Opposing Roles of Antimicrobial Peptides in Skin Cancers

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chanisa Kiatsurayanon ◽  
Ge Peng ◽  
François Niyonsaba
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Cancer Biology ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
The Body ◽  
Skin Tumor ◽  
Host Defense Peptides ◽  
Skin Cancers ◽  
The Impact

: Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), also known as host defense peptides, are ubiquitous naturally occurring molecules secreted by various cell types of the body. In the skin, AMPs serve as a first-line innate immune defense against exogenous microorganisms, and they orchestrate adaptive immune responses to exert several immunomodulatory functions. Emerging evidence indicates that AMPs not only contribute to certain inflammatory skin diseases but also play a role in skin tumor carcinogenesis. Available data support the hypothesis that AMPs possess both pro-tumor and anti-neoplastic properties. Although inconsistent observations reported by multiple studies make it challenging to summarize the precise roles of AMPs in cancer, the differential expression of AMPs in skin cancers, such as the increased expression of human beta-defensins in squamous cell carcinoma and the ability of cathelicidin LL-37 to induce malignant melanoma cell invasion, implies they have procancer activities. On the other hand, the observation that certain AMPs show cytotoxic activity against cancer cells of the colon and kidney suggests their inherent antitumor properties. In this review, we describe the roles and mechanisms of AMPs in skin cancer development. We believe that further research is needed to elucidate the impact of these AMPs in skin cancer biology and to explore their potential roles as diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers and as novel therapeutic targets.

scholarly journals Regulation of Apoptosis during Environmental Skin Tumor Initiation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bilal Bin Hafeez ◽  
Eunmi Park ◽  
Kyung-Soo Chun ◽  
Yong-Yeon Cho ◽  
Dae Joon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
The United States ◽  
Common Type ◽  
Skin Tumor ◽  
Tumor Initiation ◽  
Environmental Carcinogens ◽  
Skin Cells ◽  
Skin Cancers ◽  
The Impact

Skin cancer is more prevalent than any other cancer in the United States. Non-melanoma skin cancers are the more common forms of skin cancer that affect individuals. The development of squamous cell carcinoma, the second most common type of skin cancer, can be stimulated by exposure of environmental carcinogens, such as chemical toxicants or UVB. It is developed by three distinct stages: initiation, promotion, and progression. During the initiation, the fate of DNA-damaged skin cells is determined by the homeostatic regulation of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic signaling pathways. The imbalance or disruption of either signaling will lead to the survival of initiated cells, resulting in the development of skin cancer. In this chapter, we will discuss signaling pathways that regulate apoptosis and the impact of their dysfunction during skin tumor initiation.

Novel Nanolipoidal Systems for the Management of Skin Cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-125
Author(s):  
Apoorva Singh ◽  
Nimisha
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Cancer Therapeutics ◽  
The Body ◽  
Surgical Removal ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Skin Cancers ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Abnormal Cells ◽  
The Stability

: Skin cancer, among the various kinds of cancers, is a type that emerges from skin due to the growth of abnormal cells. These cells are capable of spreading and invading the other parts of the body. The occurrence of non-melanoma and melanoma, which are the major types of skin cancers, has increased over the past decades. Exposure to ultraviolet radiations (UV) is the main associative cause of skin cancer. UV exposure can inactivate tumor suppressor genes while activating various oncogenes. The conventional techniques like surgical removal, chemotherapy and radiation therapy lack the potential for targeting cancer cells and harm the normal cells. However, the novel therapeutics show promising improvements in the effectiveness of treatment, survival rates and better quality of life for patients. Different methodologies are involved in the skin cancer therapeutics for delivering the active ingredients to the target sites. Nano carriers are very efficient as they have the ability to improve the stability of drugs and further enhance their penetration into the tumor cells. The recent developments and research in nanotechnology have entitled several targeting and therapeutic agents to be incorporated into nanoparticles for an enhancive treatment of skin cancer. To protect the research works in the field of nanolipoidal systems various patents have been introduced. Some of the patents acknowledge responsive liposomes for specific targeting, nanocarriers for the delivery or co-delivery of chemotherapeutics, nucleic acids as well as photosensitizers. Further recent patents on the novel delivery systems have also been included here.

scholarly journals Skin Cancers and the Contribution of Rho GTPase Signaling Networks to Their Progression

