Overview of Enzyme Engineering Towards the Production of Hyaluronic Acid with Tailored Molecular Weight

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tahereh Ebrahimi ◽  
Kamran Hosseini ◽  
Hossein Ahangari ◽  
Pourya Gholizadeh ◽  
Vahideh Tarhriz
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Hyaluronic Acid ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Enzyme Engineering ◽  
The Body ◽  
Synthesis Process ◽  
Hyaluronan Synthase ◽  
Wide Range

: Hyaluronic acid or hyaluronan (HA) is a natural biopolymer composed of D-glucuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine units, distributed as a non-sulfated and anionic glycosaminoglycan in important tissues of the body, and is commercially and biologically important. Its biological properties are determined by the molecular weight and dispersity which are suitable for particular medical and cosmetic applications. The synthesis of well-defined and monodisperse HA is still a significant obstacle and an impressive research field for advanced medical applications. High polydispersity by bacterial fermentation, the lack of knowledge of the mechanism required to start and continue the synthesis process, increased cost of raw materials to produce HA, clarification and explanation of factors limiting synthesis in bacterial systems are among the important challenges of hyaluronic acid synthesis. Hyaluronan synthase plays a critical role in HA molecular mass by producing a wide range of HA involved in various biological processes. Hyaluronan biosynthesis has been considered extensively; however, the control of its size and weight during the synthesis process is poorly investigated. This review focuses on these uncharted biochemical details to obtain the uniform chain lengths of Hyaluronan by protein engineering and regulating the function of Hyaluronan synthase.

scholarly journals Autophagy in the endocrine glands

2014 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. R151-R163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Weckman ◽  
Antonio Di Ieva ◽  
Fabio Rotondo ◽  
Luis V Syro ◽  
Leon D Ortiz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Specific Form ◽  
The Body ◽  
Endocrine Glands ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Endocrine Diseases ◽  
Wide Range

Autophagy is an important cellular process involving the degradation of intracellular components. Its regulation is complex and while there are many methods available, there is currently no single effective way of detecting and monitoring autophagy. It has several cellular functions that are conserved throughout the body, as well as a variety of different physiological roles depending on the context of its occurrence in the body. Autophagy is also involved in the pathology of a wide range of diseases. Within the endocrine system, autophagy has both its traditional conserved functions and specific functions. In the endocrine glands, autophagy plays a critical role in controlling intracellular hormone levels. In peptide-secreting cells of glands such as the pituitary gland, crinophagy, a specific form of autophagy, targets the secretory granules to control the levels of stored hormone. In steroid-secreting cells of glands such as the testes and adrenal gland, autophagy targets the steroid-producing organelles. The dysregulation of autophagy in the endocrine glands leads to several different endocrine diseases such as diabetes and infertility. This review aims to clarify the known roles of autophagy in the physiology of the endocrine system, as well as in various endocrine diseases.

scholarly journals The Ras suppressor-1 (RSU-1) in cancer

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (s1) ◽  
pp. 47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lefteris C Zacharia ◽  
Vasiliki Gkretsi
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Research Field ◽  
The Body ◽  
Primary Tumors ◽  
Adhesion Protein ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Cancer Types ◽  
Metastatic Process

Primary tumors are seldom the cause of death for cancer patients as most patients die from metastatic disease. Thus, deciphering metastatic mechanisms and key molecules involved is of utmost importance for the improved survival of cancer patients. Metastasis is a complex process in which cancer cells dissociate from the original tumor and spread to distant sites of the body. During the metastatic process, cancer cells lose contact both with the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the neighboring cells within the primary tumor, thus invading though surrounding tissues. Therefore, ECM, and ECM-related adhesion proteins play a critical role in the metastatic process. Ras suppressor-1 (RSU-1) was first identified as a suppressor of Ras-dependent oncogenic transformation and is localized to cell-ECM adhesions where it is known to interact with the pro-survival adhesion protein PINCH-1. Although the connection to cancer is obvious, little is known regarding its expression in various cancer types. This opinion piece is focusing on recent literature regarding the expression of RSU-1 in various cancer types and the possible molecular mechanism of its action, pointing towards questions that need still to be addressed in this research field.

