Test of a Model for Predicting the Body Burden of Trace Contaminants in Aquatic Consumers

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 1162-1166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerry W. Elwood ◽  
L. Dean Eyman
Keyword(s):  
Lepomis Macrochirus ◽  
Body Burden ◽  
The Body ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Feeding Experiment ◽  
Trace Contaminants ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Contaminated Food ◽  
Exposure Conditions

A model for predicting the accumulation and retention of trace contaminants obtained through food ingestion in aquatic consumers was tested for short-term exposure conditions. Model parameters were determined in a single-feeding experiment using bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) and food labeled with 137Cs. Independent of this single-feeding experiment, bluegill were allowed to ingest 137Cs contaminated food over a 16-day period and the predicted and measured body burden of the radionuclide were compared. The model realistically simulated the absorption of 137Cs from the gastrointestinal tract and its accumulation over the 16-day period. Average body burden of 137Cs in bluegill was within 25% of the predicted body burden when the experiment was terminated. Apparent equilibrium of 137Cs in bluegill by day 16 suggests that this two-compartment linear model does not apply to the long-term accumulation of cesium in fish. The model appears most applicable for predicting body burdens of trace contaminants under acute exposure conditions that simulate an accidental release.

scholarly journals Contamination of food with cadmium and dioxins – influence on the human body

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Słojewska ◽  
Izabela Gutowska
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Bone Mineralization ◽  
The Body ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Hormonal Balance ◽  
Small Doses ◽  
Contaminated Food

Introduction: Food is a carrier of many pollutants nowadays. For cadmium and dioxins, it is the main source of these compounds in the general population. Hence, the aim of this work was to collect data on the health effects associated with exposure to cadmium and dioxins which get into the human body through food.Materials and methods: A literature review was conducted by searching the scientific Medline database (PubMed) and Google Scholar.Results: Health effects associated with a long-term exposure to low doses of cadmium and dioxins may be nonspecific and are rarely attributed to food sources. These may cause disorders affecting hormonal balance, kidney function, lipid metabolism, fertility, cognitive function, bone mineralization, and susceptibility to diseases and allergies. These compounds may also lead to cancer development.Conclusions: The general population faces the problem of longterm exposure to small doses of these substances due to their accumulation in the body, even if their amounts do not exceed the relevant standards. The health effects of this type of exposure may be significantly delayed and are not likely to be attributed to the consumption of contaminated food. Consumers wishing to reduce the amounts of these compounds delivered to the body should limit the consumption of grilled and smoked products, and should also opt for organic food.

scholarly journals Human Body Burden of Heavy Metals and Health Consequences of Pb Exposure in Guiyu, an E-Waste Recycling Town in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (23) ◽  
pp. 12428
Author(s):  
Wenlong Huang ◽  
Xiaoling Shi ◽  
Kusheng Wu
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Body Burden ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Waste Recycling ◽  
The Body ◽  
Health Consequences ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Pb Exposure

Guiyu accommodates millions of tons of e-waste from overseas and domestic sources each year and is notorious for its e-waste dismantling industry. As a consequence, Guiyu has been described as “the world’s most toxic place” and “junk town”. Informal e-waste recycling activities have caused severe pollution to the local environment and are associated with extensive health problems to the residents. This review provides updated insights on the body burden of heavy metals derived from e-waste and health outcomes resulted from lead (Pb) exposure. The review identified that Guiyu has been highly contaminated by heavy metals, especially Pb. Excessive exposure to Pb has been associated with multi-system and long-term effects in neonates and children, covering nervous, cardiovascular, adaptive immune, and hematologic systems as well as chromosome and DNA damage. Our review indicates strong associations that emphasize the need to develop strong regulations for prevention of exposure and health consequences in Guiyu and similar sites around the world.

Estimation of Mercury Body Burden from Dental Amalgam: Computer Simulation of a Metabolic Compartmental Model

1986 ◽  
Vol 65 (12) ◽  
pp. 1415-1419 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.J. Vimy ◽  
A.J. Luft ◽  
F.L. Lorscheider
Keyword(s):  
Low Dose ◽  
Body Burden ◽  
Compartment Model ◽  
Dental Amalgam ◽  
The Body ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Dental Amalgams ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Total Body

