In vivo toxicities of the hospital effluent in Mahdia Tunisia

Abstract Hospital effluent (HE) is one of the most important sources of pharmaceutical released into the environment. This kind of pollution is a recognized problem for both human health and aquatic life. Consequently, in the present study, we assessed the effects of hospital untreated effluent on mice via biochemical and histopathological determinations. Female mice were given free access to water bottles containing untreated HE at different dilutions for 21 days. Then clinical biochemistry and histopathology evaluation were conducted. Serum biochemistry analysis showed the presence of significant increase in cholesterol, triglycerides, glycaemia and total bilirubin. However, phosphatase alkaline and urea activities have been significantly decreased compared to the control group. No significant variation was observed for the rest of the studied parameters (high-density lipoproteins; low-density lipoproteins and uric acid). Additionally, multiple alterations, including cellular necrosis, leucocyte infiltration and congestion, were observed in different tissues of mice exposed to the tested HE.

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Obestatin acts in brain to inhibit thirst

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.00395.2006 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 292 (1) ◽

pp. R637-R643 ◽

Cited By ~ 91

Author(s):

Willis K. Samson ◽

Meghan M. White ◽

Christopher Price ◽

Alastair V. Ferguson

Keyword(s):

Food Intake ◽

Pituitary Gland ◽

Behavioral Activity ◽

Free Access ◽

Gene Encoding ◽

Gh Secretion ◽

Water Drinking ◽

Access To Water

Derived from the same prohormone, obestatin has been reported to exert effects on food intake that oppose those of ghrelin. The obestatin receptor GPR39 is present in brain and pituitary gland. Since the gene encoding those two peptides is expressed also in those tissues, we examined further the possible actions of obestatin in vivo and in vitro. Intracerebroventricular administration of obestatin inhibited water drinking in ad libitum-fed and -watered rats, and in food-and water-deprived animals. The effects on water drinking preceded and were more pronounced than any effect on food intake, and did not appear to be the result of altered locomotor/behavioral activity. In addition, obestatin inhibited ANG II-induced water drinking in animals provided free access to water and food. Current-clamp recordings from cultured, subfornical organ neurons revealed significant effects of the peptide on membrane potential, suggesting this as a potential site of action. In pituitary cell cultures, log molar concentrations of obestatin ranging from 1.0 pM to 100 nM failed to alter basal growth hormone (GH) secretion. In addition, 100 nM obestatin failed to interfere with the stimulation of GH secretion by GH-releasing hormone or ghrelin and did not alter the inhibition by somatostatin in vitro. We conclude that obestatin does not act in pituitary gland to regulate GH secretion but may act in brain to alter thirst mechanisms. Importantly, in rats the effects of obestatin on food intake may be secondary to an action of the peptide to inhibit water drinking.

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The influence of the partial replacing of some inorganic minerals with glycine complex and the vitamin d3 source on performance, slaughter traits, sensory and physico-chemical characteristics of pheasant muscles (Phasianus colchicus L.) Depending on gender

Annals of Animal Science ◽

10.2478/aoas-2020-0055 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Eugeniusz R. Grela ◽

D. Gugała ◽

Marian Flis

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Body Weight ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

