Field and Experimental Study of the Bioaccumulation of Some Trace Metals in a Coastal Food Chain: Seston, Oyster (Crassostrea Gigas), Drill (Ocenebra Erinacea)

1988 ◽  
Vol 20 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 13-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Amiard-Triquet ◽  
J. C. Amiard ◽  
B. Berthet ◽  
C. Metayer
Keyword(s):  
Trace Metals ◽  
Food Chain ◽  
Body Burden ◽  
The Body ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Additional Increase ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Contaminated Food

From March 1982 to May 1984, monthly sampling has been carried out in a comparatively un-polluted coastal area (bay of Bourgneuf, France), allowing the determination of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn concentrations in water and in the different links of the studied food chain. Except for Pb, the higher the metal level, the higher the trophic level. In order to determine if this situation results from a real biomagnification in the food chain or from specific abilities to concentrate trace metals, oysters and drills were exposed to metals frcm different sources. Young oysters were exposed for 4 weeks, simultaneously to Cu and Pb, through seawater and/or food. The metals were analyzed in phytoplankton in order to evaluate the daily food supply of metals to oysters. The body burden of Cu and Pb in oysters and their concentrations were evaluated after 12, 20 and 28 days of exposure. In controls and oysters contaminated via food the body burden of Pb decreased during the experiment. This indicates that the quantity of Pb eliminated was higher than the input of this metal. Moreover, the direct uptake from water led to body burdens approximately 100 times higher than those reached after contaminated food ingestion. Contaminated seawater + food did not induce any significant additional increase. For Cu, the body burden increased during the experiment in controls as well as in oysters fed with contaminated phytoplankton. This means that the quantity of Cu eliminated is lower than the input of this metal. However, the body burdens induced by exposure to contaminated seawater or seawater + food are at least ten times higher than those registered in oysters exposed via phytoplanktonic food. This result, as well as the high concentration factor of Cu in C.gigas (approximately ten times higher than in phytoplankton) emphasize the ability of oysters to concentrate Cu. This could explain the increase of Cu concentration in increasing trophic levels observed in the field study but the accumulation of Cu from food is significant and could play a role in chronic exposures. Drills were placed for 6 weeks in plastic net bags containing no food or food with different levels of metals. No significant differences were observed between the levels of Cd, Cu and Zn in controls and in drills of the three groups, indicating that these levels do not depend on the food.

The indirect determination of energy retention in farm animals: I. The development of method

1956 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Blaxter ◽  
J. A. F. Rook
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Allantoic Fluid ◽  
The Body ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Adult Cattle ◽  
Indirect Determination ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
The Relationship

1. Methods of estimating water retention in the body of cattle are discussed, and it is shown that methods based on determinations of the initial and final body-water content are of low accuracy and are not suitable for the indirect estimation of fat balance over a period of 24 days.2. Analyses of tissues from young and adult cattle showed that with the exception of serum, brain, skin and bone, water content of the tissues may be predicted from the following equation:Water(g./100g.) = 0·292 Na(mg./100g.) + 0·147 K(mg./100g.).This equation shows that 1 m.equiv. of the Na of tissues is associated with more water than is 1 m.equiv. of the K.3. No differences between cattle aged from less than 1 week to more than 5 years were observed in the relationship between water and Na and K content.4. The equation applied also to the contents of the digestive tract, other than those of the abomasum which gave low results, ascribed to the presence of a high concentration of H+ ions.5. Analyses of whole foetuses for Na, K and H2O showed that their water content could be predicted accurately. The same was true of amniotic fluid, but the water content of allantoic fluid was underestimated by 50%.6. It was shown that despite the anomalous behaviour of brain, serum, skin and bone, accurate predictions of the water content of the animal could be made from simultaneous determinations of Na and K retentions, providing a correction was made for the storage of bound Na in bone.7. Data are presented which indicate that the equations apply equally well to the tissues of the sheep.

Determination of Contaminated Heavy Metals in Lacquer Thinner

2018 ◽  
Vol 879 ◽  
pp. 144-148
Author(s):  
Woravith Chansuvarn ◽  
Kunawoot Jainae
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Trace Metals ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Wet Digestion ◽  
Clear Solution ◽  
Cu And Zn

The aim of this work needed to discover the problem of lacquer thinner products claimed with dissatisfying the quality of coating and color appearance. The trace metals produced cans was focused on release to solvents. The contaminated trace metals including Fe, Sn, Cu, and Zn in lacquer thinner were also determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). The lacquer thinner samples were simply carbonized to be ashes by furnace muffle at 550°C for 8 hours. The carbonized ashes were then also digested by conventional wet digestion with concentrated nitric acid until a clear solution was archived. Twenty samples of lacquer thinner were achieved from the paint manufacturer. The content of Fe, Sn, Cu, and Zn was found in the range of 0.0631-77.190 mg/kg, ND-12.613 mg/kg, ND-1.4679 mg/kg, and ND-0.4028 mg/kg, respectively. The result of high concentration of Fe related to the appearance of lacquer thinner color. The evidence of released heavy metals in the ashes of lacquer thinner samples was evaluated by X-ray fluorescence technique. The result of this work was concluded that the contaminated trace metals in the suspected lacquer thinner samples were leached from the metallic package.

