Obesity and Body Composition in Man and Woman: Associated Diseases and the New Role of Gut Microbiota

Background: Obesity is now recognized as a worldwide health issue and has reached epidemic proportions, affecting both developed and developing countries. The World Obesity Federation stated that “Obesity is a chronic relapsing disease process”: as a result, obesity has been recognized internationally as a chronic disease. : The primary cause of the metabolic syndrome and increase of the cardiovascular risk have been identified in "sick fat", a condition then defined as adiposopathy. Heart attacks, strokes and renal failures are pathologies that have mid-risk factors such as dyslipidemia, hypertension and diabetes, which in turn are caused by obesity, whose primary risk factor is represented by the diet. The aim of the present review is to consider the importance of body composition, together with chronic inflammation and a new gut microbiota data that may turn out to be crucial elements of some target treatment of human obesity. Methods: In this review, we performed research using PubMed database reviewing the evidence in the literature of evidence information regarding the link between obesity and body composition in the development of metabolic disease via inflammation markers and in particular, the new role exerted by gut microbiota. Results: Several papers were evaluated searching for differences in fat mass and disease risk. We also identified the same papers dealing with differences in body composition and metabolic syndrome. Our attention focuses also on a new frontier of gut microbiota composition in the body weight decrease and anti-inflammatory effects. Conclusion: To the saving of lean mass, for the prevention of cardiometabolic diseases, also considering the relationship with obesity, it is necessary to reduce the inflammatory state, acting on the gut-microbiota and on the intestinal permeability. To improve the health of the intestinal flora, we propose a 4P medicine and treatment with probiotics, prebiotics, postbiotics, and polyphenols.

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Cinnamon improves insulin sensitivity and alters the body composition in an animal model of the metabolic syndrome

Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics ◽

10.1016/j.abb.2010.05.032 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 501 (1) ◽

pp. 158-161 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

K. Couturier ◽

C. Batandier ◽

M. Awada ◽

I. Hininger-Favier ◽

F. Canini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Animal Model ◽

Body Composition ◽

Insulin Sensitivity ◽

The Body ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome

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There is No Distinctive Gut Microbiota Signature in the Metabolic Syndrome: Contribution of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and Associated Medication

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms8030416 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 416 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Adrián Cortés-Martín ◽

Carlos E. Iglesias-Aguirre ◽

Amparo Meoro ◽

María Victoria Selma ◽

Juan Carlos Espín

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Disease Risk ◽

Cardiovascular Disease Risk ◽

Cvd Risk Factors ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Drug Treatments

The gut microbiota (GM) has attracted attention as a new target to combat several diseases, including metabolic syndrome (MetS), a pathological condition with many factors (diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, etc.) that increase cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. However, the existence of a characteristic taxonomic signature associated with obesity-related metabolic dysfunctions is under debate. To investigate the contribution of the CVD risk factors and(or) their associated drug treatments in the composition and functionality of GM in MetS patients, we compared the GM of obese individuals (n = 69) vs. MetS patients (n = 50), as well as within patients, depending on their treatments. We also explored associations between medication, GM, clinical variables, endotoxemia, and short-chain fatty acids. Poly-drug treatments, conventional in MetS patients, prevented the accurate association between medication and GM profiles. Our results highlight the heterogeneity of taxonomic signatures in MetS patients, which mainly depend on the CVD risk factors. Hypertension and(or) its associated medication was the primary trait involved in the shaping of GM, with an overabundance of lipopolysaccharide-producing microbial groups from the Proteobacteria phylum. In the context of precision medicine, our results highlight that targeting GM to prevent and(or) treat MetS should consider MetS patients more individually, according to their CVD risk factors and associated medication.