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 4362
Author(s):  
Alessandra Pecora ◽  
Justine Laprise ◽  
Manel Dahmene ◽  
Mélanie Laurin
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Cancer Biology ◽  
Rho Gtpase ◽  
Signaling Networks ◽  
Molecular Events ◽  
Skin Cancers ◽  
Cancer Initiation ◽  
Cytoskeletal Dynamics ◽  
Genetic Perturbations

Skin cancers are the most common cancers worldwide. Among them, melanoma, basal cell carcinoma of the skin and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma are the three major subtypes. These cancers are characterized by different genetic perturbations even though they are similarly caused by a lifelong exposure to the sun. The main oncogenic drivers of skin cancer initiation have been known for a while, yet it remains unclear what are the molecular events that mediate their oncogenic functions and that contribute to their progression. Moreover, patients with aggressive skin cancers have been known to develop resistance to currently available treatment, which is urging us to identify new therapeutic opportunities based on a better understanding of skin cancer biology. More recently, the contribution of cytoskeletal dynamics and Rho GTPase signaling networks to the progression of skin cancers has been highlighted by several studies. In this review, we underline the various perturbations in the activity and regulation of Rho GTPase network components that contribute to skin cancer development, and we explore the emerging therapeutic opportunities that are surfacing from these studies.

scholarly journals Host Defense Peptides in the Oral Cavity and the Lung: Similarities and Differences

2008 ◽  
Vol 87 (10) ◽  
pp. 915-927 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Diamond ◽  
N. Beckloff ◽  
L.K. Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
The Body ◽  
Microbial Colonization ◽  
Host Defense Peptides ◽  
Innate Defense ◽  
Defense Peptides

Peptides with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity are found in the mucosal surfaces at many sites in the body, including the airway, the oral cavity, and the digestive tract. Based on their in vitro antimicrobial and other immunomodulatory activities, these host defense peptides have been proposed to play an important role in the innate defense against pathogenic microbial colonization. The genes that encode these peptides are up-regulated by pathogens, further supporting their role in innate immune defense. However, the differences in the local microbial environments between the generally sterile airway and the highly colonized oral cavity suggest a more complex role for these peptides in innate immunity. For example, β-defensin genes are induced in the airway by all bacteria and Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists primarily through an NF-κB-mediated pathway. In contrast, the same genes are induced in the gingival epithelium by only a subset of bacteria and TLR ligands, via different pathways. Furthermore, the environments into which the peptides are secreted—specifically saliva, gingival crevicular fluid, and airway surface fluid—differ greatly and can effect their respective activities in host defense. In this review, we examine the differences and similarities between host defense peptides in the oral cavity and the airway, to gain a better understanding of their contributions to immunity.

scholarly journals Aquaporin-3 in the epidermis: more than skin deep

2020 ◽  
Vol 318 (6) ◽  
pp. C1144-C1153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy B. Bollag ◽  
Lorry Aitkens ◽  
Joseph White ◽  
Kelly A. Hyndman
Keyword(s):  
Skin Diseases ◽  
The Body ◽  
Microbial Infection ◽  
Keratinocyte Proliferation ◽  
Aquaporin 3 ◽  
Skin Cancers ◽  
Terrestrial Life ◽  
Water Glycerol ◽  
And Function ◽  
Barrier Repair

The skin is essential for terrestrial life. It is responsible for regulating water permeability and functions as a mechanical barrier that protects against environmental insults such as microbial infection, ultraviolet light, injury, and heat and cold, which could damage the cells of the body and compromise survival of the organism. This barrier is provided by the outer layer, the epidermis, which is composed predominantly of keratinocytes; keratinocytes undergo a program of differentiation to form the stratum corneum comprising the cornified squame “bricks” and lipid “mortar.” Dysregulation of this differentiation program can result in skin diseases, including psoriasis and nonmelanoma skin cancers, among others. Accumulating evidence in the literature indicates that the water-, glycerol-, and hydrogen peroxide-transporting channel aquaporin-3 (AQP3) plays a key role in various processes involved in keratinocyte function, and abnormalities in this channel have been observed in several human skin diseases. Here, we discuss the data linking AQP3 to keratinocyte proliferation, migration, differentiation, and survival as well as its role in skin properties and functions like hydration, water retention, wound healing, and barrier repair. We also discuss the mechanisms regulating AQP3 levels, localization, and function and the anomalies in AQP3 that are associated with various skin diseases.

