scholarly journals Water Source Preferences and Water Quality Perceptions among Women in the Eastern Region, Ghana: A Grounded Theory Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (20) ◽  
pp. 3835 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jhanel F. Chew ◽  
Laura Corlin ◽  
Fernando Ona ◽  
Sarah Pinto ◽  
Esther Fenyi-Baah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Grounded Theory ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Source Choice

Residents in the Eastern Region, Ghana with access to improved water sources (e.g., boreholes and covered wells) often choose to collect water from unimproved sources (e.g., rivers and uncovered wells). To assess why, we conducted two field studies to coincide with Ghana’s rainy and dry seasons. During the rainy season, we conducted semi-structured in-depth interviews among a convenience sample of 26 women in four rural communities (including one woman in the dry season). We asked each participant about their attitudes and perceptions of water sources. During the dry season, we observed four women for ≤4 days each to provide context for water collection and water source choice. We used a grounded theory approach considering the multiple household water sources and uses approach to identify three themes informing water source choice: collection of and access to water, water quality perception, and the dynamic interaction of these. Women selected water sources based on multiple factors, including season, accessibility, religious/spiritual messaging, community messaging (e.g., health risks), and ease-of-use (e.g., physical burden). Gender and power dynamics created structural barriers that affected the use of unimproved water sources. A larger role for women in water management and supply decision-making could advance population health goals.

scholarly journals The potential of river discharge at the peak of the dry season in some disaster-prone area of Merapi Volcano

2021 ◽  
Vol 884 (1) ◽  
pp. 012005
Author(s):  
Kharisma ◽  
MB Prasetyo ◽  
AF Rosa ◽  
I Fitrianingrum ◽  
MAI Wardoyo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
River Water ◽  
Disaster Management ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
The South ◽  
Merapi Volcano ◽  
Prone Area ◽  
Alternative Water

Abstract With a high level of volcanic activity and many people living in the disaster-prone area, sustainable disaster management in the Merapi Volcano area is still very much needed in the future. One of the needs in building disaster management is ensuring water resources available during the pre-eruption period. So far, springs are the primary source of water that has been widely used by residents in the volcanic foothills, which are prone to eruption disasters. However, at the time of the eruption, many springs were not functioning so that alternative water sources were needed. River water can be an alternative water source, and a study of river water's potential is required to ensure its feasibility. This study was conducted on the south to the southwest side of Merapi Volcano to analyze the quantity and quality of river water as an alternative water source. Data collected through observation, literature study, and document search. Data analysis performed using descriptive analysis, matching analysis, and statistical analysis using independent sample t-test and simple linear regression. The study results show that seven rivers in the south to the southwest slope can be used as water sources because they are not lava flows. These rivers have varying discharge and water quality. There is no difference in discharge and water quality between the top and the bottom of the volcano foot. When dry season is on the peak, three rivers have no flow because some springs locations are at the volcano's bottom. Overall, based on these findings, it can be emphasized that the use of water sources is needed to do at the closest point to the evacuation barracks. However, a water treatment installation needs to be provided in the evacuation barracks so that the river water is suitable for consumption.

scholarly journals Drinking water quality in the alpine pastures of the eastern Tibetan plateau

Rangifer ◽  
2004 ◽  
pp. 47-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mika Sillanpää ◽  
Riina-Maarit Hulkkonen ◽  
Angela Manderscheid
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Quality Factors ◽  
Guideline Values ◽  
Result Analysis ◽  
Water Quality And Quantity

