Natural Products in Mitigation of SARS CoV Infections

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Venu Sharma ◽  
Ankita Sharma ◽  
Sandip B. Bharate
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Dietary Supplements ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Cysteine Proteases ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Viable Approach

: The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a critical respiratory disease caused by coronaviruses (CoV). The available antiviral agents or host-specific anti-inflammatory therapies are the principal treatment modalities, with drugrepurposing as the most viable approach to timely tackle the CoV pandemic. Though these approaches are successful to some extent in reducing the mortality rate, however, it is too far to see a complete escape from the current CoV-2 pandemic. Plants are the primary source of diet, dietary supplements, botanical drugs, and natural products (NPs). It has been well accepted and proved via several scientific studies that plant-based therapies play a vital role in protecting against such infections. The faulty immune system (compromised innate immunity or aberrant immune activation) decides the severity of the respiratory distress in CoV-2 infected patients. Natural products intervene at various stages of the virus replication cycle, including inhibition of virus entry into the host cells, inhibition of serine/ cysteine proteases, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) or helicase. Besides, several natural products or plant-based dietary ingredients have a unique ability to strengthen the immune system or alleviate the hyper-inflammatory condition. Many plant-based formulations, dietary supplements, and NPs are being investigated in clinical trials in CoV-2 patients, and few have already shown positive results. The review has unearthed several NP leads for medicinal chemistry programs as well as some having direct opportunity of repurposing in SARS CoV infections.

scholarly journals Challenges at the Time of COVID-19: Opportunities and Innovations in Antivirals from Nature

Planta Medica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 86 (10) ◽  
pp. 659-664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Hensel ◽  
Rudolf Bauer ◽  
Michael Heinrich ◽  
Verena Spiegler ◽  
Oliver Kayser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Cannabinoid Receptors ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Antiviral Activities ◽  
Combined Action ◽  
Early Interaction

AbstractAs viral infections are an increasing threat to human societies, the need for new therapeutic strategies is becoming even more obvious. As no vaccine is available for COVID-19, the development of directly acting antiviral agents and preventive strategies have to be considered. Nature provides a huge reservoir of anti-infectious compounds, from which we can deduce innovative ideas, therapies, and products. Anti-adhesive natural products interact with the receptor-mediated recognition and early interaction of viruses with the host cells, leading to a reduced internalisation of the virus and reduced infections (e.g., procyanidin-B-2-di-O-gallate against influenza and herpes virus). Lignans like podophyllotoxin and bicyclol show strong antiviral activities against different viruses, and essential oils can directly interact with viral membranes and reduce the hostʼs inflammatory responses (e.g., 1,8-cineol). Echinacea extracts stimulate the immune system, and bioavailable alkamides are key players by interacting with immunomodulating cannabinoid receptors. COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 infections have, in part, successfully been treated in China by preparations from traditional Chinese medicine and, while it is too early to draw conclusions, some promising data are available. There is huge potential, but intensified research is needed to develop evidence-based medicines with a clearly defined chemical profile. Intensified research and development, and therefore funding, are needed for exploiting natureʼs reservoir against viral infections. Combined action for basic research, chemistry, pharmacognosy, virology, and clinical studies, but also supply chain, sustainable sourcing, and economic aspects have to be considered. This review calls for intensified innovative science on natural products for the patients and for a healthier world!

scholarly journals Development of Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Agents—Inspiration from Immunomodulatory Natural Products

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1257
Author(s):  
Mengxun Zhang ◽  
Jiaqing Zhong ◽  
Yongai Xiong ◽  
Xun Song ◽  
Chenyang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Antiviral Drugs ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
The Body ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Immunomodulatory Effects ◽  
Antiviral Effects

Developing broad-spectrum antiviral drugs remains an important issue as viral infections continue to threaten public health. Host-directed therapy is a method that focuses on potential targets in host cells or the body, instead of viral proteins. Its antiviral effects are achieved by disturbing the life cycles of pathogens or modulating immunity. In this review, we focus on the development of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs that enhance the immune response. Some natural products present antiviral effects mediated by enhancing immunity, and their structures and mechanisms are summarized here. Natural products with immunomodulatory effects are also discussed, although their antiviral effects remain unknown. Given the power of immunity and the feasibility of host-directed therapy, we argue that both of these categories of natural products provide clues that may be beneficial for the discovery of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs.

scholarly journals The Fightback

2021 ◽  
pp. 26-39
Author(s):  
Dorothy H. Crawford
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Biological Warfare ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Viral Mutation ◽  
Human Immune