scholarly journals Assessment of Quality of Life among outpatients Visiting Dermatology Department at a Hospital in Pokhara, Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 6-10
Author(s):  
Sujata Bhandari ◽  
Gulam Muhammad Khan
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
The Body ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Dermatology Department ◽  
Life Quality Index ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: Skin is the outer covering of the body and thus it is exposed to injury by various extrinsic factors such as environmental, chemical, infectious agents as well as intrinsic factors such as metabolic, genetic and immunological. Considering the fact that these are the major contributors of disease burden in society, this study was conducted to assess the impact of dermatological conditions on quality of life by using dermatological life quality index (DLQI). Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted in the outpatient department of Green Pastures Hospital of Pokhara, Nepal. The validated dermatology Life Quality Index questionnaires were assessed to analyze the result. Results: A total of 246 patients (135 females and 111 males) were enrolled. The skin diseases were seen mostly in the age group of 19-29 (39.4%). The major skin disease seen in the study were Tinea skin infections (21.1%), Urticaria (11.8%), Eczema (11.1%), Dermatitis (10.6%) followed by Acne (8.1%) and so on.The quality of life of patients had improved after taking the medication. Conclusion: Demographic variants did not have significanteffect on quality of life. However, the study showed that there was a notable improvement in quality of life of patients after follow-up visit in comparison to the first visit. Therefore, the proper use of medication showed the positive impact on quality of life among the patient of skin diseases. 

A Current Review on Drug Loaded Nanofibers: Interesting and Valuable Platform for Skin Cancer Treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-206
Author(s):  
Navneet Mehan ◽  
Manish Kumar ◽  
Shailendra Bhatt ◽  
Vipin Saini
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Drug Delivery System ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Sun Exposure ◽  
The Body ◽  
Skin Malignancy ◽  
Melanoma Skin

Background: Nanofibers are used in topical medication for various skin diseases like wound healing, skin cancer and others. Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) are the most widely distributed diseases in the world, of which 99% of people are affected by either basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) or squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) of the skin. Skin malignancy is caused by direct sun exposure and regular application of unsafe restorative items on the skin. Objective : This review presents the use of nanofibers in skin cancer treatment and advances made in skin cancer treatment. Methods: There are various methods used in the production of nanofibers such as bicomponent extrusion, phase separation, template synthesis, drawing, electrospinning, and others. Electrospinning is the most widely used technique for nanofiber fabrication. The nanofibers are produced in nanometer size range and mostly used in medication because of their low thickness, large surface area per unit mass and porosity. Nanofibers are also used as drug delivery system for sustaining the action of drugs or medicaments. Results: Nanofibers enhance the permeation and availability of those drugs having low bioavailability and low permeability. Nanofibers increase the sustainability of the drugs up to 10 days. Conclusion: Skin cancer is the abnormal growth of skin cells in the body influencing people of all colours and skin. In this review paper, the definition and production techniques of nanofibers and drugs used in skin cancer treatment and the relation between skin cancer and nanofiber are illustrated in detail. With the help of different techniques and drugs, the risk of non-melanoma skin cancer is reduced. Lay Summary: The risk of skin cancer and other skin problems is increasing day by day. In a previous study we found that the nanofibers are less used as a topical delivery system. We have studied the nanofibers as a drug delivery system in the treatment of skin cancer by using different drugs. According our study nanofibers are most useful in skin drug delivery and if the nanofiber, are merging with other drug delivery system like nanoparticles, it may maximize the output of drug into skin. The significance of this study is, to explain all information about nanofibers in skin cancer.

scholarly journals Conceptual design of a personalized radiation therapy patch for skin cancer

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 607-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Pashazadeh ◽  
Nathan Castro ◽  
Elena Morganti ◽  
Dietmar Hutmacher ◽  
Sinja Lagotzki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Therapy ◽  
Skin Cancer ◽  
The Body ◽  
Skin Tumor ◽  
Beta Radiation ◽  
Beam Radiation ◽  
Tumor Spread ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Superficial Skin ◽  
Application Procedure