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Polyphenol- and Caffeine-Rich Postfermented Pu-erh Tea Improves Diet-Induced Metabolic Syndrome by Remodeling Intestinal Homeostasis in Mice

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.00601-17 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 86 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Xiaoyu Gao ◽

Qiuhong Xie ◽

Ping Kong ◽

Ling Liu ◽

Sheng Sun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Energy Efficiency ◽

Body Composition ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Inflammatory Responses ◽

The Body ◽

Intestinal Homeostasis ◽

Lipid Metabolism Disorder ◽

Content Type ◽

Metabolism Disorder

ABSTRACTPostfermented Pu-erh tea (PE) protects against metabolic syndrome (MS), but little is known regarding its underlying mechanisms. Animal experiments were performed to determine whether the gut microbiota mediated the improvement in diet-induced MS by PE and its main active components (PEAC). We confirmed that PE altered the body composition and energy efficiency, attenuated metabolic endotoxemia and systemic and multiple-tissue inflammation, and improved the glucose and lipid metabolism disorder in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice via multiple pathways. Notably, PE promoted the lipid oxidation and browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) in HFD-fed mice. Polyphenols and caffeine (CAF) played critical roles in improving these parameters. Meanwhile, PE remodeled the disrupted intestinal homeostasis that was induced by the HFD. Many metabolic changes observed in the mice were significantly correlated with alterations in specific gut bacteria.Akkermansia muciniphilaandFaecalibacterium prausnitziiwere speculated to be the key gut bacterial links between the PEAC treatment and MS at the genus and species levels. Interestingly,A. muciniphilaadministration altered body composition and energy efficiency, promoted the browning of WAT, and improved the lipid and glucose metabolism disorder in the HFD-fed mice, whereasF. prausnitziiadministration reduced the HFD-induced liver and intestinal inflammatory responses. In summary, polyphenol- and CAF-rich PE improved diet-induced MS, and this effect was associated with a remodeling of the gut microbiota.

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Beyond the body mass index: tracking body composition in the pathogenesis of obesity and the metabolic syndrome

Obesity Reviews ◽

10.1111/j.1467-789x.2012.01033.x ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 13 ◽

pp. 6-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 150

Author(s):

M. J. Müller ◽

M. Lagerpusch ◽

J. Enderle ◽

B. Schautz ◽

M. Heller ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Body Mass Index ◽

Body Composition ◽

Body Mass ◽

The Body ◽

Index Tracking ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome

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Programming of body composition by early growth and nutrition

Proceedings of The Nutrition Society ◽

10.1017/s0029665107005691 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 66 (3) ◽

pp. 423-434 ◽

Cited By ~ 265

Author(s):

Jonathan C. K. Wells ◽

Sirinuch Chomtho ◽

Mary S. Fewtrell

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Body Composition ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Lean Mass ◽

Early Life ◽

Disease Risk ◽

Early Growth ◽

Growth Patterns ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome

There is now compelling evidence that growth patterns in early life are associated with risk of the metabolic syndrome in adulthood, although the relative importance of prenatal v. postnatal growth for such associations remains controversial. Body composition may play a key role in the ‘programming’ of such diseases, through itself being programmed by early growth, and perhaps also by being a mediator of the programming process. Early studies reporting positive associations between birth weight and adult BMI suggested a tendency for large babies to become obese adults. Such findings appeared contradictory to the many studies linking low birth weight with increased risk of the metabolic syndrome. Recent studies now indicate that birth weight is strongly predictive of later lean mass, and has a much weaker association with later fatness. Studies that link low birth weight with a more central adipose distribution in later life remain controversial, and require confirmation using more sophisticated methodologies. Findings for infant growth rate appear population-specific, with infant weight gain predicting subsequent lean mass in developing countries, but predicting subsequent fat mass and obesity in industrialised populations. Further studies are required on this issue, to ensure that appropriate public health policies are recommended for countries across the range of economic development. Although the links between early growth and later disease risk implicate early-life nutrition, either in utero or during infancy, few prospective studies have explored the influence of early diet on later body composition. Many studies have associated breast-feeding with a reduced prevalence of obesity categorised by BMI; however, the few studies directly evaluating childhood fatness provide little support for this hypothesis. Recent advances in the ability to measure body composition during the infant period offer a major opportunity to improve the understanding of the nutritional programming of body composition and its contribution, or lack thereof, to subsequent disease risk.