Test of a Model for Predicting the Body Burden of Trace Contaminants in Aquatic Consumers

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 1162-1166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerry W. Elwood ◽  
L. Dean Eyman
Keyword(s):  
Lepomis Macrochirus ◽  
Body Burden ◽  
The Body ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Feeding Experiment ◽  
Trace Contaminants ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Contaminated Food ◽  
Exposure Conditions

A model for predicting the accumulation and retention of trace contaminants obtained through food ingestion in aquatic consumers was tested for short-term exposure conditions. Model parameters were determined in a single-feeding experiment using bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) and food labeled with 137Cs. Independent of this single-feeding experiment, bluegill were allowed to ingest 137Cs contaminated food over a 16-day period and the predicted and measured body burden of the radionuclide were compared. The model realistically simulated the absorption of 137Cs from the gastrointestinal tract and its accumulation over the 16-day period. Average body burden of 137Cs in bluegill was within 25% of the predicted body burden when the experiment was terminated. Apparent equilibrium of 137Cs in bluegill by day 16 suggests that this two-compartment linear model does not apply to the long-term accumulation of cesium in fish. The model appears most applicable for predicting body burdens of trace contaminants under acute exposure conditions that simulate an accidental release.

scholarly journals Application of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for Simultaneous Determination of Tenofovir and Creatinine in Human Urine and Plasma Samples

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 367
Author(s):  
Patrycja Olejarz ◽  
Grażyna Chwatko ◽  
Paweł Kubalczyk ◽  
Krystian Purgat ◽  
Rafał Głowacki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Simultaneous Determination ◽  
Human Urine ◽  
High Performance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Plasma Samples ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Limits Of Detection

Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is widely used in the therapy of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus; however, a high concentration of the prodrug effects kidney function damage. To control the effectiveness of kidney functions in treated patients, the level of creatinine in the body must be controlled. This work describes a simple, fast, and “plastic-waste” reducing method for the simultaneous determination of tenofovir and creatinine in human urine and plasma. In both assays, only 50 µL of body fluid was required. The tests were carried out by reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. In urine samples, the limits of detection for tenofovir and creatinine were 4 µg mL−1 and 0.03 µmol mL−1, respectively. In plasma samples, the limits of detection were 0.15 µg mL−1 for tenofovir and 0.0003 µmol mL−1 for creatinine. The method was applied for the determination of tenofovir and creatinine in human urine and plasma samples. The biggest advantage of the elaborated method is the possibility to determine tenofovir and creatinine in one analytical run in both urine and plasma sample collected from HIV and HBV patients. The possibility to reduce the level of laboratory waste in a sample preparation protocol is in the mainstream of a new trend of analytical chemistry which is based on green chemistry.

scholarly journals PeBiToSens™: A Platform for PBT Screening of Fragrance Ingredients Without Animal Testing

2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 168-175
Author(s):  
Heike Laue ◽  
Lu Hostettler ◽  
Gordon Sanders ◽  
Georg Kreutzer ◽  
Andreas Natsch
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Chemical Toxicity ◽  
Animal Testing ◽  
Ecotoxicological Assessment ◽  
Microbial Biodegradation ◽  
Animal Tests ◽  
Safe By Design

The determination of persistence (P), bioaccumulation (B) and toxicity (T) plays a central role in the environmental assessment of chemicals. Persistence is typically evaluated via standard microbial biodegradation tests. Bioaccumulation refers to the accumulation of chemicals in organisms and is usually assessed in fish exposed to the test chemical. Toxicity is determined at three trophic levels, with fish toxicity as the highest trophic level assessed. Thus, animal tests are classically needed for both B and T assessment. In vitro systems based on fish liver cells or liver S9 fractions ('RT-S9 assay') have been recently adopted by OECD to measure the biotransformation rates for the chemicals for B assessment. Biotransformation drives clearance from the body and reduces bioaccumulation. For T assessment, an assay based on in vitro toxicity on fish gill cells has been established ('RTgill-W1 assay'). Here we summarize our findings indicating that these tests are highly predictive for fragrance ingredients, and show with two case studies of our latest new registered substances how we apply these tests in particular during development and also for chemical registration. This platform of tests (PeBiToSens™) could fully replace animal tests in ecotoxicological assessment and is key in the Givaudan Safe by Design™ approach to develop safer and environmentally compatible novel fragrance ingredients.

scholarly journals Concentration of Heavy Metals in the Biot of Lake Radoniqi and Badovci, Food Safety: Study of the Natural Environment in the Republic of Kosovo

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-238
Author(s):  
Adem Dreshaj ◽  
Bedri Millaku ◽  
Elvis Elezaj ◽  
Bekë Kuqi
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Living Organism ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Aquatic Life ◽  
Fish Organs ◽  
A Cell ◽  
The Republic ◽  
High Concentrations

