SARS-CoV-2: Recent Reports on Antiviral Therapies Based on Lopinavir/Ritonavir, Darunavir/Umifenovir, Hydroxychloroquine, Remdesivir, Favipiravir and other Drugs for the Treatment of the New Coronavirus

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (27) ◽  
pp. 4536-4541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Costanzo ◽  
Maria Anna Rachele De Giglio ◽  
Giovanni Nicola Roviello
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Government Control ◽  
Antiviral Therapies ◽  
Experimental Drugs ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
The U.S

Here we report on the most recent updates on experimental drugs successfully employed in the treatment of the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, also referred to as COVID-19 (COronaVIrus Disease-19). In particular, several cases of recovered patients have been reported after being treated with lopinavir/ritonavir [which is widely used to treat Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection] in combination with the anti-flu drug oseltamivir. In addition, remdesivir, which has been previously administered to Ebola virus patients, has also proven effective in the U.S. against coronavirus, while antimalarial chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, favipiravir and co-administered darunavir and umifenovir (in patient therapies) were also recently recorded as having anti-SARS-CoV-2 effects. Since the recoveries/deaths ratio in the last weeks significantly increased, especially in China, it is clear that the experimental antiviral therapy, together with the availability of intensive care unit beds in hospitals and rigorous government control measures, all play an important role in dealing with this virus. This also stresses the urgent need for the scientific community to devote its efforts to the development of other more specific antiviral strategies.

scholarly journals Differential N-Linked Glycosylation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Ebola Virus Envelope Glycoproteins Modulates Interactions with DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 1337-1346 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Lin ◽  
Graham Simmons ◽  
Stefan Pöhlmann ◽  
Frédéric Baribaud ◽  
Houping Ni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Leukemia Virus ◽  
Viral Envelope ◽  
Virus Envelope ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
High Mannose ◽  
Virus Interactions ◽  
Do So

ABSTRACT The C-type lectins DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR [collectively referred to as DC-SIGN(R)] bind and transmit human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus to T cells via the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env). Other viruses containing heavily glycosylated glycoproteins (GPs) fail to interact with DC-SIGN(R), suggesting some degree of specificity in this interaction. We show here that DC-SIGN(R) selectively interact with HIV Env and Ebola virus GPs containing more high-mannose than complex carbohydrate structures. Modulation of N-glycans on Env or GP through production of viruses in different primary cells or in the presence of the mannosidase I inhibitor deoxymannojirimycin dramatically affected DC-SIGN(R) infectivity enhancement. Further, murine leukemia virus, which typically does not interact efficiently with DC-SIGN(R), could do so when produced in the presence of deoxymannojirimycin. We predict that other viruses containing GPs with a large proportion of high-mannose N-glycans will efficiently interact with DC-SIGN(R), whereas those with solely complex N-glycans will not. Thus, the virus-producing cell type is an important factor in dictating both N-glycan status and virus interactions with DC-SIGN(R), which may impact virus tropism and transmissibility in vivo.

scholarly journals Acute Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection Presenting With Bilateral Interstitial Pneumonia: Case Report and Discussion of Potential HIV-Induced Interstitial Pneumonia

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Maria Peri ◽  
Laura Alagna ◽  
Serena Trovati ◽  
Francesca Sabbatini ◽  
Roberto Rona ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Interstitial Pneumonia ◽  
Antiretroviral Treatment ◽  
Pneumonia Case ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Acute Hiv ◽  
Hiv 1

Abstract A 50-year-old man was admitted to intensive care unit because of acute respiratory failure due interstitial pneumonia; after admission, a diagnosis of acute human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection was made. Clinical and radiological improvement was observed only after introduction of antiretroviral treatment. We discuss the hypothesis of interstitial pneumonia induced by the acute HIV-1 infection.

