Nanomedicines as Drug Delivery Carriers of Anti-Tubercular Drugs: From Pathogenesis to Infection Control

In spite of advances in tuberculosis (TB) chemotherapy, TB is still airborne deadly disorder as a major issue of health concern worldwide today. Extensive researches have been focused to develop novel drug delivery systems to shorten the lengthy therapy approaches, prevention of relapses, reducing dose-related toxicities and to rectify technologically related drawbacks of anti-tubercular drugs. Moreover, the rapid emergence of drug resistance, poor patient compliance due to negative therapeutic outcomes and intracellular survival of Mycobacterium highlighted to develop carrier with optimum effectiveness of the anti-tubercular drugs. This could be achieved by targeting and concentrating the drug on the infection reservoir of Mycobacterium. In this article, we briefly compiled the general aspects of Mycobacterium pathogenesis, disease treatment along with progressive updates in novel drug delivery carrier system to enhance therapeutic effects of drug and the high level of patient compliance. Recently developed several vaccines might be shortly available as reported by WHO.

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A Review on Fast Dissolving Tablet

International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Review and Research ◽

10.25258/ijcprr.v8i03.9218 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 8 (03) ◽

Author(s):

Sagar T. Malsane ◽

Smita S. Aher ◽

R. B. Saudagar

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Patient Compliance ◽

Research Area ◽

Oral Route ◽

Dosage Forms ◽

The Novel ◽

The Past ◽

Orally Disintegrating Tablets ◽

Novel Drug ◽

Experience Difficulty

Oral route is presently the gold standard in the pharmaceutical industry where it is regarded as the safest, most economical and most convenient method of drug delivery resulting in highest patient compliance. Over the past three decades, orally disintegrating tablets (FDTs) have gained considerable attention due to patient compliance. Usually, elderly people experience difficulty in swallowing the conventional dosage forms like tablets, capsules, solutions and suspensions because of tremors of extremities and dysphagia. In some cases such as motion sickness, sudden episodes of allergic attack or coughing, and an unavailability of water, swallowing conventional tablets may be difficult. One such problem can be solved in the novel drug delivery system by formulating “Fast dissolving tablets” (FDTs) which disintegrates or dissolves rapidly without water within few seconds in the mouth due to the action of superdisintegrant or maximizing pore structure in the formulation. The review describes the various formulation aspects, superdisintegrants employed and technologies developed for FDTs, along with various excipients, evaluation tests, marketed formulation and drugs used in this research area.

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Development of Ethosomal Gel from Withania Somnifera

Journal of Addiction Research ◽

10.33140/jar.04.02.03 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Stratum Corneum ◽

Patient Compliance ◽

Drug Delivery Systems ◽

Withania Somnifera ◽

Systemic Circulation ◽

Cellular Communication ◽

Cost Of Treatment ◽

Total Cost ◽

Novel Drug

Novel drug delivery systems are used to increase administration of drugs through transdermal system. Ethosomes has the ability to permeate through the stratum corneum. Ethosomes are the delivery carriers that enable the drugs to reach the deep skin layers as well as the systemic circulation. These vesicles are well known for their importance in cellular communication and in particle transportation for many years. This article reviews various aspects of ethosomes which includes their preparation, characterization, advantages and their applications in drug delivery. Ethosomes has number of important benefits such as, it improves the drug’s efficacy, enhances the patient compliance, comfort and reduces the total cost of treatment.

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The role of nanotechnology in the treatment of viral infections

Therapeutic Advances in Infectious Disease ◽

10.1177/2049936117713593 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 105-131 ◽

Cited By ~ 51

Author(s):

Lavanya Singh ◽

Hendrik G. Kruger ◽

Glenn E.M. Maguire ◽

Thavendran Govender ◽

Raveen Parboosing

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Socioeconomic Development ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Rapid Development ◽

Treatment Strategies ◽

Volume Ratio ◽

Health Concern ◽

Therapeutic Effects ◽

Nanosized Materials ◽

Enhanced Solubility

Infectious diseases are the leading cause of mortality worldwide, with viruses in particular making global impact on healthcare and socioeconomic development. In addition, the rapid development of drug resistance to currently available therapies and adverse side effects due to prolonged use is a serious public health concern. The development of novel treatment strategies is therefore required. The interaction of nanostructures with microorganisms is fast-revolutionizing the biomedical field by offering advantages in both diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Nanoparticles offer unique physical properties that have associated benefits for drug delivery. These are predominantly due to the particle size (which affects bioavailability and circulation time), large surface area to volume ratio (enhanced solubility compared to larger particles), tunable surface charge of the particle with the possibility of encapsulation, and large drug payloads that can be accommodated. These properties, which are unlike bulk materials of the same compositions, make nanoparticulate drug delivery systems ideal candidates to explore in order to achieve and/or improve therapeutic effects. This review presents a broad overview of the application of nanosized materials for the treatment of common viral infections.