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Effects of a Combined Exercise Program on the Body Composition, Health-related Physical Fitness, and Metabolic Syndrome Risk Factor in Middle-aged Women

The Official Journal of the Korean Academy of Kinesiology ◽

10.15758/jkak.2013.15.3.91 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 91-100

Author(s):

SuIll Oh ◽

유민주 ◽

황예선

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Body Composition ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Physical Fitness ◽

Exercise Program ◽

The Body ◽

Middle Aged ◽

Combined Exercise ◽

Health Related ◽

Metabolic Syndrome Risk Factor

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Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in never treated mood disordered patientss

Clinical & Investigative Medicine ◽

10.25011/cim.v30i4.2875 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 95

Author(s):

Valerie Taylor ◽

Glenda M. MacQueen

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Mood Disorders ◽

Population Attributable Risk ◽

Disease Process ◽

Visceral Obesity ◽

Premature Mortality ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Bipolar Patients

Bipolar disorder and major depression are life-shortening illnesses. Unnatural causes such as suicide and accidents account for only a portion of this premature mortality1 Research is beginning to identify that mood disordered patients have a higher incidence of metabolic syndrome, an illness characterized by dyslipidemia, impaired glucose tolerance, hypertension and obesity.2 Metabolic syndrome is associated with an increased risk for a variety of physical illnesses. Hypothesis: Never treated patients with mood disorders have preexisting elevations in the prevalence of the component variables of metabolic syndrome. Central obesity will be especially elevated, predicting increased premature mortality. Methods: We assessed never treated patients with mood disorders for metabolic syndrome and its component variables. Patients were assessed at baseline and followed up at 6-month intervals. All psychiatric pharmacotherapy was documented. Body mass index (BMI) was also obtained and the percentage of deaths attributable to overweight and obesity was calculated using the population attributable risk (PAR). [PAR= ∑[P (RR-1)/RR] Results: Prior to the initiation of treatment, patients did not differ from population norms with respect to metabolic syndrome or BMI. At 2-year follow-up, BMI had increased for unipolar patients 2.02 points and 1.92 points for bipolar patients. (p < .001) This increase in BMI predicted an increase in mortality of 19.4%. Conclusion: An increase in visceral obesity is often the first component of metabolic syndrome to appear and may indicate the initiation of this disease process prematurely in this group. The increase in BMI places patients with mood disorders at risk for premature mortality and indicates a need for early intervention. References 1.Osby U, Brandt L, Correia N, Ekbom A & Sparen P. Excess mortability in bipolar and Unipolar disorder rin Sweden. Archives of General Psychiatry, 2001;58: 844-850 2.Toalson P, Saeeduddin A, Hardy T & Kabinoff G. The metabolic syndrome in patients with severe mental illness. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 2004; 6(4): 152-158

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Adopting seasonal regimen (Ritucharya) to modulate the seasonal variation in gut microbiome

Journal of Ethnic Foods ◽

10.1186/s42779-021-00078-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Deepthi. R ◽

Vandana Rani M ◽

Delvin T. Robin ◽

Anusree Dileep

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Gut Microbiome ◽

Health Management ◽

Disease Process ◽

The Body ◽

Leaky Gut ◽

Human Gut ◽

Extrinsic Factors ◽

Application Prospects

AbstractThe science of Ayurveda with its strong and unique fundamentals holds its domain forever amidst all scientific and medical advancements. The concept of Shadkriyakala (the different phases of disease formation) holds relevance in preventive medicine and public health management as it provides ample chance to halt the disease process at each stage by timely intervention. In this review, we would like to bring to the limelight the relevance of Ritucharya (seasonal regimen) in primary prevention by modulating the gut microbiota. The modern gut microbiome researches now help us to better explore the Ayurveda theories of Agni (digestive fire) and Ama (metabolic toxins) preached centuries back. Ayurveda firmly proclaims that no disease ever arises without the derangement of Agni (digestive fire). The whole preventive and treatment methodology in Ayurveda focuses upon the modulation and management of “Agni” (digestive fire). When the functioning of Agni is deranged, Ama (metabolic toxin) is produced and it vitiates the doshas which spread throughout the body and manifest as varied diseases. A biomedical perspective of our reviews suggests that dysbiosis of microbial flora can cause a leaky gut by which the toxins of deranged digestive metabolism enter the bloodstream. Consequently, an inflammatory response occurs within the body which expresses out as diseases opportunistically. We meticulously reviewed the influence of extrinsic factors namely diet and climate on human gut microbiota, and our analysis emphasises the application prospects of Ritucharya (seasonal regimen), in regulating the dynamic host-microbe interaction.

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