Control Group ◽

Free Access ◽

Copper Salts ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

Access To Water ◽

Muscle Groups ◽

Calcium Iron

AbstractThe aim of the study was to determine the effect of these substitutions on body weight and slaughtering performance, post-mortem changes, sensory characteristics and chemical composition of selected muscle groups of male and female pheasants. The tests were carried out on pheasants during 5–16 weeks of rearing in enclosed aviaries. Four groups of 8 females and 8 males were formed, and the experimental factor was the supplementation of calcium, iron, zinc and copper salts with glycinates of these elements. The control group received a feed blend containing 100% of the mineral need as salts. In the E-25 group, 25% of the salts were replaced by glycinates, in the E-50 group 50% of the salts were replaced, and in the E-75 group only glycinates comprising 75% of the total mineral content were used and no salts were included, with vitamin D3 replaced by calcitriol. For the duration of the study, feeding was at will and the birds had free access to water. In addition, pheasants were weighed at the age of 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks. Daily feed intake was monitored. At the end of the experiment, when all the pheasants were 16 weeks old, they were weighed and decapitated. The breast, thighs and drumsticks and the heart, liver and gizzard were removed from the chilled carcasses. Supplementation of calcium, iron, zinc and copper salts with 50% glycinates in feed mixtures for pheasants over a period of 5–16 weeks resulted in a slight improvement in the slaughter weight of birds and a significant increase in crude ash, calcium and zinc, while at 75% supplementation and when calcitriol was used instead of vitamin D3, increased phosphorus levels were found in the pheasant muscles analyzed. Males had higher body weight, body weight gain, carcass, liver and gizzard weights, and their muscles had more magnesium and potassium and less calcium, sodium and iron than females.

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EFFECTS OF ETHANOL EXTRACTS OF GYNURA PROCUMBENS ON IN-VIVO PHAGOCYTOSIS OF WISTAR ALBINO RATS

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/jt.v78.9090 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 78 (6-7) ◽

Author(s):

Wan Shahriman Yushdie Wan Yusoff ◽

Asraf Saufi Johari ◽

Evana Kamarudin ◽

Mohd Fahmi Mastuki ◽

Mohd Nazri Abu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Serum Biochemistry ◽

Phagocytic Index ◽

Control Group ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Limited Information ◽

Albino Rat ◽

Carbon Clearance ◽

Ethanol Extracts ◽

Clearance Test

Gynura procumbens is a traditional medicinal plant that is commonly used in Southeast Asia for treatment of various ailments. Nonetheless, there is very limited information on the effect of Gynura procumbens on the immune system. This preliminary study evaluates Gynura procumbens immunomodulatory properties of ethanol extracts at four dose levels ranging from 100 to 400 mg/kg body weight by focusing on the effects on phagocytic activity of macrophages on healthy female Wistar albino rat models. Assessments on phagocytosis enhancement were evaluated using carbon clearance test together with the examination on the mortality, behavioral changes, blood cells count, and serum biochemistry. The result from carbon clearance test showed significant increase of phagocytic index (P<0.05) on Gynura procumbens extract treated group of all doses. Furthermore, this study also demonstrates that there were no significant changes in the general condition, haematological counts, and biochemistry values from the Gynura procumbens treated groups in comparison to the control group. These findings demonstrate the potential of Gynura procumbens as an immunomodulatory agent.

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The metabolic disorders associated with chronic consumption of soft and energy drinks in rats*

Acta Biochimica Polonica ◽

10.18388/abp.2020_2914 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Heba M. Eltahir ◽

Ghadi Alamri ◽

Asmaa Alamri ◽

Asmaa Aloufi ◽

Maiiada Nazmy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sugar Content ◽

Energy Drinks ◽

Control Group ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Free Access ◽

Metabolic Disturbances ◽

Water Control ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Access To Water ◽

Group 2

Background: Energy Drinks (EDs) and Soft Drinks (SDs) are widely consumed among adolescents and young adults. These drinks contain variable amounts of caffeine which is a central nervous system stimulator; in addition to sugar, taurine, vitamins and herbal extracts. Several adverse effects have been reported for the excessive consumption of caffeine and sugar. Aim: This work aimed at providing a comparison between the effect of chronic consumption of both drinks on metabolism biochemically as well as at the histopathological level. Methods: Adult albino rats were randomly divided into three groups and treated for 4 weeks. Animals received water (control, group 1), 12.5 ml/kg/day of either Pepsi® (SD, group 2) or Power Horse® (ED, group 3). All animals had free access to water and standard animal chow. Results: ED and SD groups showed a significant weight gain compared to control. ED animals showed a significant increase in serum urea, hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia in comparison to control and SD groups. Serum uric acid significantly increased in ED and SD groups. ED group showed congestion and inflammation in their renal tissues in addition to splenomegaly and increased phagocyte infiltration. Conclusion: The high caffeine-sugar content in ED exerts a more significant influence on the metabolic pathways than SDs. Both increase the incidence of cardiovascular diseases and tissue inflammation due to their effect on lipid profile and blood glucose. The other ingredients in EDs may play a role in the observed metabolic disturbances. Chronic use of EDs should be especially discouraged to avoid these negative effects.

