The indirect determination of energy retention in farm animals: I. The development of method

1956 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Blaxter ◽  
J. A. F. Rook
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Allantoic Fluid ◽  
The Body ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Adult Cattle ◽  
Indirect Determination ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
The Relationship

1. Methods of estimating water retention in the body of cattle are discussed, and it is shown that methods based on determinations of the initial and final body-water content are of low accuracy and are not suitable for the indirect estimation of fat balance over a period of 24 days.2. Analyses of tissues from young and adult cattle showed that with the exception of serum, brain, skin and bone, water content of the tissues may be predicted from the following equation:Water(g./100g.) = 0·292 Na(mg./100g.) + 0·147 K(mg./100g.).This equation shows that 1 m.equiv. of the Na of tissues is associated with more water than is 1 m.equiv. of the K.3. No differences between cattle aged from less than 1 week to more than 5 years were observed in the relationship between water and Na and K content.4. The equation applied also to the contents of the digestive tract, other than those of the abomasum which gave low results, ascribed to the presence of a high concentration of H+ ions.5. Analyses of whole foetuses for Na, K and H2O showed that their water content could be predicted accurately. The same was true of amniotic fluid, but the water content of allantoic fluid was underestimated by 50%.6. It was shown that despite the anomalous behaviour of brain, serum, skin and bone, accurate predictions of the water content of the animal could be made from simultaneous determinations of Na and K retentions, providing a correction was made for the storage of bound Na in bone.7. Data are presented which indicate that the equations apply equally well to the tissues of the sheep.

The indirect determination of energy retention in farm animals: II. Studies on the validity of the method

1956 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Blaxter ◽  
J. A. F. Rook
Keyword(s):  
Water Retention ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Adult Cattle ◽  
Indirect Determination ◽  
Daily Difference ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Analytical Accuracy ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

1. A series of simultaneous determinations of the Na, K, N, C, ash, H2O and energy retentions of calves have been made in order to test the validity of a method of estimating energy retention without recourse to respiration chamber technique. The experiments involved 72 days' calorimetric observation with six animals. A further series of fourteen experiments with sheep involving 58 days' calorimetric observation were made but are not reported in detail2. It was found that, with calves, water retention could be estimated by an indirect method from Na, K and ash metabolism without significant systematic error. The standard deviations attached to the indirect estimates appeared to be invariant with length of period. Thus, by increasing the length of the period the accuracy of the mean daily estimate of water retention could be considerably increased.3. With calves, energy retention measured indirectly from body-weight gain and the gain of ash, protein and water did not differ significantly from that determined calorimetrically by the C and N balance technique. The standard deviation of the mean daily difference fell with increasing length of period, being ± 407 Cal./24 hr. in an experiment lasting 8 days. It was calculated that experiments with four calves lasting 24 days would give results of the same precision as that obtained in a single calorimetric trial.4. The use of the ratio calorie retention/protein retention could permit the calculation of energy retention from the N metabolism of the animal. It is suggested that this method, if developed to take into account the effect of nutritional plane on the ratio, could have considerable practical value.5. It was found that cutaneous losses of K by the sheep in its skin secretions (suint) make it impossible to interpret the difference between the intake and faecal and urinary losses of K as a body gain of K and express it in terms of water. The method is not therefore suitable for the sheep.6. The difficulties involved in the application of the method to adult cattle are pointed out, particularly those that stem from the high K content of most of the foods they eat. A very high analytical accuracy is necessary if the estimates of Na and K retention are to have the necessary precision.

scholarly journals Morphology of lateral line canals in Neotropical freshwater stingrays (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) from Negro River, Brazilian Amazon

