Water Column Sampling as a Rapid and Efficient Method of Determining Effluent Quality and the Performance of Waste Stabilization Ponds

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 109-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. W. Pearson ◽  
D. D. Mara ◽  
A. Konig ◽  
R. de Oliveira ◽  
S. W. Mills ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Column ◽  
Pond Water ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Waste Stabilization Ponds ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Waste Stabilization ◽  
Entire Depth ◽  
The Individual

Diurnal series of samples of the effluent and the total in-pond water column of facultative and maturation ponds were analysed for COD, suspended solids, faecal coliforms, chlorophyll and ammonia with a view to finding the most efficient way of obtaining reliable mean daily effluent quality data. The results show that individual samples representative of the entire depth of the pond water column taken at any time of day provided reasonably accurate mean daily effluent values for all the parameters measured when compared with the mean values for effluent quality calculated from a series of grab effluent samples collected throughout the day. The same could not be said for the individual grab effluent samples since they varied considerably. The reasons for these differences are discussed as are the benefits of pond water column sampling for monitoring a number of series of ponds at different locations.

Upgrading of facultative ponds to treat a toxic organic wastewater

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (12) ◽  
pp. 201-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Polprasert ◽  
S. Sookhanich
Keyword(s):  
High Strength ◽  
Pond Water ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Phenol Removal ◽  
Waste Stabilization Ponds ◽  
Attached Growth ◽  
Waste Stabilization ◽  
Removal Efficiencies ◽  
And Performance

This study investigated the efficiency and performance of attached-growth waste stabilization ponds (AGWSP) treating a high-strength phenolic wastewater. The experiments employed 4 laboratory-scale pond units installed with an artificial attached-growth media. A control pond unit without attached-growth media (or WSP) was run in parallel for data comparison. The experimental results revealed that the AGWSP units could remove about 99, 50, 45 and 28% of phenol when operated at influent phenol concentrations of 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 mg/l (corresponding to organic loading rates (OLR) of 180, 360, 540 and 720 kg COD/(ha.day), respectively); these removal efficiencies were consistently higher than those observed in the WSP unit. The influent phenol concentrations of 1000-2000 mg/l resulted in some toxic effects and over loading to the pond system, causing the phenol removal efficiencies to decrease. The amount of phenol loss from the pond water through volatilization was found to be approximately 10%. A relationship between phenol removal rates (excluding volatilization) and phenol dosages to the AGWSP was developed. The superior performance of the AGWSP over the WSP appeared to be due to the biofilm biomass growing on the attached-growth media surface, resulting in increased potential biomass in the pond water.

Implications for physical design: the effect of depth on the performance of waste stabilization ponds

2005 ◽  
Vol 51 (12) ◽  
pp. 69-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.W. Pearson ◽  
S.T. Silva Athayde ◽  
G.B. Athayde ◽  
S.A. Silva
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Removal ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Pathogen Removal ◽  
Waste Stabilization Ponds ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Waste Stabilization ◽  
Tropical Conditions ◽  
H2s Production ◽  
Final Effluent

Studies on experimental primary facultative ponds showed that varying the depth from 1.25 m to 2.3 m had no effect on the rates of BOD removal. In contrast k values for FC removal rates were higher in the shallower (1.25 m) facultative ponds. The risk of odour release via H2S production was higher in the 2.2 m ponds than the 1.25 m ponds and NH3 removal was much better in the 1.25 m facultative ponds. A comparison of the efficiency of shallow 5-pond series (1.0 m and 0.61 m deep) with a 2.2 m deep series showed that the shallow systems were more efficient at FC removal, but the deeper series actually saved land area for the same FC final effluent quality under tropical conditions. However, efficient nutrient removal (N and P) only occurred in the shallow series and effluent standards for nutrient concentrations are unlikely to be met by 2.2 m deep 5-pond series in contrast to the norms for pathogen removal.

Comparative design and performance analysis of three different in configuration waste stabilization ponds pilot units in a Mediterranean-temperate climate

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 193-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.A. Parissopoulos ◽  
A. Papadopoulos ◽  
F. Papadopoulos ◽  
A. Karteris
Keyword(s):  
Warm Period ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Waste Stabilization Ponds ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Stabilization Ponds ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Waste Stabilization ◽  
Slow Sand Filter ◽  
And Performance

The performance of three waste stabilization ponds (WSP) treatment units (lines A, B, C) for a period of two years is presented. The above units were part of a research and demonstration project in North Greece concerning wastewater treatment with natural systems and effluent reuse for irrigation. Line A consisted of a deep anaerobic pond followed by a facultative and two maturation ponds. The anaerobic pond supplied with 120 m3/d was also feeding line B at a ratio 1:3 (line A: line B). Line B had the same design features with line A but with a recirculation of effluent. The third unit fed with primary treated effluent at a rate of 50m3/d from the WWTP of Thessaloniki was consisted of a facultative and two maturation ponds. In the anaerobic pond the BOD5, COD, SS, TC and FC mean reduction was 28%, 42%, 58%, 31% and 36% for the cold period (T<10°C) and 45%, 53%, 72%, 67% and 71% for the warm period (T>10°C) respectively. In line A, the BOD5, COD, SS, TC and FC total reduction was 98%, 89%, 93%, 99.99% and 99.99% for the cold and 98%, 85%, 88%, 99.99% and 99.99% for the warm period. In line B the reduction was 92%, 86%, 88%, 98.5% and 98.82% for the cold and 96%, 88%, 83%, 99.95% and 99.97% for the warm period. In line C the reduction of the same parameters was 92%, 64%, 40%, 99.88% and 99.96% for the cold and 92%, 59%, 22%, 99.99% and 99.99% for the warm period. The effluent quality was further improved with the use of a storage reservoir and a slow sand filter and reused successfully for crop irrigation.

