Balancing particle absorption with structural support of the muon beam stop in muons-to-electrons experimental chamber

Resolution and contrast are the important factors to determine the feasibility of imaging single heavy atoms on a thin substrate in an electron microscope. The present report compares the atom image characteristics in different modes of fixed beam dark field microscopy including the ideal beam stop (IBS), a wire beam stop (WBS), tilted illumination (Tl) and a displaced aperture (DA). Image contrast between one Hg and a column of linearly aligned carbon atoms (representing the substrate), are also discussed. The assumptions in the present calculations are perfectly coherent illumination, atom object is represented by spherically symmetric potential derived from Relativistic Hartree Fock Slater wave functions, phase grating approximation is used to evaluate the complex scattering amplitude, inelastic scattering is ignored, phase distortion is solely due to defocus and spherical abberation, and total elastic scattering cross section is evaluated by the Optical Theorem. The atom image intensities are presented in a Z-modulation display, and the details of calculation are described elsewhere.

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In-Situ Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction Investigation of Microstructural Evolutions During Low-Pressure Carburizing

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A ◽

10.1007/s11661-021-06171-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ogün Baris Tapar ◽

Jérémy Epp ◽

Matthias Steinbacher ◽

Jens Gibmeier

Keyword(s):

Carbon Content ◽

Carbon Diffusion ◽

Low Pressure ◽

Carbon Accumulation ◽

Experimental Chamber ◽

Carbide Formation ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Carbon Supply

AbstractAn experimental heat treatment chamber and control system were developed to perform in-situ X-ray diffraction experiments during low-pressure carburizing (LPC) processes. Results from the experimental chamber and industrial furnace were compared, and it was proven that the built system is reliable for LPC experiments. In-situ X-ray diffraction investigations during LPC treatment were conducted at the German Electron Synchrotron Facility in Hamburg Germany. During the boost steps, carbon accumulation and carbide formation was observed at the surface. These accumulation and carbide formation decelerated the further carbon diffusion from atmosphere to the sample. In the early minutes of the diffusion steps, it is observed that cementite content continue to increase although there is no presence of gas. This effect is attributed to the high carbon accumulation at the surface during boost steps which acts as a carbon supply. During quenching, martensite at higher temperature had a lower c/a ratio than later formed ones. This difference is credited to the early transformation of austenite regions having lower carbon content. Also, it was noticed that the final carbon content dissolved in martensite reduced compared to carbon in austenite before quenching. This reduction was attributed to the auto-tempering effect.

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Dysregulation of Astrocyte–Neuronal Communication in Alzheimer’s Disease

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22157887 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (15) ◽

pp. 7887

Author(s):

Carmen Nanclares ◽

Andres Mateo Baraibar ◽

Alfonso Araque ◽

Paulo Kofuji

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Synaptic Plasticity ◽

Neuronal Excitability ◽

Active Role ◽

Ionic Homeostasis ◽

Neuronal Communication ◽

Structural Support

Recent studies implicate astrocytes in Alzheimer’s disease (AD); however, their role in pathogenesis is poorly understood. Astrocytes have well-established functions in supportive functions such as extracellular ionic homeostasis, structural support, and neurovascular coupling. However, emerging research on astrocytic function in the healthy brain also indicates their role in regulating synaptic plasticity and neuronal excitability via the release of neuroactive substances named gliotransmitters. Here, we review how this “active” role of astrocytes at synapses could contribute to synaptic and neuronal network dysfunction and cognitive impairment in AD.