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HIGH AND VERY HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS ADMINISTRATION INHIBITS PROGRESSION OF EXPERIMENTAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN THE RABBIT

10.1055/s-0038-1643748 ◽

1987 ◽

Author(s):

J Badimon ◽

L Bodimon ◽

V Fuster

Keyword(s):

Treated Group ◽

Experimental Atherosclerosis ◽

Epidemiologic Studies ◽

Atherogenic Diet ◽

High Density Lipoproteins ◽

Control Group ◽

Atherosclerotic Lesions ◽

Artery Disease ◽

In Vivo Administration

Epidemiologic studies have shown an inverse relationship between HDL and coronary artery disease. We have previously demonstrated that in vivo administration of HDL-VHDL inhibits thedevelopment of atherosclerosis in cholesterol (cho)-fed rabbits. In the present study we have analyzed whether high levels of the physiological cholesterol acceptor, homologous HDL-VHDL,could inhibit the progression of established atherosclerotic lesions. Atherosclerosis was induced by feeding rabbits a 0.5% cho-rich diet for 2 months (140g/day). At that moment, a subgroup of animal (N=4) was sacrificed and their aortas showed 30 ± 8% of aortic atherosclerotic involvement. The remaining animals, kept on the same atherogenic diet, were randomly divided in two identical groups (N=7): a control and a treated group administered with 50 mg of HDL-VHDL a week for 4 weeks. HDL-VHDL fraction wasisolated from normal rabbit plasma byultracentrifugation at a density range of 1.063-1.25g/ml. The amount of HDL-VHDL administered was determined byits protein content according to Lowry"s technique. The 50mg of HDL-VHDL, measured as protein, contained1.4mg of total cholesterol, 1.43mg oftriglycerides and 0.6mg of phospholipids. At sacrifice, the treated group showed a marked decrease on the extent of aortic by fatty streaks (20 ± 6%X ± 1SE) as compared to(36% + 6) inthe control group (p < 0.05). Similar results were obtained in aortic wall lipid accumulation (See table, results expressed as X±1SEM; rag/gr dry aorta.)In conclusion, administration of HDL-VHDL induced a marked inhibition on the progression of atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits.

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Comprehensive Analysis of the Safety Profile of a Single-Stranded RNA Nano-Structure Adjuvant

Pharmaceutics ◽

10.3390/pharmaceutics11090464 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 464 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Hyeong-Jun Park ◽

Hae Li Ko ◽

Dong-Hoon Won ◽

Da-Bin Hwang ◽

Yoo-Sub Shin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Serum Biochemistry ◽

Comprehensive Analysis ◽

Control Group ◽

Related Gene ◽

Nano Structure ◽

Adverse Side Effects ◽

Commercial Use ◽

Th1 And Th2 Responses

Adjuvants enhance the efficacy of vaccines by stimulating immune response-related gene expression and pathways. Although some adjuvants have been approved for commercial use in human vaccines (e.g., Alum, MF59, and AS03), they might elicit adverse side effects, such as autoimmune diseases. Recently, we developed a novel single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) nano-structure adjuvant, which can stimulate both Th1 and Th2 responses. In this study, we evaluated the safety and toxicological profiles of this ssRNA nano-structure adjuvant in vitro and in vivo. Mice were intramuscularly immunized with the ssRNA nano-structure adjuvant three times, once every 2 weeks. The results indicate no significant differences in hematological and serum biochemistry parameters between the ssRNA-treated groups and the control group. From a histopathological perspective, no evidence of tissue damage was found in any group. The levels of IgE and anti-nuclear antibodies, which are markers of autoimmune disease, were not different between the ssRNA-treated groups and the control group. The findings of this study suggest that the ssRNA nano-structure can be used as a safe adjuvant to increase vaccine efficacies.