Removal of pathogenic organisms from the effluent of an upflow anaerobic digester using waste stabilization ponds

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (12) ◽  
pp. 275-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. G. H. Dixo ◽  
M. P. Gambrill ◽  
P. F. C. Catunda ◽  
A. C. van Haandel
Keyword(s):  
Retention Time ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Uasb Reactor ◽  
Waste Stabilization Ponds ◽  
Intestinal Nematode ◽  
Stabilization Ponds ◽  
Waste Stabilization ◽  
Nematode Eggs ◽  
Pathogenic Organisms

A series of four pilot-scale, shallow waste stabilization ponds (WSPs), comprising one facultative followed by three maturation ponds with a total design retention time of 20 days, was monitored to observe its ability to remove pathogenic organisms from the effluent of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) digester. The UASB reactor received strong domestic wastewater from the shanty district of a city in north-east Brazil. The raw wastewater had a very high concentration of intestinal nematode eggs of which, on average, 89.6 percent were removed in the UASB reactor. No intestinal nematode eggs were recovered in the effluent of the first maturation pond, making it suitable for restricted irrigation. The removal of eggs in the first pond exceeded predictions made using a recently published model. Faecal coliforms (FC) were reduced by 4.7 log units on average in the pond series -- the final effluent being suitable for unrestricted irrigation. pHs exceeding 10 were attained in the final maturation pond at the sunniest time of day. There was a significant correlation between levels of pH and FC in the ponds, the latter being ≤ 1000 per 100 ml when the former was ≥ 9.1. The removal of FC in the ponds was linear over the range of pH encountered. The findings are consistent with recent work by others suggesting that FC removal in ponds is multi-factorial. The UASB reactor, with a retention time of 7 h, is an efficient primary treatment alternative to an anaerobic pond in a WSP series receiving an extremely strong domestic wastewater. There are potential advantages of using the former in preference to the latter in a series of ponds.

Nitrogen removal in attached growth waste stabilization ponds of wastewater from a rubber factory

1999 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-52
Author(s):  
A. Rakkoed ◽  
S. Danteravanich ◽  
U. Puetpaiboon
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Removal ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Pond Water ◽  
Anaerobic Treatment ◽  
Waste Stabilization Ponds ◽  
Attached Growth ◽  
Stabilization Ponds ◽  
Waste Stabilization ◽  
Removal Efficiencies ◽  
Laboratory Waste

Nitrogen removal from wastewater from rubber factories using attached-growth waste stabilization ponds (AGWSP) was evaluated. Usually, wastewaters generated from rubber factories such as concentrated latex factories and rubber sheet factories contain a high amount of nitrogen originating from natural rubber and ammonia compounds added in the production processes. From an investigation of 3 rubber factories at Songkhla, Thailand, average concentrations of TKN, NH3-N and Org-N in raw factory wastewater were found to be 889, 578 and 311 mg/l respectively. Two series of laboratory waste treatment ponds, waste stabilization ponds (WSP) and attached-growth waste stabilization ponds were investigated to compare the efficiency of nitrogen removal from wastewater from a concentrated latex factory. The wastewater fed to the experimental units was collected from the effluent of the anaerobic treatment pond at the factory. The experiments were conducted with hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 40 and 20 days. Another experiment run with an HRT of 40 days together with 50% recirculating of effluent was also conducted. Finally, an experiment run at an HRT of 4 days was carried out in order to observe the effect of shock loading. The results revealed that TKN, NH3-N and BOD5 removal efficiencies in AGWSP were higher than in control ponds (WSP). Increased removal efficiencies were achieved which resulted from an increase in biomass on media in the pond water.

Aerated rock filters for enhanced nitrogen and faecal coliform removal from facultative waste stabilization pond effluents

2005 ◽  
Vol 51 (12) ◽  
pp. 99-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Johnson ◽  
D.D. Mara
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Faecal Coliform ◽  
Waste Stabilization Ponds ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Filter Performance ◽  
Waste Stabilization ◽  
Environment Agency ◽  
The Uk

Facultative waste stabilization ponds in the UK, loaded at 80 kg BOD/ha day, produce effluents which comply with the European Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive (i.e., ≤25 mg filtered BOD/l and ≤150 mg SS/l). However, the Environment Agency of England and Wales typically requires a higher effluent quality of ≤40 mg/l unfiltered BOD and ≤60 mg/l SS, both on a 95-percentile basis. An ammonium-nitrogen requirement might also be applied. Traditionally, maturation ponds and reedbeds have been used to upgrade facultative pond effluents, requiring large land areas. This paper describes and compares aerated and unaerated rock filter performance for BOD, SS, nitrogen and faecal coliform removals, and highlights the land-saving opportunities as maturation ponds and reedbeds become redundant.