This chapter discusses some of the barriers viruses must overcome in order to complete their life cycle. To survive, viruses must penetrate host cells before they can begin the process of reproducing their genetic material, and here again viruses appear remarkably resourceful. By carrying a molecular key on their surface, they can disguise themselves as normal body constituents, and latch on to and enter any cell which bears the complementary lock. As such, viruses infect only those cells which display the particular molecular lock that their key fits into, and this restriction dictates the type of cell a virus infects and therefore the symptoms it will cause. Since there are several hundred molecules to choose from, viruses cause a great variety of diseases. However, viruses are not fighting a one-sided battle. Even the simplest organisms have ways of dealing with viruses, but the sophistication and subtlety of the human immune system is unrivalled. The chapter then considers the vital role B and T cells play in the body’s defences. It also traces how viruses and their hosts have co-evolved. Finally, the chapter outlines the threats viruses may pose, including viral mutation and the use of viruses in biological warfare.

Natural Products: Experimental Efficient Agents for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (46) ◽  
pp. 4893-4913 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fan Cao ◽  
Jie Liu ◽  
Bing-Xian Sha ◽  
Hai-Feng Pan
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Natural Products ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Receptor Protein ◽  
Intestinal Epithelia ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
The Individual

: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, elusive disorder resulting in relapsing inflammation of intestine with incompletely elucidated etiology, whose two representative forms are ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD). Accumulating researches have revealed that the individual genetic susceptibility, environmental risk elements, intestinal microbial flora, as well as innate and adaptive immune system are implicated in the pathogenesis and development of IBD. Despite remarkable progression of IBD therapy has been achieved by chemical drugs and biological therapies such as aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, antibiotics, anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, anti-integrin agents, etc., healing outcome still cannot be obtained, along with inevitable side effects. Consequently, a variety of researches have focused on exploring new therapies, and found that natural products (NPs) isolated from herbs or plants may serve as promising therapeutic agents for IBD through antiinflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-fibrotic and anti-apoptotic effects, which implicates the modulation on nucleotide- binding domain (NOD) like receptor protein (NLRP) 3 inflammasome, gut microbiota, intestinal microvascular endothelial cells, intestinal epithelia, immune system, etc. In the present review, we will summarize the research development of IBD pathogenesis and current mainstream therapy, as well as the therapeutic potential and intrinsic mechanisms of NPs in IBD.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Behaviour of Some Selective Natural Flavonoids: A Look Through

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-196
Author(s):  
Shyamal K. Jash ◽  
Dilip Gorai ◽  
Lalan C. Mandal ◽  
Rajiv Roy
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Natural Products ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Hard Core ◽  
2D Nmr ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Spectral Technique ◽  
Nmr Techniques ◽  
Significant Class ◽  
Nuclear Magnetic

Flavonoids are considered as a significant class of compounds among the natural products, exhibiting a variety of structural skeletons as well as multidirectional biological potentials. In structural elucidations of natural products, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has been playing a vital role; the technique is one of the sharpest tools in the hands of natural products chemists. The present resume deals with hard-core applications of such spectral technique, particularly in structural elucidation of flavonoids; different NMR techniques including 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and 2D-NMR [viz. 1H-1H COSY, COLOC, HMBC, HMQC] are described in detail.

Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) and Pregnancy: A hypothetical view

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed RG
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Cellular Therapy ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Maternal Immune System ◽  
Perinatal Management ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Background: The complications of the SARS-CoV-2 infection and its COVID-19 disease on mothers and their offspring are less known. Objective: The aim of this review was to determine the transmission, severity, complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection during the pregnancy. This review showed the influence of COVID-19 disease on the neonatal neurogenesis. Owing to no specific vaccines or medicines that were reported for the treatment of COVID-19 disease, this review suggested some control strategies like treatments (medicinal plants, antiviral therapy, cellular therapy, and immunotherapy), nutrition uptake, prevention, and recommendations. Discussion: This overview showed in severely states that SARS-CoV-2 infection during the early stage of pregnancy might increase the risk of stress, panic, and anxiety. This disorder can disturb the maternal immune system, and thus causing a neurodevelopmental disturbance. This hypothesis may be depending on the severity and intensity of the SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy. However, vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from dams to their fetuses is absent until now. Conclusion: During this global pandemic disease, maintaining safety during pregnancy, vaginal delivery, and breastfeeding may play a vital role in a healthy life for the offspring. Thus, international and national corporations should be continuing for perinatal management, particularly during the next pandemic or disaster time.