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IN VIVO INVESTIGATION OF BOVINE CUTANEOUS PAPILLOMATOSIS WITH HOMEOPATHIC PREPARATIONS

Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine ◽

10.3329/bjvm.v3i2.11370 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 114-116

Author(s):

MG Hossain ◽

MG Haider ◽

MR Khan ◽

EH Chowdhury ◽

MM Hossain

Keyword(s):

Untreated Control ◽

Histopathological Examination ◽

Control Group ◽

Group Iii ◽

Concurrent Use ◽

Group I ◽

Cellular Necrosis ◽

Group Ii ◽

Control Group Group

This investigation was carried out to determine the effects of thuza and antim crud (Homeopathic preparations) on bovine cutaneous papillomatosis/wart. Nine calves of one to two and a half years age and of both sexes affected with cutaneous papillomatosis were randomly divided into three equal groups (group I, group II and group III) for this experiment from March 2002 to February 2003. Each calf of group I was first administered with 15 globules sulphur with a potency of 200-power once orally. This was followed after 7 days with 50M (M = 1000-power) thuza at the dose rate of 10 globules twice daily orally for a period of three weeks. The calves of group II were administered with sulphur and antim crud at the same dose, potency, route and duration, respectively and the calves of group III were kept as untreated control. Papilloma tissues were collected prior to treatment and at the sixth week of treatment and they were subjected to histopathological examination. Thuza and antim crud with concurrent use of sulphur were found effective in curing bovine cutaneous papillomatosis with a rate of 66.66% (4/6). Little or no reduction in size of the papillomas was observed within the first two weeks of treatment in both the treated groups (group I and group II). Thereafter, miniature size sessile and pedunculated papillomas started drying with the gradual reduction in size that fell leaving hairless areas at the end of fourth week. By the eighth week there was complete cure of papillomas. One calf of each treated groups (group I and group II) affected with large papillomas (5 X 7 cm) were not completely cured. Microscopic examination of regressive papillomas at sixth week of treatment showed cellular necrosis. Growth recurrence was not observed within one month of recovery. In the untreated control group (group III), the number and size of papillomas increased. Therefore, this line of treatment may be practiced for the treatment of bovine papillomatosis.

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Effect of water scarcity during thermal-humidity exposure on the mineral footprint of sheep

Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences ◽

10.5713/ajas.20.0350 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 33 (12) ◽

pp. 1940-1947

Author(s):

Jalil Ghassemi Nejad ◽

Bae-Hun Lee ◽

Ji-Yung Kim ◽

Kyu-Hyun Park ◽

Won-Seob Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Deprivation ◽

Latin Square ◽

Ovis Aries ◽

Control Group ◽

Free Access ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Mineral Supplementation ◽

Access To Water ◽

Mineral Levels ◽

Additional Mineral

Objective: Combination of two stressors on alteration of mineral footprints in animals needs due attention to meet maximum production and welfare, particularly in grazing sheep. This study tested whether ewes (Ovis aries) exposed to water deprivation and thermal–humidity stressors had altered mineral footprints in their wool, serum, urine, and feces.Methods: Nine ewes (age = 3 years; mean body weight = 41±3.5 kg) were divided among a control group with free access to water, and treatment groups with water deprivation lasting either 2 h (2hWD) or 3 h (3hWD) after feeding. Using a 3×3 Latin square design, animals were assigned to treatment groups for three sampling periods of 21 days each (n = 9). Blood was collected by jugular venipuncture. Wool was collected at the end of periods 2 and 3. Metabolic crates designed with metal grated floors were used for urine and feces collection. We measured sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), chloride (Cl), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn).Results: The wool mineral levels did not differ between the treatment groups, although K was marginally lower (p = 0.10) in the 2hWD group. The serum and urine mineral levels did not differ between the treatments (p>0.05). Fecal K was significantly lower in the 2hWD group than in the other groups (p≤0.05).Conclusion: In conclusion, water deprivation and thermal-humidity exposure altered the excretion of K, but not of other minerals, in the wool, urine, feces, or serum of ewes. Thus, no additional mineral supplementation is needed for water deprived ewes during thermalhumidity exposure.

