrogen (NO3-N) were used as independent parameters. The successful ANN model gives better results compared to the traditional multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis. The developed model can be used for forecast purposes to complete the missing data in the future and support the decision process for pollution reduction through sustainable environmental management. The eutrophication threat for Lake Sapanca has been revealed. The main objective is to create the scientific infrastructure that will draw attention to the rapid urbanization problem with ANN and eutrophication models’ outputs. It has been understood that the protection of the water budget of Lake Sapanca is the primary solution method in terms of ecological sustainability to eliminate the existing pollution.

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