scholarly journals Kefiran biopolymer: Evaluation of its physicochemical and biological properties

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 461-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hajer Radhouani ◽  
Cristiana Gonçalves ◽  
Fátima R Maia ◽  
Joaquim M Oliveira ◽  
Rui L Reis
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Average Molecular Weight ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Health Claims ◽  
Extrusion Force ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Physicochemical And Biological Properties ◽  
Kefir Grains

Kefiran, an exopolysaccharide produced by lactic acid bacteria, has received a great interest due to a variety of health claims. In this study, we aim to investigate the physicochemical and biological properties of Kefiran polysaccharide extracted from Portuguese kefir grains. The kefir growth rate was about 56% (w/w) at room temperature and the kefir pH after 24 h was about 4.6. The obtained yield of Kefiran polysaccharide extracted from the kefir grains was about 4.26% (w/w). The Kefiran structural features were showed in the 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum. The bands observed in the infrared spectrum confirmed that the Kefiran had a β-configuration; and the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis confirmed the structure and composition of Kefiran and revealed a C/O atomic ratio of 1.46. Moreover, Kefiran showed an average molecular weight (Mw) of 534 kDa and a number-average molecular weight (Mn) of 357 kDa. Regarding the rheological data obtained, Kefiran showed an interesting adhesive performance accompanied by a pseudoplastic behavior, and the extrusion force of Kefiran was 1 N. Furthermore, Kefiran exhibited a higher resistance to hyaluronidase degradation than hyaluronic acid. Finally, Kefiran showed a lack of cytotoxic response through its ability to support metabolic activity and proliferation of L929 cells, and had no effect on these cells’ morphology. Our research suggested that Kefiran polymer has attractive and interesting properties for a wide range of biomedical applications, such as tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

scholarly journals Physical and Chemical Properties and Quality Control Methods of Hyaluronic Acid (Review)

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 136-140
Author(s):  
A. Kh. Amandusova ◽  
K. R. Savelyeva ◽  
A. V. Morozov ◽  
V. A. Shelekhova ◽  
V. N. Shestakov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Capillary Electrophoresis ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Hyaluronic Acid ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Spectroscopic Method ◽  
Pharmaceutical Preparations ◽  
Turbidimetric Titration ◽  
Wide Range

Introduction. This review describes the physicochemical properties that determine the use of hyaluronic acid in ophthalmology. We have studied methods for determining hyaluronic acid using various analytical methods.Text. Hyaluronic acid is a high molecular weight glycosaminoglycan that consists of repeating disaccharides of N-acetylglucosamine and D-glucuronic acid. Carboxyl, hydroxyl and acetoamide groups give hydrophilic properties to the molecule of this anionic heteropolysaccharide. Depending on how the hyaluronic acid is obtained, its molecular weight varies over a wide range. Researchers developed methods for controlling hyaluronic acid, which include the turbidimetric titration method, the method of high-performance capillary electrophoresis and high-performance liquid chromatography and IR spectroscopic method.Conclusion. Due to its properties, hyaluronic acid is widely used as an active ingredient in pharmaceutical preparations. Today, there are a number of methods for the determination of hyaluronic acid, including the method of turbidimetric titration, the method of capillary electrophoresis. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and IR spectroscopy methods are presented in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia and the European Pharmacopoeia. These techniques are widely used due to their high reproducibility, accuracy, and relative simplicity.

Evaluation of Acid-Treated Hyaluronic Acid-Based Hydrogelation

2007 ◽  
Vol 342-343 ◽  
pp. 745-748
Author(s):  
Mi Sook Kim ◽  
Yoon Jeong Choi ◽  
Gun Woo Kim ◽  
In Sup Noh ◽  
Yong Doo Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Hyaluronic Acid ◽  
Gel Permeation Chromatography ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Cellular Interactions ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Poly Ethylene Oxide ◽  
Poly Ethylene