AbstractRadiation therapy is a valuable option for treatment of skin cancer. In order to deliver the radiation dose to the superficial skin tumor, an X-ray source, electron beam radiation therapy or a radioisotope is applied. The effectiveness of these procedures is well established in the literature. Findings of some recent studies have indicated that beta particles can be of particular interest in suppressing skin tumor growth. Betaemitting radioisotopes are favorable because of the short penetration depth of their emitted particles. Beta radiation can induce significant damage in superficial skin tumor, and at the same time, result in enhanced protection of the underlying healthy tissues. In this study, we propose the design of a patch that can be used in beta radiation therapy of skin cancer patients. For that, we describe the components of this radioactive patch, as well as a proposal for the subsequent clinical application procedure. A scaffold was used as a substrate for embedding the desired beta-emitting radioisotope, and two layers of hydrogel to provide protection and shielding for the radioactively labelled scaffold. The proposed design could provide a universal platform for all beta-emitting radioisotopes. Depending on the depth of the tumor spread, a suitable beta emitter for that specific tumor can be selected and used. This is of particular and critical importance in cases where the tumor is located directly on top of the bone and for which the depth of penetration of radiation should be limited to only the tumor volume. The proposed design has the mechanical flexibility to adapt to curved body regions so as to allow the use in anatomically challenging areas of the body.

scholarly journals Fasting and Its Impact on Skin Anatomy, Physiology, and Physiopathology: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Bragazzi ◽  
Maha Sellami ◽  
Iman Salem ◽  
Rosalynn Conic ◽  
Mark Kimak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Caloric Restriction ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
The Body ◽  
Intermittent Fasting ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Ramadan Fasting ◽  
The Impact

Skin serves as the first protective line and barrier of the body. Like many other organs, skin can be affected by several disorders in response to external factors such as pathogens, ultraviolet light, and pollution, as well as endogenous alterations related to aging and/or oxidative stress disturbance. Researchers have reported new insights into how skin cells are altered in response to caloric restriction diets in mammals. One of the most well-known caloric restriction diets is the Ramadan intermittent fasting, which is a radical change in the diet plan of practitioners for the period of one lunar month. Ramadan fasting represents the fourth of the five pillars of the Islamic creed. Even though infirm individuals are waived to take part in this religious duty, patients with various health problems, including those with different skin disorders, might choose to share this event with peers and family members. No standardized protocols or guidelines exist, however, to advise their physicians on the proper management of their patients’ condition during fasting. With an increasing Muslim population living in Western countries, this topic has started to draw substantial attention, not only of Middle-Eastern physicians, but also of clinicians in the West. For this purpose, we carried out a comprehensive overview on the topic. Our main findings are that: (1) there is a strong need for evidence-based suggestions and guidance. Literature on the impact of the Ramadan fasting, as well as of other kinds of fasting, on skin diseases is scarce and of poor quality, as well as the information available from the Internet; (2) patients willing to fast should be advised about the importance of taking proper treatments or consider alternative options including administration of trans-dermal/topical drugs, as they are permitted during daylight hours. Further, non-compliance has important, clinical and economic implications for an effective patient management.

scholarly journals Advances in the Understanding of Skin Cancer: Ultraviolet Radiation, Mutations, and Antisense Oligonucleotides as Anticancer Drugs

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 1516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laikova ◽  
Oberemok ◽  
Krasnodubets ◽  
Gal’chinsky ◽  
Useinov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Antisense Oligonucleotides ◽  
The Body ◽  
Rapid Progression ◽  
Tumor Focus ◽  
Skin Cancers ◽  
Initial Tumor ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Artificial Uv

Skin cancer has always been and remains the leader among all tumors in terms of occurrence. One of the main factors responsible for skin cancer, natural and artificial UV radiation, causes the mutations that transform healthy cells into cancer cells. These mutations inactivate apoptosis, an event required to avoid the malignant transformation of healthy cells. Among these deadliest of cancers, melanoma and its ‘younger sister’, Merkel cell carcinoma, are the most lethal. The heavy toll of skin cancers stems from their rapid progression and the fact that they metastasize easily. Added to this is the difficulty in determining reliable margins when excising tumors and the lack of effective chemotherapy. Possibly the biggest problem posed by skin cancer is reliably detecting the extent to which cancer cells have spread throughout the body. The initial tumor is visible and can be removed, whereas metastases are invisible to the naked eye and much harder to eliminate. In our opinion, antisense oligonucleotides, which can be used in the form of targeted ointments, provide real hope as a treatment that will eliminate cancer cells near the tumor focus both before and after surgery.

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