Biosolids composting at the Borough of Mechanicsburg, PA WWTP

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 978-986
Author(s):  
Aaron B. Stephens ◽  
Jennifer Callahan ◽  
Lisa C. Challenger ◽  
Ron Adams
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Beneficial Use ◽  
Class A ◽  
Central Pennsylvania ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Class B ◽  
Testing Cost ◽  
Digested Liquid ◽  
Design Requirements ◽  
Compost Facility

Abstract The Borough of Mechanicsburg, located in central Pennsylvania, was experiencing challenges in finding sufficient agricultural fields to continue the beneficial use of their anaerobically digested liquid wastewater treatment plant Class B biosolids. At the time, the only alternative available was dewatering and going to landfill, which is significantly more expensive. Due to environmental concerns and costs related to the alternatives, biosolids composting was selected to produce a Class A/EQ (Exceptional Quality) biosolids product, thus providing expanded opportunities for beneficial use. From the initial feasibility review to operational status, the implementation spanned nine (9) years, starting in 2005. The upgrade to composting was in conjunction with many other plant upgrades. Material Matters, Inc. provided support through the entire process including the feasibility study, pilot testing, cost assessment, compost facility design requirements, equipment assessment and recommendation, start-up testing, software development, permitting, fertilizer registration, product promotion, and marketing.

Removal of fecal indicator organisms and parasites (fecal coliforms and helminth eggs) from municipal biologic sludge by anaerobic mesophilic and thermophilic digestion

2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 97-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Rojas Oropeza ◽  
N. Cabirol ◽  
S. Ortega ◽  
L. P. Castro Ortiz ◽  
A. Noyola
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Anaerobic Treatment ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Anaerobic Sludge ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Fecal Indicator ◽  
Class A ◽  
Helminth Eggs ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Thermophilic Digestion

In this work, two egg-shaped, 5L-volume, anaerobic sludge digesters were used, one under mesophilic conditions (35°C, M1), and the other under thermophilic conditions (55°C, T1). Both digesters were fed with the purged sludge from an anaerobic treatment plant (start-up period) and from an activated sludge plant (stabilization period), treating municipal wastewaters. The purpose of the study was to establish the technical feasibility of the anaerobic thermophilic sludge treatment comparatively, during the stages of start-up and stabilization of the process, for removing pathogenic microorganisms and parasites efficiently. The results show that, in both stages, the anaerobic thermophilic digester presents higher efficiency on the removal of pathogens and parasites, than the mesophilic digester. Anaerobic thermophilic digestion is close to complying with the EPA (1996) limits for “Class A” type biosolids, referring to the number of parasitic helminth eggs (0.25 HELarval/gTS), and to the pathogen indicator fecal coliforms (<1000 MPN/gTS). Therefore, the results show that thermophilic anaerobic digestion of biologic sludge may be considered as a suitable technology for the production of Class A biosolids, for further use in agriculture without restrictions.

Effectiveness of selected wastewater treatment plants in Yemen for reduction of faecal indicators and pathogenic bacteria in secondary effluents and sludge

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adel A. S. Al-Gheethi ◽  
M. O. Abdul-Monem ◽  
A. H. S. AL-Zubeiry ◽  
A. N. Efaq ◽  
A. M. Shamar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plant ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Class A ◽  
Secondary Effluents ◽  
Class B ◽  
Faecal Indicators

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Yemen for reduction of faecal indicators and pathogenic bacteria in the secondary effluents and sludge. Hundred sixty bacterial isolates were obtained from 27 secondary effluents and sludge samples generated from Ibb wastewater treatment plant (IWWTP), Taiz wastewater treatment plant (TWWTP), Aden wastewater treatment plant (AWWTP1 and 2) and Sana'a wastewater treatment plant (SWWTP) in Republic of Yemen. Isolation of the bacteria was carried out by the direct plate method on the several selective media. The concentrations of faecal coliforms (FCs) were more than that recommended by World Health Organisation guidelines in all secondary effluents samples expect for those collected from TWWTP. FCs in the sludge from IWWTP and SWWTP were more than the standards limits recommended by United State Environmental Protection Agency (U. S. EPA) Class B, while sludge from AWWTP and TWWTP meet U. S. EPA standards limits Class A and class B, respectively. Among 160 bacterial isolates, E. coli was the most common (detected in 88.88% of the samples), followed by Streptococcus faecalis (70.37%), Klebsiella pneumonia (66.67%), Enterobacter aerogenes (59.23%), Salmonella typhi (33.33%), S. typhimurium and Shigella sonni (25.93% for each) and Yersinia pestis (22.22%). The sludge samples collected from IWWTP and TWWTP and stored for 24 weeks at room temperature (25 ± 2 °C) met the standards limits recommended by U.S. EPA, Class A.