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 867-876 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akemi Shibuya ◽  
Jansen Zuanon ◽  
Maria Lúcia G. de Araújo ◽  
Sho Tanaka
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Line ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mechanical Stimuli ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Ventral Region ◽  
Negro River ◽  
Accurate Localization ◽  
Posterior Lateral Line ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between the distribution of the lateral line canals and their functionality has not been well examined in elasmobranchs, especially among Neotropical freshwater stingrays of the family Potamotrygonidae. The spatial distribution of the canals and their tubules and the quantification of the neuromasts were analyzed in preserved specimens of Potamotrygon motoro, P. orbignyi, Potamotrygon sp. "cururu", and Paratrygon aiereba from the middle Negro River, Amazonas, Brazil. The hyomandibular, infraorbital, posterior lateral line, mandibular, nasal and supraorbital canals were characterized and their pores and neuromasts quantified. The ventral canals are known to facilitate the accurate localization of prey items under the body, and our results indicate that the dorsal canals may be employed in identifying the presence of predators or potential prey positioned above the stingray's body. The presence of non-pored canals in the ventral region may be compensated by the high concentration of neuromasts found in the same area, which possibly allow the accurate detection of mechanical stimuli. The concentration of non-pored canals near the mouth indicates their importance in locating and capturing prey buried in the bottom substrate, possibly aided by the presence of vesicles of Savi.

scholarly journals Ichthyometry and electrical bioimpedance analysis to estimate the body composition of tambatinga

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Teixeira Andrade ◽  
Márvio Lobão Teixeira de Abreu ◽  
João Batista Lopes ◽  
Agustinho Valente de Figueiredo ◽  
Maria de Nazaré Bona Alencar Araripe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance ◽  
Impedance Analysis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Electrical Bioimpedance ◽  
The Relationship

Body composition analysis is relevant to characterize the nutritional requirements and finishing phase of fish. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between ichthyometric (weight, total and standard length, density and yields), bromatological (fat, protein, ash and water content) and bioelectrical-impedance-analysis (BIA) (resistance, reactance, phase angle and composition indexes) variables in the hybrid tambatinga (Colossoma macropomum × Piaractus brachypomus). In a non-fertilized vivarium, 520 juveniles were housed and fed commercial rations. Then, 136 days after hatching (DAH), 15 fish with an average weight of 37.69 g and average total length of 12.96 cm were randomly chosen, anesthetized (eugenol) and subjected to the first of fourteen fortnightly assessments (BIA and biometry). After euthanasia, the following parts were weighed: whole carcass with the head, fillet, and skin (WC); fillet with skin (FS); and the remainder of the carcass with the head (CH). Together, FS and CH were ground and homogenized for the bromatological analyses. Estimates of the body composition and yields of tambatinga, with models including ichthyometric and BIA variables, showed correlation coefficients ranging from 0.81 (for the FS yield) to 1,00 (for the total ash). Similarly, models that included only BIA variables had correlation coefficients ranging from 0.81 (FS and CH yields) to 0.98 (for the total ash). Therefore, in tambatinga, the BIA technique allows the estimation of the yield of the fillet with skin and the body composition (water content, fat, ash, and protein). The best models combine ichthyometric and BIA variables.

scholarly journals UPLC-MS/MS Determination of Linezolid and Heme in Plasma of Infected Patients and Correlation Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Yingying Wang ◽  
Xuemei Ye ◽  
Qin Lan ◽  
Xiaofang Ke ◽  
Lufeng Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Haematological Toxicity ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
High Positive Correlation ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Early Diagnose ◽  
The Relationship

Linezolid can cause serious haematological toxicity, such as thrombocytopenia and aneamia. Heme, composed of iron and porphyrin, is an important component of hemoglobin. In order to investigate the relationship between the concentration of linezolid and heme in the plasma of infected patients, a UPLC-MS/MS method that can determine the concentrations of linezolid and heme simultaneously was developed and validated. A total of 96 healthy subjects and 81 infected patients, who received blood routine blood tests, were included and determined by the UPLC-MS/MS method. The results showed that the concentration of linezolid was 5.08 ± 3.46   μ g / mL in infected patients who were treated with linezolid. The heme in healthy subjects was 7.05 ± 8.68   μ g / mL , and it was significantly decreased to 0.88 ± 0.79   μ g / mL in infected patients ( P < 0.01 ). Spearman correlation analysis showed that linezolid had a high negative correlation with platelet (PLT) ( R = − 0.309 ). Heme had a high positive correlation with hemoglobin (Hb) ( R = 0.249 ) in healthy subjects and infected patients. The ROC analysis showed that heme had diagnostic value to distinguish low Hb (110 g/L). In conclusion, there was a positive correlation between heme and Hb, and this correlation was also observed in infected patients. A high concentration of linezolid was inclined to decrease PLT. Monitoring of heme and linezolid helps in the early diagnose of low Hb and PLT.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Adaptation Capacities of the Body Based on the Determination of the Natural Antibodies to the Endogenous Bioregulators

