scholarly journals Estimating the future hydric needs of Baja California, Mexico. Assessment of scenarios to stop being a region with water scarcity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Cortés-Ruiz ◽  
I. Azuz-Adeath
Keyword(s):  
International Organizations ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Baja California ◽  
Optimization Methods ◽  
Critical Conditions ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Water Region ◽  
Scarce Water ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Water Gain

Abstract This paper shows the actual conditions of freshwater availability in Baja California (BC), Mexico. It aims to estimate the water needs by 2030, and propose scenarios to move out of the scarce water region classification defined by international organizations. A population of 4.1 million people was defined for year 2030 as a target to provide at least 1,000 m3 of water per capita. As agriculture is the main water consumer in the region, empirical decomposition and optimization methods were used to define the trend line of the principal crops production and to establish the optimum conditions for planted surface reduction and water gain. The results show that by 2030, BC will need a total of 4,105 hm3 of water to be classified as a non-water scarcity region; in 2018, BC had 3,045 hm3 of renewable water per year, therefore 1,060 m3 will be needed. The best option in economic terms to attain this goal was the reduction of croplands in Mexicali with a cost of around 82 million US dollars. Although this option is the best quantitatively, the political and social implications of it are enormous, however, the correct management of the resource in critical conditions will require difficult decisions.

scholarly journals Decoupling Urban Water Use and Growth in Response to Water Scarcity

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2868
Author(s):  
Brian D. Richter ◽  
Kendall Benoit ◽  
Jesse Dugan ◽  
Gabriella Getacho ◽  
Natalie LaRoe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Water Usage ◽  
Western Us ◽  
Urban Water Use ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Residential Use ◽  
Response To Water

Many cities in the western US face difficult challenges in trying to secure water supplies for rapidly growing urban populations in the context of intensifying water scarcity. We obtained annual data from urban water utilities across the western US to document trends in their water usage and service populations. We found that many cities have been able to accommodate population increases while simultaneously reducing their volume of water use, thereby decoupling growth from water use. This outcome is largely attributable to reductions in per-capita residential use. We identify additional untapped potential that can sustain and widen this decoupling for many cities.

Calculation and Analysis of Water Footprint in Shunyi District of Beijing

2013 ◽  
Vol 295-298 ◽  
pp. 964-969 ◽  
Author(s):  
Su Ling Liu ◽  
Yu Xin Wang ◽  
Xiao Hui Mao
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Consumption Pattern ◽  
Water Resources Carrying Capacity ◽  
Per Capita

The water footprint and consumption pattern is an effective tool for quantitifying the volume of water resources consumption in certain region [ ].Shunyi’s water footprint in the period 2006-2010 is calculated in this article from the view of virtual water. The general water footprint in Shunyi District at the year 2010 reached 790 million m3 and water footprint per capita was 536.48 cubic meters. Shunyi 's water resource quantity per capita was 501.27 m3 in the same year and the Water Scarcity Index was 1.98. The result of calculation shows that the water resource volume of exploitation in Shunyi District of Beijing has been beyond the water resources carrying capacity.

scholarly journals Do Public Fund Windfalls Increase Corruption? Evidence From a Natural Disaster

2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (11) ◽  
pp. 1455-1488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Nikolova ◽  
Nikolay Marinov
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disaster ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Flood Risk ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Public Fund ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Rainfall Shock ◽  
Audit Reports ◽  
Random Nature

We show that unexpected financial windfalls increase corruption in local government. Our analysis uses a new data set on flood-related transfers, and the associated spending infringements, which the Bulgarian central government distributed to municipalities following torrential rains in 2004 and 2005. Using information from the publicly available audit reports, we are able to build a unique objective index of corruption. We also exploit the quasi-random nature of the rainfall shock (conditional on controls for ground flood risk) to isolate exogenous variation in the amount of funds received by each municipality. Our results imply that a 10% increase in the per capita amount of disbursed funds leads to a 9.8% increase in corruption. We also present suggestive evidence that more corrupt mayors anticipated punishment by voters and dropped out of the next election race. Our results highlight the governance pitfalls of nontax transfers, such as disaster relief or assistance from international organizations, even in moderately strong democracies.

scholarly journals Water and Hydro Power

1970 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 17-19
Author(s):  
C. V.J. Varma
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Hydro Power ◽  
Great Opportunity ◽  
Per Capita

Water is life and energy, basic human needs. The water supply and hydropower demand scenario for India for the year 2025 shows that 90% of the area of the country falls under the Physical Water Scarcity Group. While 500kWh/year per capita energy consumption is considered to be the minimum needed to ensure a quality of life, many developing countries consume less than 76 kWh/year. Hydropower is renewable clean energy and needs to be fully exploited. In Asia and Africa, there is a great opportunity for regional cooperation in development of water resources and hydropower with which to benefit cooperating countries.Key words: Water resources; Water scarcity; Regional cooperation; Per capita electricity consumption; Electricity production capacity; IndiaDOI: 10.3126/hn.v7i0.4228Hydro Nepal Journal of Water, Energy and EnvironmentVol 7, July, 2010Page: 17-19Uploaded date: 31 January, 2011

Water as an Economic Good

2019 ◽  
pp. 19-35
Author(s):  
Edward B. Barbier
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
International Conference ◽  
The Past ◽  
Scarce Water ◽  
Economic Good ◽  
New Perspective