مهارة الكلام منظور من عملية التعلم والتعليم في جامعة باتوسنجكر الاسلامية الحكومية سومطرى الغربية

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suharmon Suharmon
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Strategies ◽  
Language Education ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Quantitative Approach ◽  
Motivation To Learn ◽  
Education Department ◽  
Class A ◽  
Class B ◽  
Speaking Skill

This research aims to obtain infomation about Arabic learning especially speaking skill in Arabic Language Education Department at IAIN Batusangkar. The research uses a quantitative approach. The instruments to collect the data are test and questionnaire. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results of the research state that the students’ speaking ability at class “ A “ are 28% low, 36% moderate, and 36% high. While, at class “B”, students’ speaking abilities are 36.4% low, 40,9% moderate, and 22.7% high. The cause of students’ low ability is the unappropriateness of teachers’ strategy in teaching speaking. There are about 96% students at class “A” agreed and 86.4% students at class “B” had similar answer. Another cause is students’ low motivation in learning. Class “A” students agreed for about 76% of them and 77% of class “B” students answered the same. From the finding, it can be concluded that the inability of students to speak Arabic can be overcomed by improving teaching strategies and encouraging maximum motivation  to learn Arabic.

Single-stage Sequencing Batch Process for Producing Class A Biosolids from AD Effluent at Terminal Island Treatment Plant

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Huub H.J. Cox ◽  
Steve Fan ◽  
Reza Iranpour
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Batch Process ◽  
Single Stage ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Class A ◽  
Truck Loading ◽  
Train Operation ◽  
Plant Control ◽  
Class A Biosolids

Terminal Island Treatment Plant converted its digesters to thermophilic operation with the objective to comply with the U.S. EPA Part 503 Biosolids Rule requirements for Class A biosolids. The following processes were tested: a) single-stage continuous; b) two-stage continuous; c) single-stage sequencing batch. Salmonella sp. were always non-detect in digester outflows (<3 MPN/4 g dry wt), whereas fecal coliform densities were usually below the Class A limit of 1000 MPN/g dry wt. However, the recurrence of fecal coliforms in post-digestion caused non-compliance with the Class A limit at the truck loading facility as the last point of plant control for compliance. After several design modifications of the post-digestion train, operation of the digesters as sequencing batch digesters according to the time-temperature requirement of Alternative 1 of the Part 503 Biosolids Rule achieved compliance for both Salmonella sp. and fecal coliforms at the last point of plant control (truck loading facility).

Anaerobic Treatment of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Wastewater from Lab to Full Scale

1999 ◽  
Vol 40 (8) ◽  
pp. 229-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Fdz-Polanco ◽  
M. D. Hidalgo ◽  
M. Fdz-Polanco ◽  
P. A. García Encina
Keyword(s):  
Polyethylene Terephthalate ◽  
Loading Rate ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Textile Wastewater ◽  
Anaerobic Treatment ◽  
Cod Removal ◽  
Organic Loading Rate ◽  
Foam Formation ◽  
Organic Loading ◽  
Start Up

In the last decade Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) production is growing. The wastewater of the “Catalana de Polimers” factory in Barcelona (Spain) has two main streams of similar flow rate, esterification (COD=30,000 mg/l) and textile (COD=4000 mg/l). In order to assess the anaerobic treatment viability, discontinuous and continuous experiments were carried out. Discontinuous biodegradability tests indicated that anaerobic biodegradability was 90 and 75% for esterification and textile wastewater. The textile stream revealed some tendency to foam formation and inhibitory effects. Nutrients, micronutrients and alkali limitations and dosage were determined. A continuous lab-scale UASB reactor was able to treat a mixture of 50% (v) esterification/textile wastewater with stable behaviour at organic loading rate larger than 12 g COD/l.d (0.3 g COD/g VSS.d) with COD removal efficiency greater than 90%. The start-up period was very short and the recuperation after overloading accidents was quite fast, in spite of the wash-out of solids. From the laboratory information an industrial treatment plant was designed and built, during the start-up period COD removal efficiencies larger than 90% and organic loading rate of 0.6 kg COD/kg VSS.d (5 kg COD/m3.d) have been reached.