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Spastin interacts with CRMP5 to promote spindle organization in mouse oocytes by severing microtubules

Zygote ◽

10.1017/s0967199421000344 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Zhen Jin ◽

Hua-Feng Shou ◽

Jin-Wei Liu ◽

Shan-Shan Jiang ◽

Yan Shen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Developmental Disorders ◽

Spindle Microtubule ◽

Collapsin Response Mediator Protein ◽

Microtubule Severing ◽

Structural Support ◽

Mediator Protein ◽

Spindle Microtubules ◽

Transportation Routes ◽

Normal Meiosis

Abstract Microtubule-severing protein (MTSP) is critical for the survival of both mitotic and postmitotic cells. However, the study of MTSP during meiosis of mammalian oocytes has not been reported. We found that spastin, a member of the MTSP family, was highly expressed in oocytes and aggregated in spindle microtubules. After knocking down spastin by specific siRNA, the spindle microtubule density of meiotic oocytes decreased significantly. When the oocytes were cultured in vitro, the oocytes lacking spastin showed an obvious maturation disorder. Considering the microtubule-severing activity of spastin, we speculate that spastin on spindles may increase the number of microtubule broken ends by severing the microtubules, therefore playing a nucleating role, promoting spindle assembly and ensuring normal meiosis. In addition, we found the colocalization and interaction of collapsin response mediator protein 5 (CRMP5) and spastin in oocytes. CRMP5 can provide structural support and promote microtubule aggregation, creating transportation routes, and can interact with spastin in the microtubule activity of nerve cells (30). Knocking down CRMP5 may lead to spindle abnormalities and developmental disorders in oocytes. Overexpression of spastin may reverse the abnormal phenotype caused by the deletion of CRMP5. In summary, our data support a model in which the interaction between spastin and CRMP5 promotes the assembly of spindle microtubules in oocytes by controlling microtubule dynamics, therefore ensuring normal meiosis.

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Identification of Keratin 23 as a Hepatitis C Virus-Induced Host Factor in the Human Liver

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells8060610 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 610 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Volker Kinast ◽

Stefan L. Leber ◽

Richard J. P. Brown ◽

Gabrielle Vieyres ◽

Patrick Behrendt ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hepatitis C Virus ◽

Liver Disease ◽

Hepatitis C ◽

Ectopic Expression ◽

Host Factor ◽

Hcv Infection ◽

Mrna Levels ◽

Structural Support ◽

Protein Levels ◽

Inducible Protein

Keratin proteins form intermediate filaments, which provide structural support for many tissues. Multiple keratin family members are reported to be associated with the progression of liver disease of multiple etiologies. For example, keratin 23 (KRT23) was reported as a stress-inducible protein, whose expression levels correlate with the severity of liver disease. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a human pathogen that causes chronic liver diseases including fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, a link between KRT23 and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has not been reported previously. In this study, we investigated KRT23 mRNA levels in datasets from liver biopsies of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients and in primary human hepatocytes experimentally infected with HCV, in addition to hepatoma cells. Interestingly, in each of these specimens, we observed an HCV-dependent increase of mRNA levels. Importantly, the KRT23 protein levels in patient plasma decreased upon viral clearance. Ectopic expression of KRT23 enhanced HCV infection; however, CRIPSPR/Cas9-mediated knockout did not show altered replication efficiency. Taken together, our study identifies KRT23 as a novel, virus-induced host-factor for hepatitis C virus.

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Structural Design and Forming Method of Single-Curved Surface Structure Based on Miura-Origami

Volume 5B: 40th Mechanisms and Robotics Conference ◽

10.1115/detc2016-59155 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Hairui Wang ◽

Chunfang Guo ◽

Yujie Li ◽

Yahua Liu ◽

Minjie Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Numerical Simulation ◽

Structural Design ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Circular Tube ◽

Great Influence ◽

Curved Surface ◽

Structural Performance ◽

Forming Process ◽

Structural Support ◽

Vacuum Forming

With the advantage of high adaptability, Miura-origami structure with curvature shows various engineering applications such as a sandwich between two stiff facings with curvature requirements and structural support to form a circular tube. In this research, a forming method of polymer circular tube with single-curved surface origami expressed by five parameters was established and its corresponding theory was solved considering forming rationality in actual manufacturing. The components of circular tube were fabricated by the vacuum forming process and then spliced together. We conducted numerical simulation to analyze the structural performance of the tube with five parameters and shown that these parameters have a great influence on energy absorbed performance. Finally, a male mold of a part with Arc Miura-origami structure was designed and fabricated. The parts with Arc Miura-origami were manufactured using vacuum forming process and then spliced and bonded together into a two-layer tube. This research may provide a method to design and fabricate Miura-origami structure with high efficiency and quality.