This chapter discusses the idea of water as an economic good. In the past several decades, there has been greater recognition that how humans manage water scarcity and its competing uses must change. This new perspective is reflected in the International Conference on Water and the Environment's (ICWE) 1992 Dublin Statement on Water and Sustainable Development, which declared as one of its core principles: “Water has an economic value in all its competing uses and should be recognized as an economic good.” If water is an “economic good,” then the institutions for managing water should ensure that scarce water is allocated to its most valuable competing use. Rising freshwater scarcity would mean that all users of water would pay higher costs. Any increasing scarcity would be temporary and the resulting higher costs would be “an important way of achieving efficient and equitable use, and of encouraging conservation and protection of water resources.”

scholarly journals Global Water Availability and Requirements for Future Food Production

2011 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 885-899 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Gerten ◽  
J. Heinke ◽  
H. Hoff ◽  
H. Biemans ◽  
M. Fader ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Food Production ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
Population Change ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
General Circulation Models ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Balanced Diet ◽  
Per Capita

Abstract This study compares, spatially explicitly and at global scale, per capita water availability and water requirements for food production presently (1971–2000) and in the future given climate and population change (2070–99). A vegetation and hydrology model Lund–Potsdam–Jena managed Land (LPJmL) was used to calculate green and blue water availability per capita, water requirements to produce a balanced diet representing a benchmark for hunger alleviation [3000 kilocalories per capita per day (1 kilocalorie = 4184 joules), here assumed to consist of 80% vegetal food and 20% animal products], and a new water scarcity indicator that relates the two at country scale. A country was considered water-scarce if its water availability fell below the water requirement for the specified diet, which is presently the case especially in North and East Africa and in southwestern Asia. Under climate (derived from 17 general circulation models) and population change (A2 and B1 emissions and population scenarios), water availability per person will most probably diminish in many regions. At the same time the calorie-specific water requirements tend to decrease, due mainly to the positive effect of rising atmospheric CO2 concentration on crop water productivity—which, however, is very uncertain to be fully realized in most regions. As a net effect of climate, CO2, and population change, water scarcity will become aggravated in many countries, and a number of additional countries are at risk of losing their present capacity to produce a balanced diet for their inhabitants.

scholarly journals Água: a experiência dos programas de Educação Ambiental promovidos pelo Departamento Municipal de Água e Esgoto (DMAE) no Município de UberlândiaWater: the experience of the Environmental Education programs promoted by the Municipal Department of Water and Sewer (DMAE) in the Municipality of UberlândiaAgua: la experiencia de los programas de Educación Ambiental promovidos por la Secretaría Municipal de Aguas y Alcantarillas (DMAE) en el Municipio de Uberlândia

2018 ◽  
pp. 253-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thaís Salgado Silva ◽  
Taynara Laís Martins de Oliveira ◽  
Maria Beatriz Junqueira Bernardes
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Environmental Education ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Social Transformation ◽  
Education Programs ◽  
Sociedad Civil ◽  
Del Rio

A escassez de água tornou-se pauta de discussão entre os Organismos Internacionais, entes da Administração Pública e da sociedade civil para debater questões relacionadas à gestão e preservação dos recursos hídricos. Assim, reconhecida a importância dessa temática, o Departamento Municipal de Água e Esgoto (DMAE), autarquia do município de Uberlândia/MG, implementou os projetos de Educação Ambiental, Projeto Escola Água Cidadã e Projeto Buritis, os quais intentam, respectivamente, despertar, perante à população, a tomada de consciência sobre a importância do uso racional da água, bem como estabelecem medidas para a proteção e preservação das nascentes do Rio Uberabinha. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida, a partir de levantamentos bibliográficos e visitas técnicas à autarquia, a fim de enfatizar práticas de educação ambiental como instrumento de transformação social. The water scarcity has become the work agenda among the International Organizations, Public Administration and Civil Society to discuss the obligations for the management of water resources. Thus, recognizing the importance of this issue the Municipal Department of Water and Sewer (DMAE), autarchy of the municipality of Uberlândia (MG), implemented Environmental Education projects - Citizen Water School Project and Buriti Project - which aim, respectively, encourage the population to become aware about the importance of the rational use of water, as well as establish measures for the protection and preservation of the sources of Uberabinha River. The research was developed based on bibliographic surveys and technical visits to the autarchy seeking to emphasize a education as a skillful tool for social transformation. La escasez de agua se ha convertido en un tema de discusión entre los Organismos Internacionales, entes de la Administración Pública y de la sociedad civil, para debatir cuestiones de la gestión y preservación de los recursos hídricos. Asi, reconocida la importancia del tema, el Departamento Municipal de Água e Esgoto (DMAE), autarquia municipal de la ciudad de Uberlandia-MG, ha desarollado proyectos de Educación Ambiental, Proyecto Agua Ciudadana y Proyecto Buritis, que buscan crear en la población la conciencia sobre la importancia del uso racional del agua, así como establecen medidas para la protección y preservación de las nacientes del Rio Uberabinha. Esta investigación fue desarrollada a partir de referencias bibliográficas y visitas técnicas a la autarquía, buscando enfatizar prácticas de educación ambiental como instrumento de transformación social.

Water scarcity will boost Turkey-Syria-Iraq tensions

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Internal Conflict ◽  
Euphrates River ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Scarce Water ◽  
Southern Iraq ◽  
Regional Water

Significance Large-scale water capture in Turkish dams upstream has caused long-term shortages elsewhere in the Tigris and Euphrates river basin, notably eastern Syria and southern Iraq. Competition for water resources intersects with existing ethno-religious tensions across the riparian countries. Impacts The political fragility of the Syrian and Iraqi states will be exacerbated by rising conflict over scarce water resources. Iran may seek to intervene on behalf of Shia Arabs in the Iraqi south. Turkey may experience future internal conflict with the Kurdish minority on whose land new dams have been constructed. Regional water scarcity could drive further migration to Europe.

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