scholarly journals Some kinematics of halo coronal mass ejections

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-88
Author(s):  
Virendra Kumar Verma ◽  
Nishant Mittal ◽  
Ramesh Chandra
Keyword(s):  
Coronal Mass Ejections ◽  
Solar Flares ◽  
Coronal Holes ◽  
Geomagnetic Disturbances ◽  
Class A ◽  
Heliospheric Physics ◽  
Class B ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Class C

AbstractWe present an investigation of halo coronal mass ejections (HCMEs) kinematics and other facts about the HCMEs. The study of HCMEs is very important because HCMEs are regarded as the main causes of heliospheric and geomagnetic disturbances. In this study, we have investigated 313 HCMEs observed during 1996-2012 by LASCO, coronal holes, and solar flares. We find that HCMEs are of two types: accelerated HCMEs and decelerated HCMEs. The mean space speed of HCMEs is 1283 km/s while the mean speed of decelerated HCMEs and accelerated HCMEs is 1349 km/s and 1174 km/s, respectively. The investigation shows that 1 (0.3%) HCME was associated with class A SXR, 14 (4.7%) HCMEs were associated with class B SXR-flares, 87 (29.4%) HCMEs were associated with class C SXR-flares, 125 (42.2%) HCMEs were associated with class M SXR-flares and 69 (23.3%) HCMEs were associated with class X SXR-flares. The speed of HCMEs increases with the importance of solar SXR-flares. The various results obtained in the present analysis are discussed in the light of the existing scenario of heliospheric physics.

scholarly journals Design and Validation of an Adjustable Large-Scale Solar Simulator

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1964
Author(s):  
Daniele Colarossi ◽  
Eleonora Tagliolini ◽  
Paolo Principi ◽  
Roberto Fioretti
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Design Procedure ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Luminous Flux ◽  
International Electrotechnical Commission ◽  
Solar Simulator ◽  
Class A ◽  
Pv Panel ◽  
Temporal Instability ◽  
Class B

This work presents an adjustable large-scale solar simulator based on metal halide lamps. The design procedure is described with regards to the construction and spatial arrangement of the lamps and the designed optical system. Rotation and translation of the lamp array allow setting the direction and the intensity of the luminous flux on the horizontal plane. To validate the built model, irradiance nonuniformity and temporal instability tests were carried out assigning Class A, B, or C for each test, according to the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards requirements. The simulator meets the Class C standards on a 200 × 90 cm test plane, Class B on 170 × 80 cm, and Class A on 80 × 40 cm. The temporal instability returns Class A results for all the measured points. Lastly, a PV panel is characterized by tracing the I–V curve under simulated radiation, under outdoor natural sunlight, and with a numerical method. The results show a good approximation.

scholarly journals Image data of crumb structure of bread from flour of czech spring wheat cultivars

2011 ◽  
Vol 22 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 133-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Švec ◽  
M. Hrušková
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Image Data ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Rheological Measurements ◽  
Class A ◽  
Bread Volume ◽  
Class B ◽  
Crumb Structure

Abstract: Baking quality of flour from six wheat cultivars (harvest 2002 and 2003), belonging to the quality classes A and B, was evaluated using the fermented dough test. Analytical traits of kernel and flour showed differences between the classes which were confirmed by the baking test with the full-bread-formula according to Czech method. In addition to standard methods of the bread parameters description (specific bread volume and bread shape measurements) rheological measurements of penetrometer and image analysis were used in effort to differentiate wheat samples into the quality classes. The results of the baking test proved significant differences in specific bread volumes – the highest volume in class A was obtained with the cultivar Vinjet and in class B with SG-S1098 – approx. 410 and 420 ml/100 g. Although significant correlations among image analysis data and specific bread volume having been proved, any image analysis parameter did not distinguish the quality classes. Only the penetronetric measurements made with bread crumb were suitable for such purpose (r = 0.9083; for  = 0.01). Among image analysis data the total cell area of the crumb had the strongest correlation with specific bread volume (r = 0.7840; for α = 0.01).    

Demonstrating organic contaminant removal in an ozone-based water reuse process at full scale

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 213-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judy Blackbeard ◽  
James Lloyd ◽  
Mirela Magyar ◽  
John Mieog ◽  
Karl G. Linden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Organic Contaminant ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Fire Fighting ◽  
Contaminant Removal ◽  
Class A ◽  
The City

The 350 ML per d Eastern Treatment Plant (ETP) tertiary facility produces “Class A” water for the city of Melbourne, Australia, which is used for irrigation, dual reticulation and fire fighting.

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