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CFD Simulation of Particle Transport and Dispersion in Indoor Environment by Human Walking

Volume 1: Symposia, Parts A and B ◽

10.1115/fedsm2012-72149 ◽

2012 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Iman Goldasteh ◽

Goodarz Ahmadi ◽

Andrea Ferro

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

High Speed ◽

Cfd Simulation ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Study Data ◽

Turbulent Dispersion ◽

Experimental Chamber ◽

Indoor Environments ◽

Three Dimensional Model ◽

Particle Resuspension

Particle resuspension is an important source of particulate matter in indoor environments that significantly affects the indoor air quality and could potentially have adverse effect on human health. Earlier efforts to investigate indoor particle resuspension hypothesized that high speed airflow generated at the floor level during the gate cycle is the main cause of particle resuspension. The resuspended particles are then assumed to be dispersed by the airflow in the room, which is impacted by both the ventilation and the occupant movement, leading to increased PM concentration. In this study, a three dimensional model of a room was developed using FLUENT™ CFD package. A RANS approach with the RNG k-ε turbulence model was used for simulating the airflow field in the room for different ventilation conditions. The trajectories of resuspended particulate matter were computed with a Lagrangian method by solving the equations of particle motion. The effect of turbulent dispersion was included with the use of the eddy lifetime model. The resuspension of particles due to gait cycle was estimated and included in the computational model. The dispersion and transport of particles resuspended from flooring as well as particle re-deposition on flooring and walls were simulated. Particle concentrations in the room generated by the resuspension process were evaluated and the results were compared with experimental chamber study data as well as simplified model predictions, and good agreement was found.

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Effects of mechanical tension on protrusive activity and microfilament and intermediate filament organization in an epidermal epithelium moving in culture.

The Journal of Cell Biology ◽

10.1083/jcb.102.4.1400 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 102 (4) ◽

pp. 1400-1411 ◽

Cited By ~ 155

Author(s):

J Kolega

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽

Intermediate Filaments ◽

Intermediate Filament ◽

Mechanical Tension ◽

Cytoskeletal Organization ◽

Structural Support ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Locomotive Activity ◽

Filament Surface

Mechanical tension influences tissue morphogenesis and the synthetic, mitotic, and motile behavior of cells. To determine the effects of tension on epithelial motility and cytoskeletal organization, small, motile clusters of epidermal cells were artificially extended with a micromanipulated needle. Protrusive activity perpendicular to the axis of tension was dramatically suppressed. To determine the ultrastructural basis for this phenomenon, cells whose exact locomotive behavior was recorded cinemicrographically were examined by transmission electron microscopy. In untensed, forward-moving lamellar protrusions, microfilaments appear disorganized and anisotropically oriented. But in cytoplasm held under tension by micromanipulation or by the locomotive activity of other cells within the epithelium, microfilaments are aligned parallel to the tension. In non-spreading regions of the epithelial margin, microfilaments lie in tight bundles parallel to apparent lines of tension. Thus, it appears that tension causes alignment of microfilaments. In contrast, intermediate filaments are excluded from motile protrusions, being confined to the thicker, more central part of the cell. They roughly follow the contours of the cell, but are not aligned relative to tension even when microfilaments in the same cell are. This suggests that the organization of intermediate filaments is relatively resistant to physical distortion and the intermediate filaments may act as passive structural support within the cell. The alignment of microfilaments under tension suggests a mechanism by which tension suppresses protrusive activity: microfilaments aligned by forces exerted through filament-surface or filament-filament interconnections cannot reorient against such force and so cannot easily extend protrusions in directions not parallel to tension.

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