Though hyaluronic acid (HA)-based hydrogel has drawn great attention in biomedical society, it’s long molecular weights sometimes have been problematic due to its difficulty in handling. After reduction of its high molecular weight into smaller sizes with various concentrations of hydrogen chloride solutions, its chemical and biological properties have been examined by changes in viscosity, FTIR spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography as well as cellular interactions. While FTIR analysis indicated maintenance of its original chemical structures, its viscosity has been remarkably reduced and its extent was dependent upon the employment of acid concentrations. After controlling its molecular weight to approximately 100 kDa and coupling of aminopropymethacrylate to the treated HA, we evaluated in vitro cellular interactions and cell proliferations of the HA-poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) hydrogel.

scholarly journals Heterologous Production of Hyaluronic Acid in an ε-Poly-l-Lysine Producer, Streptomyces albulus

2015 ◽  
Vol 81 (11) ◽  
pp. 3631-3640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomohiro Yoshimura ◽  
Nobuyuki Shibata ◽  
Yoshimitsu Hamano ◽  
Kazuya Yamanaka
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Hyaluronic Acid ◽  
Glucose Dehydrogenase ◽  
Efficient Production ◽  
Present System ◽  
Heterologous Production ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Lysine Producer ◽  
High Level

ABSTRACTHyaluronic acid (HA) is used in a wide range of medical applications, where its performance and therapeutic efficacy are highly dependent on its molecular weight. In the microbial production of HA, it has been suggested that a high level of intracellular ATP enhances the productivity and molecular weight of HA. Here, we report on heterologous HA production in an ε-poly-l-lysine producer,Streptomyces albulus, which has the potential to generate ATP at high level. ThehasAgene fromStreptococcus zooepidemicus, which encodes HA synthase, was refactored and expressed under the control of a late-log growth phase-operating promoter. The expression of the refactoredhasAgene, along with genes coding for UDP-glucose dehydrogenase, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase, and UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, which are involved in HA precursor sugar biosynthesis, resulted in efficient production of HA in the 2.0 MDa range, which is greater than typical bacterial HA, demonstrating that a sufficient amount of ATP was provided to support the biosynthesis of the precursor sugars, which in turn promoted HA production. In addition, unlike in the case of streptococcal HA,S. albulus-derived HA was not cell associated. Based on these findings, our heterologous production system appears to have several advantages for practical HA production. We propose that the present system could be applicable to the heterologous production of a wide variety of molecules other than HA in the case their biosynthesis pathways require ATPin vivo.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Physicochemical Properties of Chitosans in Inducing the Defense Response of Coffea arabica against the Fungus Hemileia vastatrix

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 1940
Author(s):  
Julio César López-Velázquez ◽  
José Nabor Haro-González ◽  
Soledad García-Morales ◽  
Hugo Espinosa-Andrews ◽  
Diego Eloyr Navarro-López ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Defense Response ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Hemileia Vastatrix ◽  
Food Grade ◽  
Coffee Rust ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Activity Of Enzymes ◽  
Coffee Plants

Chitosan is a natural polymer, and its biological properties depend on factors such as the degree of deacetylation and polymerization, viscosity, molecular mass, and dissociation constant. Chitosan has multiple advantages: it is biodegradable, biocompatible, safe, inexpensive, and non-toxic. Due to these characteristics, it has a wide range of applications. In agriculture, one of the most promising properties of chitosan is as an elicitor in plant defense against pathogenic microorganisms. In this work, four kinds of chitosan (practical grade, low molecular weight, medium molecular weight, and high-density commercial food grade) were used in concentrations of 0.01 and 0.05% to evaluate its protective effect against coffee rust. The best treatment was chosen to evaluate the defense response in coffee plants. The results showed a protective effect using practical-grade and commercial food-grade chitosan. In addition, the activity of enzymes with β-1,3 glucanase and peroxidase was induced, and an increase in the amount of phenolic compounds was observed in plants treated with high-molecular-weight chitosan at 0.05%; therefore, chitosan can be considered an effective molecule for controlling coffee rust.