Emerging Pathogens: Something Old, Something New

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (S2) ◽  
pp. 164-165
Author(s):  
Sara E. Miller ◽  
David N. Howell
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Prion Diseases ◽  
Emerging Diseases ◽  
Emerging Pathogens ◽  
The Third ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
The Us ◽  
Jakob Disease

Infectious diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide and the third leading cause in the US. Among these maladies are many that can be classified as emerging diseases. Some of these disorders may be caused by truly novel pathogens. in others, the causative organisms have been present for many years (for some, probably millennia), but have escaped detection until recently. Still others represent the re-emergence of known pathogenic organisms after a long period of quiescence. The mention of emerging pathogens brings to mind sensational exotic and feared microorganisms such as Ebola virus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hantavirus, West Nile virus, Yersinia pestis (plague), and prion diseases such as bovine spongiform encephalitis (BSE, “mad cow” disease) which have been associated with variant Creutzfeldt- Jakob disease (CJD) in humans. However, other organisms that have been known for some time can be classified as emerging pathogens as they continually mutate, recombine, and adapt, causing misery and death.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Treponema Pallidum Infections in Nigerian Patients with Leprosy

1994 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-51
Author(s):  
C M Nwosu ◽  
S N N Nwosu ◽  
K C Okoye
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Sexually Transmitted Diseases ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Leprosy Patient ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Fifty-one patients were selected from 4 leprosaria in eastern Nigeria and were examined for evidence of syphilis. They were screened serologically for treponemal and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. Information about their sexual behaviour and demographic data were obtained to determine the factors associated with increased risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases (STD). They were compared with 115 controls. The results showed that positive treponemal tests were more common in those patients living outside the leprosaria ( P<0.05). Age and sex of the patients living inside the leprosaria were not factors associated with treponemal infections. Leprosy appeared to be a factor for T. pallidum infection when compared with the control group ( P < 0.05; OR 476; CI 1.16,19.5). One leprosy patient and one control subject had positive HIV tests and there was no significant association between leprosy and HIV infection. These findings suggest the possibility of the spread of sexually transmitted diseases amongst the leprosy patient population. The importance with respect to control measures is that leprosy patients living outside leprosaria may constitute a potential reservoir for introducing sexually transmitted diseases into the leprosaria.

Pharmacological Considerations in Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Infected Adults in the Intensive Care Unit

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley A. DeFreitas ◽  
Theresa-Lynda M. D’Souza ◽  
Ginille J. Lazaro ◽  
Emily M. Windes ◽  
Melissa D. Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

scholarly journals HIV treatment non-adherence is associated with ICU mortality in HIV-positive critically ill patients

2020 ◽  
pp. 175114371989897 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelson BF Neto ◽  
Luiz G Marin ◽  
Bruna G de Souza ◽  
Ana LD Moro ◽  
Wagner L Nedel
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Intensive Care Unit Admission ◽  
Hospital Mortality ◽  
Intensive Care Units ◽  
Therapy Adherence ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Introduction Combined antiretroviral therapy has led to significant decreases in morbidity and mortality in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients. Survival among these patients admitted to intensive care units has also improved in the last years. However, the prognostic predictors of human immunodeficiency vírus patients in intensive care units have not been adequately studied. The main objective of this study was to evaluate if non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy is a predictor of hospital mortality. Methods A unicentric, retrospective, cohort study composed of patients admitted to a 59-bed mixed intensive care unit including all patients with human immunodeficiency vírus infection. Patients were excluded if exclusive palliative care was established before completing 48 h of intensive care unit admission. Clinical and treatment data were obtained, including demographic records, underlying diseases, Simplified Acute Physiology III score at the time of intensive care unit admission, CD4 lymphocyte count, antiretroviral therapy adherence, admission diagnosis, human immunodeficiency vírus-related diseases, sepsis and use of mechanical ventilation and hemodialysis. The outcome analyzed was hospital mortality. Results Overall, 167 patients were included in the study, and intensive care unit mortality was 34.7%. Multivariate analysis indicated that antiretroviral therapy adherence and the Simplified Acute Physiology 3 score were independently related to hospital mortality. antiretroviral therapy adherence was a protective factor (OR 0.2; 95% CI 0.05–0.71; P = 0.01), and Simplified Acute Physiology 3 (OR 1.04; 95% CI 1.01–1.08; P < 0.01) was associated with increased hospital mortality. Conclusion Non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy is associated with hospital mortality in this population. Highly active antiretroviral therapy non-adherence may be associated with other comorbidities that may be associated with a worst prognosis in this scenario.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection/AIDS In Children: The Next Decade