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Influence of zinc nanoaquacitrate on the immuno-physiological reactivity and productivity of the organism of rabbits

Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems ◽

10.15421/022020 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 133-138

Author(s):

О. V. Boiko ◽

О. F. Honchar ◽

Y. V. Lesyk ◽

І. І. Kovalchuk ◽

B. V. Gutyj

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Organic Compound ◽

Physiological Reactivity ◽

Control Group ◽

Free Access ◽

Access To Water ◽

Bactericidal Activities ◽

The Impact ◽

Positive Effect ◽

Experimental Group

Zinc is necessary for maintaining the immune status, and its deficiency in the organisms of animals is usually accompanied by the condition of immune deficiency. The objective of the study was determining the effect of different amounts of zinc on the immune-biological reactivity and productivity of the organism of rabbits after their weaning on the 50th and 86th days of life. For the study, rabbits with the weight of 1.2–1.4 kg were selected and divided into four groups (control and three experimental). The rabbits of the control group were fed with unlimited balanced granulated compound feed, and had free access to water. The animals of the I, II and III experimental groups were watered with zinc nanoaquacitrate in the amounts of 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 mg of Zn/kg of body weight. Compared with the control group, watering of the animals of the experimental groups with zinc nanoaquacitrate to a greater extent affected the content of phagocytic activity, lysozymic and bactericidal activities of the blood serum as integral factors of non-specific cellular and humoral resistance of the organism, which manifested in the increase in their content in blood on the 12th, 24th and 36th days of the experiment. Use of organic supplement in the diet of rabbits had a stimulating effect on the functioning of the immune system of their organism, which was seen in the higher content of total immunoglobulins, sialic acids and ceruloplasmin in the blood of animals watered with zinc nanoaquacitrate in the quantities of 0.50 and 0.75 mg of Zn/kg of body weight on the 24th and 36th days of the experiment. Use of organic compound of zinc in the diet caused high parameters of growth of the organism of rabbits during the period of 36 days, which manifested in the highest parameters of average-day increments and body weight on the 86th day of the life of the rabbits from the III experimental group, which received zinc nanoaquacitrate in the amounts of 0.75 mg of Zn/kg of body weight compared with the control group. Watering rabbits with zinc nanoaquacitrate during the study was accompanied by probable changes in the number of erythrocytes, concentration of hemoglobin and erythrocyte indices, which could indicate a positive effect of the employed additives on the hematopoietic function of the rabbits’ organism. The data of the performed experiment suggest that watering with larger amounts of organic compound of zinc has a positive effect on the processes of formation of immuno-physiological reactivity of the rabbits’ organism and increase in their productivity. The practical purpose is the study of the impact of watering with zinc nanoaquacitrate on the immuno-biological reactivity of the organism of rabbit dams during the period of lactation.

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Effects of Electric Shock on Water Consumption in Random-Bred Mice

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1972.30.3.859 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 30 (3) ◽

pp. 859-862

Author(s):

Martin Manosevitz ◽

Robert J. Plomin

Keyword(s):

Water Consumption ◽

Electric Shock ◽

Water Deprivation ◽

Behavioral Measure ◽

Control Group ◽

Free Access ◽

Shock Control ◽

Access To Water

Water consumption in a random-bred line of mice was studied to determine if consumption could be used as a behavioral measure of emotionality. The treatment, electric shock, was administered to 13 mice; a non-shock control group included 14 mice. 48 hr. after treatment, all mice were given 24 hr. water deprivation. This was followed by 24 hr. free access to water. During this 24-hr. period, water consumption was recorded at 30, 60, 90, 120 min., and at the end of 24 hr. Mice that received the electric shock consumed significantly more water than the control group during the first 2 hr. These results are consistent with the suggestion that water consumption may be a useful indicator of emotionality in mice.

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