Rola tłuszczu w żywieniu człowieka

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Rudzińska ◽  
Roman Przybylski
Keyword(s):  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Fats And Oils ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dietary Fats ◽  
Human Diet ◽  
Wide Range

Along with proteins and carbohydrates, fat is one of the three most important components of the human diet. For years, it was recommended that the intake of fats should be as low as possible due to their high calorific value. It is currently assumed that 30-35% of dietary energy should come from fat as it is a source of many bioactive compounds, such as essential unsaturated fatty acids (EUFAs), antioxidants and vitamins (A, D, E, K), which must be delivered to the body with food. Their content in vegetable fats and oils varies greatly, and the existing consumer opinions and beliefs often contradict scientific knowledge. Currently, a large body of evidence supporting the important role of fats in the human diet may be found in literature. This paper discusses the basic components of vegetable fats and oils in terms of their chemical structure and biological properties. A wide range of dietary fats were reviewed for their fatty acid, tocopherol and sterol profiles. Based on these facts, criteria to be taken into account in the selection of dietary fats and food products were identified.

scholarly journals Differences in Steap3 expression are a mechanism of genetic variation of RBC storage and oxidative damage in mice

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (15) ◽  
pp. 2272-2285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather L. Howie ◽  
Ariel M. Hay ◽  
Karen de Wolski ◽  
Hayley Waterman ◽  
Jenna Lebedev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Cellular Membrane ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Substantial Effect ◽  
The Body ◽  
Redox Biology ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Different Strains

Abstract Red blood cells (RBCs) are the most numerous cell type in the body and serve a vital purpose of delivering oxygen to essentially all tissues. In addition to the central role of RBCs in health and disease, RBC storage is a requirement for the >90 million units of RBC transfusions given to millions of recipients each year, worldwide. It is well known that there is genetic donor-to-donor variability in how human RBCs store, rendering blood a nonstandardized therapeutic with a wide range of biological properties from unit to unit, by the time it is transfused. As with humans, genetic variation exists in how murine RBCs, from different strains of mice, store and perform after transfusion. The genetic mechanisms for variation, in humans and mice, both remain obscure. Combining advanced metabolomics, genetics, and molecular and cellular biology approaches, we identify genetic variation in six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate 3 (Steap3) expression as a critical and previously unrecognized mechanism of oxidative damage of RBCs during storage. Increased levels of Steap3 result in degradation of cellular membrane through lipid peroxidation, leading to failure of RBC homeostasis and hemolysis/clearance of RBCs. This article is the first report of a role of Steap3 in mature RBCs; it defines a new mechanism of redox biology in RBCs with a substantial effect upon RBC function and provides a novel mechanistic determinant of genetic variation of RBC storage.

Nature Nanocomposite Versus Man-Made Nanocomposites: Studies of Nanoscale Structural, Chemical and Mechanical Hierarchy of a Fish Scale in Contrast With Man-Made Polymer Nanocomposites

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Devaprakasam
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Protective Layer ◽  
Living Organism ◽  
Sio2 Nanoparticles ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dramatic Improvement ◽  
Fish Scale ◽  
Length Scales ◽  
Wide Range

Hierarchical designs of biological structures have remarkable physical, chemical mechanical and biological properties and functionalities over the wide range of length scales [1–4]. Man-made nanocomposites have dramatic improvement of the structural and mechanical properties but however they have very limited hierarchy [5]. Fish scales are bone-like tissues, which form a protective layer on the body of the fish and enable the fish to swim efficiently. Bones and bone-like parts in living organism are formed as tissues by self-assembly of bio-minerals and protein matrix. These tissues are bio-nanocomposites and have hierarchical structure ranging from nanoscale to macroscale [2–4]. Bio-hierarchy contains different bio-macromolecules, bio-minerals, interfacial bonds and porosity which result in gradient mechanical properties at multiple length scales [1–6]. Fish scale consists of inorganic bio-minerals and organic collagens [3,4]. Multilevel hierarchy influences elasticity, hardness and fracture toughness of fish scale. They have additional functions related to movement including reduction or increase of drag [7] and rapid manoeuvre while they are hunting or avoiding predators. In this article we report comparison studies of hierarchical nanocomposite of sardina pilchardus(sp) fish scale and man-made SiO2 nanoparticles filled nanocomposites.

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