Estimated release rates of Hg vapor from dental amalgams permitted calculation of the potential Hg body burden by employing a four-compartment model for inorganic and elemental Hg distribution. A computer program, compatible with most personal computers, simulated the cumulative and incremental distribution in each compartment and total body accumulation between 1 and 10,000 days for different daily Hg dosages. For a given Hg dose of 30 μ g/day, metabolic compartments R1-R3 were close to equilibrium at 5, 100, and 300 days, respectively; whereas by 10,000 days, R4 closely approximated total body burden and had not yet attained equilibrium. Projected values obtained with the computer model were consistent with results obtained by another method using a standard tissue burden equation, which employed experimentally determined tissue half-lives for blood and CNS. The model predicted that continuous exposure to elemental Hg vapor, at 30 μ g/day for 10 years, would result in a total Hg body burden of 5.9 mg, of which 4.8 mg could be contained in R4. Assuming that the Hg in R4 displayed uniform distribution throughout the body, then the brain concentration was estimated to be 68 nglg wet weight. In contrast, if Hg in R4 reflected long-term preferential accumulation in brain and other neural tissue, then concentrations as high as 4.0 μ g/g could be attained. However, predictions of Hg concentrations in blood and urine were well within established ranges, and were unlikely to be of utility in assessing effects of chronic low-dose Hg exposure. It is concluded that the CNS could accumulate a substantial amount of Hg over extended time, based on low-dose elemental Hg vapor exposure via inhalation from dental amalgams.

The UK Blood Lead Monitoring Programme 1984-1987: Results for 1986

1989 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.J. Quinn ◽  
H.T. Delves
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Body Burden ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lead Content ◽  
Drinking Habits ◽  
The Uk ◽  
And Control

The Department of the Environment (DOE) undertook an extensive programme to monitor blood lead concentrations annually over the period 1984 to 1987 in the context of the reduction in the maximum permissible lead content of petrol from 0.4 to 0.15 g/l from 1st January 1986. Blood samples (all venous) were analysed for lead by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS); considerable efforts were made to ensure the validity of the analytical results. In 1986, emissions from petrol driven vehicles effectively fell by 60% and air lead concentrations fell by just over 50%. Against the background of a long-term downward trend in blood lead concentrations of 4-5% per year, there were average falls in blood lead in 1986, compared with 1985, of around 1 μg/100 ml (9-10%) for adults in both 'exposed' and 'control' groups; about 2 μg/100 ml (18%) in traffic police; and about 1.5 μg/100 ml (16%) in children. Levels fell in 1986 in all age groups, in all social classes, and in all categories of smoking and drinking habits, age of dwelling and length of residence. Exposure to lead from a number of sources was being reduced simultaneously; blood lead concentrations probably fell in both 1985 and in 1986 for reasons additional to the reduction in the lead content of petrol. For children, petrol lead appeared to have been made a slightly larger contribution to the body burden than for adults.

Long-Term Accumulation of Metals in the Skeleton as Related to Osteoporotic Derangements

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (40) ◽  
pp. 6837-6848 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geir Bjorklund ◽  
Lyudmila Pivina ◽  
Maryam Dadar ◽  
Yuliya Semenova ◽  
Salvatore Chirumbolo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Body Burden ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metal Species ◽  
Metal Exposure ◽  
Accumulation Of Metals ◽  
Cadmium Lead ◽  
Total Body

The concentrations of metals in the environment are still not within the recommended limits as set by the regulatory authorities in various countries because of human activities. They can enter the food chain and bioaccumulate in soft and hard tissues/organs, often with a long half-life of the metal in the body. Metal exposure has a negative impact on bone health and may result in osteoporosis and increased fracture risk depending on concentration and duration of metal exposure and metal species. Bones are a long-term repository for lead and some other metals, and may approximately contain 90% of the total body burden in birds and mammals. The present review focuses on the most common metals found in contaminated areas (mercury, cadmium, lead, nickel, chromium, iron, and aluminum) and their effects on bone tissue, considering the possibility of the long-term bone accumulation, and also some differences that might exist between different age groups in the whole population.

Field and Experimental Study of the Bioaccumulation of Some Trace Metals in a Coastal Food Chain: Seston, Oyster (Crassostrea Gigas), Drill (Ocenebra Erinacea)

1988 ◽  
Vol 20 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 13-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Amiard-Triquet ◽  
J. C. Amiard ◽  
B. Berthet ◽  
C. Metayer
Keyword(s):  
Trace Metals ◽  
Food Chain ◽  
Body Burden ◽  
The Body ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Additional Increase ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Contaminated Food