The need for water quality research on the Tibetan plateau has arisen after the rangeland was allocated and leased as pasture grounds to individual nomadic families in the 1990s. These policies changed the access to water sources. The imposed fencing of the pasture tenures makes the situation even more delicate. Nomadic families are now obliged to use only water sources existing on their own site. The restrictions have caused the urge to use all available water, which resulted in increasing water quality and quantity problems. In the past, natural water sources were in common use. During the Collective era, machine-dug wells near the collective settlements facilitated the procurement of drinking water. Based on recent investigations in Dzoge county (Sichuan province), the nomadic families of some regions considered the availability of adequate drinking water for humans and animals as their biggest problem. For this study, eight water samples were collected from the Dzoge county area. All samples were from different kinds of sources, but all in continuous use by humans and animals. The samples were analyzed for typical potable water quality factors (hygienic and technique-aesthetic). The results show that the Chinese national guideline values were exceeded for NO4-N and PO4-P in most open sampling locations. Those parameters do not spoil the water by themselves, but together with suspended solids and organic materials produce a great environment for bacteria like E. coli and fecal streptococci to grow. The result analysis and pictures seen from the location reveal that bacterial growth may be the biggest problem in water quality. Even primitive protection around the water source (i.e. concrete rings, wooden barriers around edges, covers) seem to have a great impact on water quality.

scholarly journals Water source quality in Ahenema Kokoben, Ghana

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 450-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amadu Salifu ◽  
Helen M. K. Essandoh ◽  
Afsatou Ndama Traore ◽  
Natasha Potgieter
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Guideline Values ◽  
Test Kit

Abstract Regular monitoring of microbial quality of water used for drinking is an important aspect of public health. Microbiological quality, using a novel microbial water quality test kit – Compartment Bag Test (CBT; AguaGenX, LLC, Chapel Hill, NC, USA), and physical parameters (pH, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, temperature and electrical conductivity) of 94 different water sources used by communities in the Ahenema Kokoben area of Ghana for drinking were tested. Using the WHO drinking water quality risk categories for the presence of Escherichia coli indicator bacteria, only 56% (53/94) of the water sources were safe for drinking, while 29% (27/94) of the water sources were classified as high risk and unsafe for human purposes. Some of the physical parameters were also higher than guideline values and could have been a contributing factor to poor water quality. Overall, the CBT proved to be a reliable alternative to traditional and laboratory-dependent microbial drinking water quality tests which can be easily used by water authorities to make sure that water is safe to drink.

scholarly journals A STUDY ON WATER QUALITY OF RAW WATER SOURCES OF PDAM (MUNIPICAL WATER COMPANY) BANDARMASIH

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulfa Fitriati ◽  
Novitasari Novitasari ◽  
Ellysa Eriyanie
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Class B ◽  
Comparison Of The Results

High demand for clean water in Banjarmasin requires PDAM Bandarmasih to do some developments, but its efforts are hindered by the water quality of raw water to be processed. It is therefore necessary to conduct a study on the water quality of raw water sources of PDAM Bandarmasih, especially during dry season. Water quality testing was carried out by performing direct experiments in the field and in the laboratory with 7 criteria including water temperature, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, pH, turbidity, salinity and dissolved oxygen that were compared with the criteria of water class B (water that can be used as the raw water for drinking water), on the basis of the Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Indonesia Republic No. 492/Menkes/PER/IV/2010. Based on the analyses of water quality in the field and in the laboratory from 4 intakes namely Sungai Tabuk, Pematang Panjang, Sungai Lulut and Sungai Bilu, and the comparison of the results with the test results of water quality of the samples from PDAM taken in dry season, indicated that the amount of salt content (salinity) in two intakes, Sungai Lulut and Sungai Bilu was so high that the production of clean water from both intakes was stopped temporarily during the dry season. The service for clean water was therefore provided only at the intakes of Sungai Tabuk and Pematang Panjang during dry season, resulting in some reduction in distribution to some areas in Banjarmasin.

scholarly journals An assessment of microbiological water quality of six water source categories in north-east Uganda

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 550-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Parker ◽  
R. Youlten ◽  
M. Dillon ◽  
T. Nussbaumer ◽  
R. C. Carter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
North East ◽  
Dug Wells ◽  
Microbiological Water Quality