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. e00038
Author(s):  
M.A. Myagkova ◽  
S.N. Petrochenko ◽  
A.I. Levashova
Keyword(s):  
Natural Antibodies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Practical Recommendation ◽  
Immunological Parameters ◽  
Immunological Monitoring ◽  
Greco Roman ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
The Relationship

A comparative analysis of natural antibodies to bioregulators of the excitation and inhibition nervous system (glutamate and GABA) was performed in serum of people with different types of physical activity. Immunological monitoring was done in three stages: on day 1 (stage 1), on day 14 (stage 2) and on day 28 of examination (stage 3). The study included individuals who were intensively engaged in certain kinds of sports (Greco-Roman wrestling, hockey) and volunteers, who normally practiced a set of health physical exercises. A significant increase in the level of natural antibodies to GABA and glutamate was found with an increase in the duration of exercise in the training process compared with the control group. For individuals involved in various sports activities, the relationship between the intensity of the loads and the immunological parameters was established. Practical recommendation for the application of the developed method for an estimation of adaptation possibilities of the organism at changing physical loadings is given.

scholarly journals The role of osteodystrophy in the pathogenesis of aseptic pododermatitis in cows

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (96) ◽  
pp. 129-133
Author(s):  
N. M. Khomyn ◽  
A. R. Mysak ◽  
S. V. Tsisinska ◽  
V. V. Pritsak ◽  
Yu. M. Lenyo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volumetric Analysis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Aseptic Inflammation ◽  
True Value ◽  
Livestock Products ◽  
Final Confirmation

It is well known that the value of full feeding of farm animals is an important condition for the production of livestock products. Because of the researches of many scientists was found that the value of feed is determined by the content of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, as well as vitamins, minerals and so on. However, the true value of the feed is determined by the part that is digestible and can be used by the body in the metabolism process. In the event of a violation of feeding level associated with the lack of nutrients or minerals of animals or their deficiency, the development of osteodystrophic processes is observed, which directly contribute to changes in the tendon-ligamentous apparatus of the finger of animals, there is an occurrence of prolonged osteotendinitis of the finger flexors, which causes to fingers extension, partially or completely removed from the hoof wall support, and overload of crumbs. Tightening of the crumb support is accompanied by the appearance of the skin of the hoof inflammatory process, excessive horn growth and deformation of the horn capsule. The final confirmation of osteodystrophy is the results of a multivariate mass volumetric analysis of the skeleton state and determination of the magnitude of the angles of the joints of the fingers. On the side of the hoof horn, there is an increase in the moisture content and SH-groups and a decrease in g-keratosis, which affects the biophysical properties of the hoof horn, which are shown by a decrease in density and hardness. Such changes indicate a deterioration in the quality of the hoof horn, a confirmation of which is a decrease in the intensity of erasing of the sole horn, the development of deformation and the occurrence of aseptic inflammation of the base of the skin of the sole horn.

scholarly journals Analysing the Severity of Coronavirus Infection in Air Pollution: Evidence-Based Study From Saudi Arabia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulnoor Ali Jazem Ghanim
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Pm 10 ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract COVID-19 has been considered as one of the major global pandemic which has caused different health problems by affecting the majority of the population throughout the world. Several studies have evolved the concerns of air pollution being considered as a major risk factor causing respiratory infection that are carried out by microorganisms which further affects the immunity system of the body. The present study involves the relationship between the air pollutants and COVID-19 total infection along with estimation of death rates in the several regions of Saudi Arabia. The major goal of this study comprises the analysis of the relationship between air pollutants concentration such as (PM10, NO2, CO, SO2 and O3) and COVID-19 wide outbreak, concerning the transmission, number of patients, critical cases and death rates . The results show that the estimation of COVID-19 cases were highest in number recorded in the most polluted regions, the mortality rate and critical cases were also more distinct in these regions more than other regions in Saudi Arabia. The finding of this study shows a positive correlation between mean PM 10, NO2, CO and SO2 pollutants. The results represent the significant relationship between air pollution resulting from high concentration of NO2 and COVID-19 infection and deaths. Null hypothesis of the relation between other pollutants and COVID-19 infection couldn’t be rejected. The study also indicates significant correlation between mean NO2 and CO and total number of critical cases, and negative correlations were obtained between Mean O3 and total number of cases, total deaths and critical case per cumulative days.