From March 1982 to May 1984, monthly sampling has been carried out in a comparatively un-polluted coastal area (bay of Bourgneuf, France), allowing the determination of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn concentrations in water and in the different links of the studied food chain. Except for Pb, the higher the metal level, the higher the trophic level. In order to determine if this situation results from a real biomagnification in the food chain or from specific abilities to concentrate trace metals, oysters and drills were exposed to metals frcm different sources. Young oysters were exposed for 4 weeks, simultaneously to Cu and Pb, through seawater and/or food. The metals were analyzed in phytoplankton in order to evaluate the daily food supply of metals to oysters. The body burden of Cu and Pb in oysters and their concentrations were evaluated after 12, 20 and 28 days of exposure. In controls and oysters contaminated via food the body burden of Pb decreased during the experiment. This indicates that the quantity of Pb eliminated was higher than the input of this metal. Moreover, the direct uptake from water led to body burdens approximately 100 times higher than those reached after contaminated food ingestion. Contaminated seawater + food did not induce any significant additional increase. For Cu, the body burden increased during the experiment in controls as well as in oysters fed with contaminated phytoplankton. This means that the quantity of Cu eliminated is lower than the input of this metal. However, the body burdens induced by exposure to contaminated seawater or seawater + food are at least ten times higher than those registered in oysters exposed via phytoplanktonic food. This result, as well as the high concentration factor of Cu in C.gigas (approximately ten times higher than in phytoplankton) emphasize the ability of oysters to concentrate Cu. This could explain the increase of Cu concentration in increasing trophic levels observed in the field study but the accumulation of Cu from food is significant and could play a role in chronic exposures. Drills were placed for 6 weeks in plastic net bags containing no food or food with different levels of metals. No significant differences were observed between the levels of Cd, Cu and Zn in controls and in drills of the three groups, indicating that these levels do not depend on the food.

Defining the Competence of Psychologists with a View to Public Accountability *

1997 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 293-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ype H. Poortinga ◽  
Ingrid Lunt
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Professional Training ◽  
Professional Competence ◽  
Codes Of Ethics ◽  
The Body ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Rigorous Evaluation ◽  
Judicial Proceedings ◽  
Psychological Knowledge

In national codes of ethics the practice of psychology is presented as rooted in scientific knowledge, professional skills, and experience. However, it is not self-evident that the body of scientific knowledge in psychology provides an adequate basis for current professional practice. Professional training and experience are seen as necessary for the application of psychological knowledge, but they appear insufficient to defend the soundness of one's practices when challenged in judicial proceedings of a kind that may be faced by psychologists in the European Union in the not too distant future. In seeking to define the basis for the professional competence of psychologists, this article recommends taking a position of modesty concerning the scope and effectiveness of psychological interventions. In many circumstances, psychologists can only provide partial advice, narrowing down the range of possible courses of action more by eliminating unpromising ones than by pointing out the most correct or most favorable one. By emphasizing rigorous evaluation, the profession should gain in accountability and, in the long term, in respectability.

STUDIES IN THE SUPPOSED GOITROGENOUS EFFECT OF TAP WATER IN HELSINKI

1960 ◽  
Vol XXXIII (IV) ◽  
pp. 630-636
Author(s):  
F.-E. Krusius ◽  
P. Peltola
Keyword(s):  
Tap Water ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Iodine Uptake ◽  
Redistilled Water ◽  
Detectable Difference ◽  
Term Administration ◽  
Long Term Experiment

ABSTRACT The study reported here was performed in order to examine the tap water of Helsinki for its alleged goitrogenous effect. In a short-term, 24-hour experiment with rats, kept on an iodine-poor diet, we noticed no inhibition of the 4-hour 131I uptake, as compared with that of animals receiving physiological saline instead of tap water. Two similar groups of rats receiving 1 and 2 mg of mercazole in redistilled water showed a distinct blockage of the 4-hour uptake, which proved the effect of this substance. In a long-term experiment of 5 weeks' duration there was no detectable difference in the body weight, thyroid weight and the 4-hour 131I uptake when the rats receiving tap water or distilled water to which 0.45 per cent of sodium chloride was added were compared with each other. Replacement of tap water by a 10 mg per cent solution of mercazole in redistilled water enlarged the thyroid to double its normal weight and increased the 131I uptake to approximately five times that of the controls. Thus our experiments failed to demonstrate any goitrogenous effect in the tap water of Helsinki. Changes similar to those produced by a long-term administration of mercazole, i. e. an enlargement of the thyroid and an increased thyroidal iodine uptake, have been shown to be due to milk collected from goitrous areas. The observations here reported confirm the importance of milk in the genesis of the goitre endemia of Helsinki. Attention is further called to the fact that a thyroidal enlargement combined with an increased thyroidal iodine uptake cannot always be taken as a sign of iodine deficiency because similar changes may be produced by the administration of goitrogens.

ANALYSIS OF ABDOMINAL TYPHOID INCIDENCE IN THE SOUTH REGION OF THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC

2020 ◽  
pp. 43-48
Author(s):  
Zakirova J.S. ◽  
Nadirbekova R.A. ◽  
Zholdoshev S.T.
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
The Body ◽  
Kyrgyz Republic ◽  
Radiation Factor ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Immunological Deficiency

The article analyze the long-term morbidity, spread of typhoid fever in the southern regions of the Kyrgyz republic, and remains a permanent epidemic focus in the Jalal-Abad region, where against the low availability of the population to high-quality drinking water, an additional factor on the body for more than two generations and radiation factor, which we confirmed by the spread among the inhabitants of Mailuu-Suu of nosological forms of the syndrome of immunological deficiency, as a predictor of risk groups for infectious diseases, including typhoid fever.

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