THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE POLICE IN THE FACTORY SETTLEMENTS OF THE URAL IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-113
Author(s):  
Sergey M. Ryazanov
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Historical Science ◽  
Police Reform ◽  
Local Police ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
Special Studies ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Historical Methods

The local Ural material on the 19th century police has attracted researchers only since the second half of the 1990s. Yet, it mainly concerned the South Ural, as special studies in the Middle Ural and in the Vyatka Ural have not been carried out. This article aims to fill in this lacuna. The object of this study is the transformation of the factory police in the 19th century. The relevance of this topic for historical science lies in the active character of the processes, associated with modernization, and the timeliness of the police reform. To study this, the author has used such historical methods, as historical-genetic, historical-comparative, and historical-typological. This article has examined the measures taken by the authorities of the Urals to improve the police supervision of factory settlements in the second half of the 19th century. The author has compared the pre-reform and new police states, emphasizing the development of the Izhevsk and Votkinsk factory settlements police. The results show that the slowness in carrying out police reforms led to an increase in unrest and crime in factories. The redistribution of local police resources, intended for the countryside, to the cities and factories of the Ural could somewhat mitigate the negative consequences of the inaction of the central government. Thus, the liquidation of the mountain police in the middle of the 19th century significantly weakened police forces in factory settlements, which were restored only in the 1890s.

Urban growth and city police in the Urals in the 60s – 80s of 19th century

2021 ◽  
pp. 275-286
Author(s):  
Sergey M. Ryazanov
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
The Urals ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Police Reform ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The City ◽  
City Police

The development of the city police of the Ural region, starting with the police reform in the second half of the 19th century, is considered. The relevance of the study for domestic science lies in the fact that, despite a serious study of the Ural city police, no generalizing works about it still exist. The aim of the study was, therefore, to study the development of the police in the cities of the Urals in close relationship with the processes of imperial modernization, which significantly accelerated after the abolition of serfdom. The theory of modernization of Russia proposed by B.N. Mironov. The methods of research are “classical” methods of historical science, formulated by I.D. Kovalchenko: historical-genetic, historical-comparative, historical-typological, historical-systemic. The result of the research was a comprehensive study of the institute of the police in the above geographical and chronological framework. The results obtained can be used in teaching courses: “History of the Urals”, “History of Russian Law Enforcement Agencies” and others. It is concluded that the Reform of 1862 failed to create police bodies in the Urals adequate to the rapid modernization processes that began during this period. Further strengthening of the police was greatly hampered by the limited funds of local budgets and the reluctance of the city authorities to increase police spending.

Sasak People’s Resistance Against Mataram-Karangasem and Dutch Colonial Rulers: The Role of Tuan Guru Umar Kelayu

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-90
Author(s):  
Ahmad Tohri ◽  
H. Habibuddin ◽  
Abdul Rasyad
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Historical Methods ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Dutch Colonial ◽  
Dutch Colonialism

This article discusses the Sasak people’s resistance against MataramKarangasem and Dutch colonial rulers in the 19th century in Lombok, Indonesia. It particularly focuses on Tuan Guru Umar Kelayu and his central role in the emergence of Sasak people’s resistance which transformed into Sasak physical revolution local and global imperialismcolonialism. Using the historical method, this article collected data through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The data analysis involved the historical methods of heuristics, verification or criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The findings show that Sasak people’s resistance was not only caused by economic factors but also related to other factors such as social, cultural, and religious ones. Tuan Guru Umar Kelayu played a key role in the Sasak people’s resistance in that it was under his leadership and influence that the resistance transformed into a physical struggle against MataramKarangasem and Dutch colonialism as seen in Sakra War and Praya War which were led by his students and friends.