An Assessment of Hygiene Maintenance Factors Effect on Employees’ Productivity in Nigerian Telecommunication Industry

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Ann Ogbo ◽  
Kifordu Anyibuofu Anthony ◽  
Okagu Kosisochukwu
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Relations ◽  
Telecommunication Network ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Telecommunication Industry ◽  
Mobile Telecommunication ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Maintenance Factors ◽  
Geographical Scope ◽  
Survey Approach

The study aimed at establishing an assessment of hygiene maintenance factors effects on employees’productivity. The hygiene/maintenance factors play vital role in employees’ productivity. They do not motivate employee in organization, yet they must be present or dissatisfaction will arise. . The study is aimed to pursue the following objectives: To determine the extent to which working conditions improve the performance of employees, to ascertain the effect of interpersonal relations within the organization on firms’ profitability and to assesthe extent to whichcompensation improve the performance of employees.The study was conducted using the survey approach. The geographical scope of the study was Mobile telecommunication network (MTN), located within Enugu metropolis. Two sources of data were utilized in the study: they included primary and secondary sources. The primary source wasthrough the administration of copies of designed questionnaire to a total of forty one respondents that made up the sample size for the study.

scholarly journals Bromodomain and Extraterminal Protein Inhibitor, Apabetalone (RVX-208), Reduces ACE2 Expression and Attenuates SARS-Cov-2 Infection In Vitro

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 437
Author(s):  
Dean Gilham ◽  
Audrey L. Smith ◽  
Li Fu ◽  
Dalia Y. Moore ◽  
Abenaya Muralidharan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Protein Inhibitor ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 ◽  
Surface Receptors ◽  
Bet Inhibitor ◽  
Epigenetic Machinery ◽  
Unexplored Area

Effective therapeutics are urgently needed to counter infection and improve outcomes for patients suffering from COVID-19 and to combat this pandemic. Manipulation of epigenetic machinery to influence viral infectivity of host cells is a relatively unexplored area. The bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) family of epigenetic readers have been reported to modulate SARS-CoV-2 infection. Herein, we demonstrate apabetalone, the most clinical advanced BET inhibitor, downregulates expression of cell surface receptors involved in SARS-CoV-2 entry, including angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP4 or CD26) in SARS-CoV-2 permissive cells. Moreover, we show that apabetalone inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro to levels comparable to those of antiviral agents. Taken together, our study supports further evaluation of apabetalone to treat COVID-19, either alone or in combination with emerging therapeutics.

scholarly journals Natural and Nature-Derived Products Targeting Human Coronaviruses

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 448
Author(s):  
Konstantina Vougogiannopoulou ◽  
Angela Corona ◽  
Enzo Tramontano ◽  
Michael N. Alexis ◽  
Alexios-Leandros Skaltsounis
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Critical Perspective ◽  
Human Coronavirus ◽  
State Of Emergency ◽  
Pharmacological Agents ◽  
Pure Compounds ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
The 1960S

The ongoing pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), caused by the SARS-CoV-2 human coronavirus (HCoV), has brought the international scientific community before a state of emergency that needs to be addressed with intensive research for the discovery of pharmacological agents with antiviral activity. Potential antiviral natural products (NPs) have been discovered from plants of the global biodiversity, including extracts, compounds and categories of compounds with activity against several viruses of the respiratory tract such as HCoVs. However, the scarcity of natural products (NPs) and small-molecules (SMs) used as antiviral agents, especially for HCoVs, is notable. This is a review of 203 publications, which were selected using PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar, evaluates the available literature since the discovery of the first human coronavirus in the 1960s; it summarizes important aspects of structure, function, and therapeutic targeting of HCoVs as well as NPs (19 total plant extracts and 204 isolated or semi-synthesized pure compounds) with anti-HCoV activity targeting viral and non-viral proteins, while focusing on the advances on the discovery of NPs with anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity, and providing a critical perspective.

scholarly journals Intercellular Transmission of Naked Viruses through Extracellular Vesicles: Focus on Polyomaviruses

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1086
Author(s):  
Francois Helle ◽  
Lynda Handala ◽  
Marine Bentz ◽  
Gilles Duverlie ◽  
Etienne Brochot
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Viral Transmission ◽  
Viral Fitness ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Dna Viruses ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Similar Strategy

Extracellular vesicles have recently emerged as a novel mode of viral transmission exploited by naked viruses to exit host cells through a nonlytic pathway. Extracellular vesicles can allow multiple viral particles to collectively traffic in and out of cells, thus enhancing the viral fitness and diversifying the transmission routes while evading the immune system. This has been shown for several RNA viruses that belong to the Picornaviridae, Hepeviridae, Reoviridae, and Caliciviridae families; however, recent studies also demonstrated that the BK and JC viruses, two DNA viruses that belong to the Polyomaviridae family, use a similar strategy. In this review, we provide an update on recent advances in understanding the mechanisms used by naked viruses to hijack extracellular vesicles, and we discuss the implications for the biology of polyomaviruses.

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