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 93 (6) ◽  
pp. 930-935
Author(s):  
Arthur J. Ammann
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Timely Manner ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Critical Issues

The next decade of HIV/AIDS must resolve critical issues. It will be necessary to probe deeply to examine what is currently known, identify what needs to be known, and find ways to solve the issues that must be confronted. How to best achieve solutions in a timely manner must also be determined. Seven priorities of major importance have been identified. There are others, and there will be new ones. Each issue is complex, but each one must be faced with the hope that solutions will be found. After 10 years, HIV infection is at risk of becoming institutionalized, bringing with it an acceptance of the issues as inherent to the disease. Patients look to the medical profession and scientific community to provide hope. But there are also significant educational, psychological, social, and public health issues that must be resolved. The first decade of AIDS consisted of recognition, diagnosis, and early treatment. If hope is to be brought to our children and their parents, the next decade must consist of the prevention and therapeutic control of HIV and its complications.

scholarly journals Studies of Ebola Virus Glycoprotein-Mediated Entry and Fusion by Using Pseudotyped Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Virions: Involvement of Cytoskeletal Proteins and Enhancement by Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha

2005 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 918-926 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akihito Yonezawa ◽  
Marielle Cavrois ◽  
Warner C. Greene
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Tumor Necrosis ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Factor Alpha ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Necrosis Factor

ABSTRACT The Ebola filoviruses are aggressive pathogens that cause severe and often lethal hemorrhagic fever syndromes in humans and nonhuman primates. To date, no effective therapies have been identified. To analyze the entry and fusion properties of Ebola virus, we adapted a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) virion-based fusion assay by substituting Ebola virus glycoprotein (GP) for the HIV-1 envelope. Fusion was detected by cleavage of the fluorogenic substrate CCF2 by β-lactamase-Vpr incorporated into virions and released as a result of virion fusion. Entry and fusion induced by the Ebola virus GP occurred with much slower kinetics than with vesicular stomatitis virus G protein (VSV-G) and were blocked by depletion of membrane cholesterol and by inhibition of vesicular acidification with bafilomycin A1. These properties confirmed earlier studies and validated the assay for exploring other properties of Ebola virus GP-mediated entry and fusion. Entry and fusion of Ebola virus GP pseudotypes, but not VSV-G or HIV-1 Env pseudotypes, were impaired in the presence of the microtubule-disrupting agent nocodazole but were enhanced in the presence of the microtubule-stabilizing agent paclitaxel (Taxol). Agents that impaired microfilament function, including cytochalasin B, cytochalasin D, latrunculin A, and jasplakinolide, also inhibited Ebola virus GP-mediated entry and fusion. Together, these findings suggest that both microtubules and microfilaments may play a role in the effective trafficking of vesicles containing Ebola virions from the cell surface to the appropriate acidified vesicular compartment where fusion occurs. In terms of Ebola virus GP-mediated entry and fusion to various target cells, primary macrophages proved highly sensitive, while monocytes from the same donors displayed greatly reduced levels of entry and fusion. We further observed that tumor necrosis factor alpha, which is released by Ebola virus-infected monocytes/macrophages, enhanced Ebola virus GP-mediated entry and fusion to human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Thus, Ebola virus infection of one target cell may induce biological changes that facilitate infection of secondary target cells that play a key role in filovirus pathogenesis. Finally, these studies indicate that pseudotyping in the HIV-1 virion-based fusion assay may be a valuable approach to the study of entry and fusion properties mediated through the envelopes of other viral pathogens.

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