Target 7C of the Millennium Development Goals is to “halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation”. However, the corresponding indicator measures the “proportion of population using an improved drinking water source”. This raises the question of whether “safe” and “improved” can be used interchangeably. This paper tests this hypothesis by comparing microbiological water quality in 346 different water sources across the District of Amuria in Uganda to each other and to defined standards, including the WHO drinking water standard of zero TTC per 100 ml, and the Ugandan national standard of 50 TTC per 100 ml. The water sources were grouped into six different categories: boreholes, protected springs, covered hand dug wells, open hand dug wells, open water and roofwater harvesting. The paper concludes that the ranking from the highest to the lowest microbiological quality water was: boreholes, protected springs and roofwater harvesting, open and covered hand dug wells, open water. It also concludes that sanitary surveys cannot be used to predict water quality precisely; however they are an essential component of the monitoring of safe water supplies.

scholarly journals Assessment of water source availability and quality for small ruminant consumption in the Northern Badia region of Jordan

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1073-1082
Author(s):  
J. Al-Khaza'leh ◽  
A. Abdelqader ◽  
M. Abuajamieh ◽  
F. M. F. Hayajneh
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Main Concern ◽  
Study Region

Background and Aim: Water is the most important nutrient for the production of healthy livestock. Water scarcity bottlenecks livestock production in arid and semi-arid regions, particularly during the dry season. This study aimed to assess water availability and quality for small ruminants, and to identify major challenges of meeting their water requirements in two major small ruminant production systems in Jordan. Materials and Methods: Transhumant and sedentary production systems in the Northern Badia region of Jordan were the focus of this study. A questionnaire was distributed to 120 sheep and goat farmers (62 transhumant farmers and 58 sedentary farmers) and a water quality assessment was completed. Results: Results showed that the two production systems varied their water source use seasonally. Water provision was perceived as one of the major constraints for Bedouins, particularly during the dry season in transhumant production systems, when longer distances to water sources and the high costs of fetching water daily aggravated the problem. The mean distance and travel times to the boreholes were less in the sedentary system. Watering frequency was significantly lower in the transhumant system compared to the sedentary system (p<0.05). Although the values of water quality parameters complied with guidelines for livestock consumption, low water quality was the main concern expressed by some of the survey households. Conclusion: Technical support to properly design, manage, and rehabilitate surface water harvesting systems is required for the sustainable use of water resources in the study region. Moreover, systematic water quality monitoring is necessary to ensure its suitability for livestock use. Further investigations on the microbiological quality of water and its effect on the health and performance of livestock are recommended.

scholarly journals Water quality of the Grijalva river in the Chiapas and Tabasco border

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (13) ◽  
pp. 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karim Musalem-Castillejos ◽  
Rafael Laino-Guanes ◽  
Ricardo Bello-Mendoza ◽  
Mario González-Espinoza ◽  
Neptalí Ramírez-Marcial
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Water Turbidity ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Classi Cation ◽  
Microbiological Parameters

The objective was to characterize water quality for a section of the Grijalva River and its tributaries, for rainy and dry season in the border of the States of Chiapas and Tabasco. 23 physical, chemical, and microbiological parameters as well as contaminants were determined and compared with the Mexican norm NOM-127-SSA1-1994 which establishes water quality maximum permissible limits for use and human consumption and with the water quality classi cation scale proposed by the Comisión Nacional del Agua. Water quality of the Grijalva River in the studied section and tributaries, also locally named Almandros river, decreases as it descends to more populated areas of Tabasco. Water turbidity and high levels of coliforms and Escherichia are the main problems associated with the rivers of the studied area, even in water sources destined for human consumption. Other studied parameters have acceptable water quality mainly during the dry season, except for Mercury, which showed higher levels than the recommended by the norm in all sampling sites. The need to further study presence of Mercury in the Grijalva River basin is suggested. 