scholarly journals Retrospective study of allometric relationship between heart rate, electrocardiographic parameters and bodyweight in dogs

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 1800-1804
Author(s):  
A.S.C. Aleixo ◽  
A. Alfonso ◽  
M.G. Fillippi ◽  
S.B. Chiacchio ◽  
M.L.G. Lourenço
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Retrospective Study ◽  
The Body ◽  
Weak Correlation ◽  
Allometric Relationship ◽  
Domestic Species ◽  
Electrocardiographic Parameters ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Weight Groups

ABSTRACT The allometric relationship between bodyweight (BW) and heart rate (HR) has been described as inversely proportional in domestic species, but that has been refuted. The relationship between HR and electrocardiographic variables is described in literature. However, studies about the variation and influence of factors on the hemodynamic and electrocardiographic parameters in dogs are not abundant. As the metabolic rate is defined as the production and dissipation of heat by the body surface area (BSA) in m², it is essential to define that relationship. A retrospective study was conducted to analyze the correlation between HR, ECG parameters and BW in dogs. One thousand electrocardiographic tracings were analyzed in addition to the ECG parameters and clinical data such as gender, age and bodyweight. The determination of BSA was performed as follows: BSA (m2) = (10.1 x bodyweight 0.67) X 10-4. When the unified groups were analyzed, there was a negative but weak correlation (r= -0.14, P< 0.0001) between bodyweight and HR. There were differences between weight groups regarding electrocardiographic variables. There is no allometric relationship between BW and HR in dogs. Weight was associated with changes in ECG variables.

Determination of the milk yield of sows and correction for loss of weight due to metabolic processes of piglets during suckling

1964 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Van Spaendonck ◽  
F. X. Vanschoubroek
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Metabolic Processes ◽  
Loss Of Weight ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

SUMMARYIn determining the milk yield of the sow by weighing the litter before and after suckling, loss of weight due to metabolic processes must be considered.An experiment is described to investigate the loss of weight of piglets caused by metabolic processes between two consecutive weighings, and to investigate the relationship between this loss on the one hand and the body weight and the age of the piglets on the other. Weight changes of 15 litters of average 9·8 piglets were studied during 66 weighing periods of 16 minutes, by putting the pigs in a cage, fixed on a differential balance. Each weighing period consisted of 8 periods of 2 minutes, so that in all, loss of weight was studied during 528 2-minute periods.

scholarly journals Experimental Determination of TDR Calibration Relationship for Pyroclastic Ashes of Campania (Italy)

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 3727 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanna Capparelli ◽  
Gennaro Spolverino ◽  
Roberto Greco
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Constant ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Time Domain Reflectometry ◽  
Dielectric Constants ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
The Relationship

Time domain reflectometry (TDR) is one of the most widely used techniques for indirect determination of soil volumetric water content (θ). TDR measures the relative dielectric constant (εr) which, in a three-phase system like the soil, depends on water, air, and solid matrix dielectric constants. Since dielectric constant of water is much larger than the other two, εr of bulk soil mainly depends on water content. In many cases, the application of TDR requires a specific calibration of the relationship θ(εr) to get quantitatively accurate estimates of soil water content. In fact, the relationship θ(εr) is influenced by various soil properties, such as clay content, organic matter content, bulk density, and aggregation. Numerous studies have shown that pyroclastic soils often exhibit a peculiar dielectric behavior. In Campania (Southern Italy) wide mountainous areas are covered by layered pyroclastic deposits of ashes (loamy sands) and pumices (sandy gravels), often involved in the triggering of landslides induced by rainwater infiltration. Reliable field measurements of water content of such soils are therefore important for the assessment of landslide risk. Hence, in this paper, the θ(εr) relationship has been experimentally determined on samples of typical pyroclastic soil of Campania, collected around Sarno, reconstituted with different porosities. The aim of the study is to identify specific calibration relationships for such soils based not only on empirical approaches. In this respect, a three-phase dielectric mixing model with a variable exponent is introduced, and the variable value of the exponent is related to the different dielectric properties of bond and free water within the soil pores.

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