The purpose of this research is to determine the content of heavy metals in the lakes of Kosovo, lakes with heavy metals such as: (Hg, Cd, Pb, As, Fe, Zn, Ni, Cu), in water and water sediment in Lake Radoniq and Lake Badovc. Determination of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg, As), in muscle tissue and fish organs. Parameters as an indicator of fish safety for food, indicator of environmental pollution (Kosovo lake bioten). Age of fish, the amount of fat are important factors that affect the accumulation of heavy metals in fish. This indicates that the bioaccumulation of heavy metals is a special process and indicates the concentration of heavy metals in the body of the fish. The high concentration of Fe in fish organs is of particular importance for hemoglobin and its role in fish. Metal indicators such as biocumulation factors are different, for example, for Pb can be increased with high concentrations compared to international parameters which depends on the species of fish and the location of catching s137 fish, the concentration of heavy metals in the Lake and the impacts from agricultural activities. The concentration of heavy metals in the body of aquatic life depends on the way in which heavy metals penetrate, giving the body the opportunity to detoxify them through metabolism. Metabolism means the exchange of substances, the uninterrupted exchange of matter between the living organism and the external environment. This process is the basis of life, which allows a cell to grow and reproduce, maintain its structure and respond to its environment.

scholarly journals Determination of Cadmium and Lead in Northern Pike from the Missouri River

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Even ◽  
Shahrokh Ghaffari
Keyword(s):  
Trace Metals ◽  
Anodic Stripping Voltammetry ◽  
Missouri River ◽  
Stripping Voltammetry ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lead And Cadmium ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Cadmium And Lead ◽  
Major Industry

Lead and cadmium are trace metals which accumulate in the body and are extremely toxic in living organisms. The purpose of this study was to find organ(s) with the greatest concentrations of these elements. In this study liver, gill, intestines, and kidney of five samples of Northern Pikes were analyzed. After the organs were dried and digested using nitric acid the anodic stripping voltammetry method was employed to analyze this samples. This method was used for its low detection limit of 10-9 to 10-10 M. However, no trace of either lead or cadmium was found in all 60 samples analyzed. Lack of detectable amount of both lead and cadmium is attribute to; first, Northern Pikes are not bottom dweller and thus would not be highly exposed to sediments that most commonly contain trace metals, second, the absence of a major industry which typically produces these contaminates in this area.

Equilibrium Model of Fate of Microcontaminants in Diverse Aquatic Food Chains

1981 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 280-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert V. Thomann
Keyword(s):  
Food Chain ◽  
Chain Transfer ◽  
Body Burden ◽  
The Body ◽  
Food Chains ◽  
Chain Model ◽  
Bioaccumulation Factors ◽  
Top Predators ◽  
Food Chain Model ◽  
Food Chain Transfer

Bioconcentration and bioaccumulation factors of PCB, 239Pu, and 137Cs are compiled from the literature as a function of organism size. The distribution of field-observed bioaccumulation factors varies markedly between each substance but similarly to order of magnitude within each substance across diverse food chains. It can be inferred from the literature that PCB levels in top predators are due primarily to food chain transfer. A steady state compartment food chain model is derived for estimation of the relative effect of uptake directly from water versus food chain transfer. The model food chain transfer number f, given by αC/K + G for α = chemical absorption efficiency, C = specific consumption, K = excretion rate, and G = net organism growth rate indicates the degree of food chain accumulation. For f > 1, food chain transfer is significant; for f < 1, uptake from water is more significant. Application of the model suggests that (a) PCB body burden in top predators is due almost entirely to consumption of contaminated prey, (b) for 239Pu all of the body burden is due to uptake from the water only, and (c) observed 137Cs concentration factors are due principally to food chain transfer with a high dependence on the salinity-dependent phytoplankton adsorption.Key words: food chain model, bioconcentration, bioaccumulation, PCB, 239Pu, 137Cs, water uptake, food chain transfer

Gender determination of caucasoid hair using image analysis

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 216-217
Author(s):  
T.B. Ball ◽  
W.M. Hess
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Scalp Hair ◽  
The Body ◽  
Equivalent Diameter ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hair Samples ◽  
Length Width ◽  
Morphological Differences

It has been demonstrated that cross sections of bundles of hair can be effectively studied using image analysis. These studies can help to elucidate morphological differences of hair from one region of the body to another. The purpose of the present investigation was to use image analysis to determine whether morphological differences could be demonstrated between male and female human Caucasian terminal scalp hair.Hair samples were taken from the back of the head from 18 caucasoid males and 13 caucasoid females (Figs. 1-2). Bundles of 50 hairs were processed for cross-sectional examination and then analyzed using Prism Image Analysis software on a Macintosh llci computer. Twenty morphological parameters of size and shape were evaluated for each hair cross-section. The size parameters evaluated were area, convex area, perimeter, convex perimeter, length, breadth, fiber length, width, equivalent diameter, and inscribed radius. The shape parameters considered were formfactor, roundness, convexity, solidity, compactness, aspect ratio, elongation, curl, and fractal dimension.

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