Wastewater treatment by pond systems: experiences in Catalonia, Spain

2000 ◽  
Vol 42 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 35-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. García ◽  
R. Mujeriego ◽  
A. Bourrouet ◽  
G. Peñuelas ◽  
A. Freixes
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Waste Stabilization Ponds ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Waste Stabilization ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Limited Operator ◽  
Very High

An evaluation of the 24 existing pond systems for treatment of urban wastewater in Catalonia (north-eastern Spain) was conducted in 1997-1998. The evaluation covered 13 aerated ponds, 7 waste stabilization ponds (WSP), and 4 maturation ponds added to conventional biological wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). The technical characteristics of the pond systems were obtained through a survey completed during several visits to the plants. Performance data was supplied by the Catalonia Wastewater Agency and the monthly monitoring campaigns conducted during 12 months in five WWTP. The average ratio of water surface to population equivalent (p-e) is 1.3 m2/p-e for aerated ponds, 9.6 m2/p-e for WSP and 1.7 m2/p-e for maturation ponds added to conventional WWTP. Average electrical energy consumption is 0.5 kW.h/m3 for aerated ponds and 0.04 kW.h/m3 for WSP (when wastewater has to be pumped from the sewer). Most of the WSP show an inadequate level O & M, because the very limited operator attendance (0.6 h/dayon average) as compared to aerated ponds (3.2 h/day on average). Effluent quality of aerated ponds (31 mg SS/l and 22 mg BOD5/l, on average) is usually better that of WSP (100 mg SS/l and 67 mg BOD5/l, on average). Most of the WSP are overloaded, with only two of the pond systems receiving less than 50 kg BOD5/ha. Facultative WSP show a better performance than anaerobic WSP; anaerobic WSP have very high overloading conditions (with more than 250 kg BOD5/ha.d). Average effluent quality of all the pond systems studied comply with European Union standards.

The impact of pond depth and environmental conditions on sunlight inactivation of Escherichia coli and enterococci in wastewater in a warm climate

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (12) ◽  
pp. 1364-1374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ynoussa Maïga ◽  
Joseph Wethe ◽  
Kokou Denyigba ◽  
Aboubakar Sidiki Ouattara
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Light Damage ◽  
Warm Climate ◽  
Waste Stabilization Ponds ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Waste Stabilization ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Faecal Indicators

Microcosm experiments were carried out under dark and real sunlight conditions in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) to investigate the survival of faecal indicators ( Escherichia coli and enterococci) in secondary wastewater. Light damage was estimated by loss of bacterial culturability. The results clearly show that sunlight has a deleterious effect on the survival of both indicators. The mean dark inactivation coefficients for E. coli and enterococci were 0.045 and 0.047 h–1,respectively, whereas inactivation coefficients in the shallowest microcosm (0.1 m) in illuminated conditions were 0.796 and 0.559 h–1, respectively. No significant effect of pond depth (0.1–0.9 m) on the inactivation of both indicators was observed in the dark. However, the effect of depth was significant in the microcosms exposed to sunlight, probably because of attenuation. In illuminated conditions, enterococci were broadly inactivated more rapidly than E. coli (T90 = 26.81 h for E. coli and 15.67 h for enterococci in the 0.4 m microcosm). However, E. coli presented greater variability in the survival capabilities, suggesting difficulties in interpreting data using only E. coli as an indicator. Therefore, the use of both indicators together should be advisable for the assessment of effluent quality from waste stabilization ponds in the Sahelian region.

scholarly journals Experimental Plants for Very Small Communities: Choice and Design Criteria for Five Different Processes

1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 9-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Boutin ◽  
A. Liénard ◽  
J. L. Ramain ◽  
L. Beyeler
Keyword(s):  
Water Jet ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Design Criteria ◽  
Trickling Filter ◽  
Waste Stabilization Ponds ◽  
Small Communities ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Land Treatment ◽  
Waste Stabilization ◽  
Reed Bed

Waste stabilization ponds and land treatment seepage, which are generally used for very small communities, are being used less frequently due to their specificity and their lack of suitability in certain cases (ground characteristics, available space, fragile receiving bodies, etc.) This article gives the choice criteria for the proposed new series for 5 communities sized between 50 and 400 p.e. (person equivalents), together with a detailed description of the facilities:-septic tank + covered infiltration bed-horizontal settling-digestion tank + covered infiltration bed-settling-digestion tank (Imhof tank) + trickling filter + infiltration bed-pond + covered infiltration bed-reed bed filters in addition to the design of the infiltration beds and discussion of the investment costs. All the series had to achieve the following effluent quality levels:COD = 90 mg/l, BOD5 = 30 mg/l, TSS = 30 mg/l, N-NK = 40 mg/l For the time being, the difficulties encountered are of a technical nature and concern the infiltration beds' feeder devices which do not produce a flat water jet that gives even spreading.

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