Afghanistan: Martial Society Without Military Rule

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amin Tarzi
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Democratic Party ◽  
Central Government ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Military Campaigns ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Military

Since its inception as a separate political entity in 1747, Afghanistan has been embroiled in almost perpetual warfare, but it has never been ruled directly by the military. From initial expansionist military campaigns to involvement in defensive, civil, and internal consolidation campaigns, the Afghan military until the mid-19th century remained mainly a combination of tribal forces and smaller organized units. The central government, however, could only gain tenuous monopoly over the use of violence throughout the country by the end of the 19th century. The military as well as Afghan society remained largely illiterate and generally isolated from the prevailing global political and ideological trends until the middle of the 20th century. Politicization of Afghanistan’s military began in very small numbers after World War II with Soviet-inspired communism gaining the largest foothold. Officers associated with the People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan were instrumental in two successful coup d’états in the country. In 1979, the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan, ending the country’s sovereignty and ushering a period of conflict that continues to the second decade of the 21st century in varying degrees. In 2001, the United States led an international invasion of the country, catalyzing efforts at reorganization of the smaller professional Afghan national defense forces that have remained largely apolitical and also the country’s most effective and trusted governmental institution.

The Linguistic Thought of Friedrich August Wolf: A reconsideration of the relationship between classical philology and linguistics in the 19th century

2005 ◽  
Vol 32 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 35-60
Author(s):  
Dag T. Haug
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Research Program ◽  
Methodological Framework ◽  
Comparative Linguistics ◽  
Classical Philology ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
And Linguistics ◽  
Philosophical Grammar

This paper examines the linguistic thought of Friedrich August Wolf (1759–1824), the founder of modern classical philology, and tries to show that contrary to what is commonly assumed, grammar played an important role in his research program for a ‘science of antiquity’. Specifically, Wolf encouraged the study of philosophical grammar, which was the leading linguistic paradigm in Germany around 1800, and he developed an original theory of tense within this methodological framework. But philosophical grammar would appear obsolete soon after the establishment of historical-comparative linguistics and this, it is argued, is an important reason for the enmities in the first half of the 19th century between Indo-Europeanists and the Classical scholars who stayed within the old linguistic paradigm.

Hoogvliet Versus Van Ginneken

1988 ◽  
Vol 15 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 207-238
Author(s):  
Jan Noordegraaf
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Universal Grammar ◽  
Direct Reaction ◽  
World Language ◽  
Major Work ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
European Languages ◽  
The World ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
The 19Th Century

Summary In the last two decades of the 19th century the Dutch linguist Jan Marius Hoogvliet (1860–1924) developed an individual approach to non-historical linguistics, in which he sought to take expressly into account data from non-Indo- European languages. His linguistic views prompted him to attack the ideas of the proponents of the ‘world language’ Volapük, which was popular in the Netherlands in the 1880s. In 1903 his major work, Lingua, appeared. This book can aptly be characterized as a specimen of a universal grammar with psychological underpinnings; it was intended as a grammar for all languages in the world. Hoogvliet’s main opponent, Jacobus van Ginneken (1877–1945) considered Lingua ‘a good book’, but he found various serious shortcomings in it. First, he thought the empirical bases too narrow; second, whereas Hoogvliet had based his thinking on rational psychology, van Ginneken preferred pathological psychology as put forward by Pierre Janet (1859–1947) in his L’automatisme psychologique (1889). Van Ginneken’s Principes de linguistique psychologique (1907) can be regarded as an elaboration on his Lingua review from 1903. However, the works of Hoogvliet and van Ginneken do have several points in common: both start from the psyche of the speaking individual and both take into account data from non-Indo-European languages. The controversy that arose between them can be traced back to their different views of language. Hoogvliet considered an unconscious and invariable ‘Normallogik’ to be the kernel of language, whereas van Ginneken regarded feeling as the innermost essence of language. While van Ginneken still tried to incorporate the results of German historical comparative grammar into a grand, historically coloured synthesis, Hoogvliet’s writings were characterized by very sharp anti-German tones. The universal, logical classification of the parts of speech expounded in Lingua must be regarded as a direct reaction to Hermann Paul’s (1846–1921) Prinzipien der Sprachgeschichte (1880). Moreover, Hoogvliet defended the scientific character of a non-historical approach of language against Paul. With that he is the most remarkable Dutch synchronic linguist of the last quarter of the 19th century. Hoogvliet’s theory, however, was highly idiosyncratic and many a reader was also repelled by his new and unconventional terminology. Only few linguists, among whom the Dutch structuralist Hendrik J. Pos (1898–1955), have studied Hoogvliet’s views thoroughly later on.

scholarly journals Periodization of the Reign of Alexander I in Soviet Historiography