scholarly journals Determinants of drinking water quality in rural Nicaragua

1989 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Sandiford ◽  
A. C. Gorter ◽  
G. Davey Smith ◽  
J. P. C. Pauw
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Unexpected Finding ◽  
Faecal Contamination ◽  
Transmission Mechanisms ◽  
Piped Water

SUMMARYOne hundred and fifty-three water samples from rural Nicaragua were examined for the presence of faecal coliforms during both wet and dry periods. A linear model as fitted by analysis of covariance with the logarithm of the faecal coliform count as the dependant variable. As expected, traditional water sources were grossly contaminated at all times whereas piped water sources were much cleaner. Hand-dug protected wells had significantly higher levels of faecal contamination than unprotected riverside wells and springs during the dry season. The possible reasons for this unexpected finding are discussed. A close association between rainfall and faecal contamination was demonstrated but the effect of rainfall depended on the type of water source. An association between water quality and the size of the community served by the source was also detected. The finding that stored water was usually more contaminated than fresh water samples is consistent with the results from other studies. Since it is unusual for water quality to be inversely correlated wth accessibility, this study site would be suitable for investigating the relative importance of water-borne versus waterwashed transmission mechanisms in childhood diarrhoea.

scholarly journals Seasonal assessment of drinking water sources in Rwanda using GIS, contamination degree (Cd), and metal index (MI)

2019 ◽  
Vol 191 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentine Mukanyandwi ◽  
Alishir Kurban ◽  
Egide Hakorimana ◽  
Lamek Nahayo ◽  
Gabriel Habiyaremye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Contamination Degree ◽  
Drinking Water Sources ◽  
Metal Index

Abstract The quality of drinking water source remains as a major concern in areas of developing and underdeveloped countries worldwide. The treatment and supply of drinking water in Rwanda are carried out by Water and Sanitation Corporation, a state-owned public company. However, it is not able to supply water to all households. Consequently, the non-serviced households depend on natural water sources, like springs, to meet their water requirements. Nevertheless, the water quality in these springs is scarcely known. Therefore, this study assessed and compared metal elements in drinking water sources in the dry and rainy seasons in 2017 using the contamination degree, metal index, and geographic information systems to reveal the spatial distribution of water quality within the considered water sources of springs in Rwanda. The samples were collected monthly from nine water sources of springs and the measured elements are aluminium, calcium, copper, iron, manganese, and zinc. The metal index indicated that during the dry season and rainy season, the sites of Kibungo (1.10 and 1.26) and Kinigi (1.01 and 1.54) have assessed a metal index which is higher than 1. Thus, the water quality of those sites was getting the threshold of warning. The analysis indicated that pollutants are easily transported into water bodies during the rainy season in urban and rural areas to a greater extent than during the dry season .

scholarly journals Water, sanitation, and hygiene in healthcare centres: appraisal in a pandemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enovwo E. Odjegba ◽  
Abayomi O. Bankole ◽  
Barakat O. Layi-Adigun ◽  
Victoria O. Dada
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Health Staff ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Source Type ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Joint Monitoring

Abstract Assessment of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) facilities in Primary Healthcare Centres (PHCs) and water source quality in parts of Southwestern Nigeria was conducted. Sixty-one PHCs in urban and rural areas were selected using a stratified random sampling technique. A WASH profile of the PHCs was conducted based on the water source type, type of toilet facilities, and handwashing practice using the Joint Monitoring Programme service ladder for monitoring WASH services in healthcare facilities. Water sources were tested for pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, turbidity, chloride, nitrate, and E. coli. Boreholes and hand-dug wells are the most prevalent water source type, and flush toilets and pit latrines are the major types of toilet facilities used. All but two PHCs engaged in handwashing practices. Water quality analysis results showed that chloride, nitrate, and turbidity were within the WHO drinking-water standards. Poor water quality and sanitation practices could expose health staff and patients to healthcare-associated infections. The study recommends the construction of safe, secure and accessible water sources and toilet facilities, provision of water treatment facilities, and the training of staff and patients on the significance of handwashing practices.

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