2020 ◽  
pp. 378-393
Author(s):  
A. V. Chernov ◽  
V. V. Blokhin
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Russian History ◽  
Soviet State ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Special Studies ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time ◽  
Soviet Historiography

The problem of the periodization of the reign of Emperor Alexander I in the works of Soviet historians is considered. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that even now the question of the periodization of this period causes controversy among scientists. Understanding that any periodization is conditional, which has emerged among modern historians, requires a revision of various approaches to the periodization of history. As part of the study, a review of a wide range of historiographic sources was carried out, which included special studies devoted to the reign of Alexander I, as well as generalizing works and textbooks that characterize this period of Russian history. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that for the first time in Russian historiography, it is analyzed how researchers solved the issue of the periodization of the Alexander I reign throughout the Soviet period. Various approaches to the periodization of Russian history in the first quarter of the 19th century are revealed. Their development has been traced throughout the entire existence of the Soviet state. Particular attention is paid to the contradictions that take place in the approaches to the periodization of the reign of Alexander I, proposed by Soviet historians.

The linguistic thought of Friedrich August Wolf

2005 ◽  
Vol 32 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 35-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dag Haug
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Research Program ◽  
Methodological Framework ◽  
Comparative Linguistics ◽  
Original Theory ◽  
Classical Philology ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Philosophical Grammar

Summary This paper examines the linguistic thought of Friedrich August Wolf (1759–1824), the founder of modern classical philology, and tries to show that contrary to what is commonly assumed, grammar played an important role in his research program for a ‘science of antiquity’. Specifically, Wolf encouraged the study of philosophical grammar, which was the leading linguistic paradigm in Germany around 1800, and he developed an original theory of tense within this methodological framework. But philosophical grammar would appear obsolete soon after the establishment of historical-comparative linguistics and this, it is argued, is an important reason for the enmities in the first half of the 19th century between Indo-Europeanists and the Classical scholars who stayed within the old linguistic paradigm.

scholarly journals Social Waves and Stability of Legislation

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexey Vedernikov
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Russian Literature ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Generational Change ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article reveals the objective prerequisites for the change of legislation. These are not clarifications and amendments, but reforms that are reflected in significant changes in civil, labor, family, inheritance, and procedural legislation. This is usually associated with the cancellation of the old and the adoption of a new codified Act, but in modern Russia, it is associated with the modification and cancellation of a large number of statutory acts. The article illustrates the stability of industry legislation in Australia, Austria, Germany and the USA. The theory of generations, generally accepted in developed countries, is analyzed from the point of view of the need to change legislation. Historical analysis shows that in the observable past, the problem of generational change, regardless of demographic wave, predetermined the need for reforms in Russia in the middle of the 19th century. This is extensively reflected in the Russian literature of the second half of the 19th century. The article shows the differences between demographic waves, generations and waves that determine the need for a change in legislation. It is postulated that the wave that determines the change of legislation should be considered as a social wave. The need for a significant change in legislation is closely connected with social waves. The author criticizes the state of constant legislation updating without the need caused by such a social wave. The author concludes about the negative consequences of unreasonably frequent changes in legislation.

scholarly journals History of studying the kidney pathology in the mirror of numismatics. Report 3. Development of urology

2021 ◽  
pp. 82-88
Author(s):  
O.V. Syniachenko ◽  
M. O. Kolesnyk ◽  
N.M. Stepanova ◽  
M.V. Iermolaieva
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Scientific Discipline ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Historical Science ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Function ◽  
The 19Th Century

The branch of historical science of numismatics (from the Latin "numisma" - coin) originated in the 19th century and became closely connected with economics, politics, culture and law, it includes a thematic study of coins, medals and plaque. Best of all, the history of uronephrology is illustrated by various forms of the medalist educational art (exonum or paranumismatics), and the medal became the prototype of the memorial coin. This work presents a catalog of more than 400 numismatic materials (including some unique, first cited), reflects the stages of development of the study of the structure and function of the kidneys, methods for diagnosing and treating diseases, there are links to significant historical events, brief biographies of physicians who have made an invaluable contribution are mentioned into the formation of this scientific discipline. The development of urology over 520 years of historical epochs of the New and Modern times were presented, portraits on 60 numismatic materials of well-known specialists-urologists and kidney transplantologists were presented, scientific forums of urologists were reflected on commemorative medals.

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