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A Novel Drug Delivery Carrier Based on α-eleostearic Acid Grafted Hydroxyapatite Composite

Journal of Bionic Engineering ◽

10.1016/s1672-6529(14)60027-5 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 125-133 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Ting Cao ◽

Weili Tang ◽

Jingchan Zhao ◽

Lulu Qin ◽

Chunbo Lan

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Eleostearic Acid ◽

Drug Delivery Carrier ◽

Hydroxyapatite Composite ◽

Novel Drug

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The Progressive Journey of Phytosomes in Herbal Based Pharmacotherapeutics

Current Bioactive Compounds ◽

10.2174/1573407215666190417121237 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (6) ◽

pp. 853-886

Author(s):

Debarshi K. Mahapatra ◽

Shailendra Patil ◽

Asmita G. Patil

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Delivery System ◽

Centella Asiatica ◽

Primary Objective ◽

Therapeutic Effects ◽

Lawsonia Inermis ◽

Mentha Pulegium ◽

Boswellia Serrata ◽

Butea Monosperma ◽

Novel Drug

Background: The primary objective of any pharmacotherapeutics approach entirely lies with the effectiveness of the rationally designed delivery system to effectually deliver the suitable drug at the appropriate concentration at the proper site. Phytosomes are most effective carrier for the possible enhancement of bioavailability, reduction in the clearance rate, providing higher dissolution, and amplification of solubility by several folds of various natural products. Methods: The present review article focuses exclusively on the recent global advancements in the emerging novel drug delivery field of phytosomes from the year 1996 to present. Results: The article comprehensively highlights the reported phospholipid complexes of the active phytoconstituents (18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid, Andrographolide, Baicalein, Baicalin, Berberine, Catechin, Celastrol, Curcumin, Epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate, Evodiamine, Gingerol, Gymnemic acid, Icaritin, Kaempferol, L-carnosine, Luteolin, Mitomycin-C, Piperine, Quercetin, Resveratrol, Rutin, Salicin, Silibinin or Silybin or Silymarin, Sinigrin, and Umbelliferone) and herbal extracts (Aegle marmelos, Allium cepa, Allium sativum, Bacopa monnieri, Boswellia serrata, Butea monosperma, Calendula officinalis, Centella asiatica, Citrullus colocynthis, Ginkgo biloba, Glycine max, Lawsonia inermis, Mentha pulegium, Momordica balsamina, Momordica dioica, Phyllanthus amarus, Phyllanthus emblica, Tecomella undulate, and Woodfordia fruticosa) in treatment of various ailments along with the possible enhancement of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic attributes. The review also exhaustively focuses on the clinical trials of several vesicular products and patents information. Conclusion: This article will be vital for the researchers of numerous fields who are working towards the development of novel drug delivery system for translating better therapeutic effects of herbal based components.

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Emerging Complexity and the Need for Advanced Drug Delivery in Targeting Candida Species

Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1568026619666191026105308 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (28) ◽

pp. 2593-2609 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Ridhima Wadhwa ◽

Parijat Pandey ◽

Gaurav Gupta ◽

Taru Aggarwal ◽

Nitesh Kumar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Candida Species ◽

Fungal Infections ◽

Adaptive Immune System ◽

Therapeutic Effects ◽

Mortality And Morbidity ◽

Etiologic Agents ◽

Host Defence System ◽

Systemic Infections ◽

Novel Drug

Background: Candida species are the important etiologic agents for candidiasis, the most prevalent cause of opportunistic fungal infections. Candida invasion results in mucosal to systemic infections through immune dysfunction and helps in further invasion and proliferation at several sites in the host. The host defence system utilizes a wide array of the cells, proteins and chemical signals that are distributed in blood and tissues which further constitute the innate and adaptive immune system. The lack of antifungal agents and their limited therapeutic effects have led to high mortality and morbidity related to such infections. Methods: The necessary information collated on this review has been gathered from various literature published from 1995 to 2019. Results: This article sheds light on novel drug delivery approaches to target the immunological axis for several Candida species (C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, C. krusei, C. rugose, C. hemulonii, etc.). Conclusion: It is clear that the novel drug delivery approaches include vaccines, adoptive transfer of primed immune cells, recombinant cytokines, therapeutic antibodies, and nanoparticles, which have immunomodulatory effects. Such advancements in targeting various underpinning mechanisms using the concept of novel drug delivery will provide a new dimension to the fungal infection clinic particularly due to Candida species with improved patient compliance and lesser side effects. This advancement in knowledge can also be extended to target various other similar microbial species and infections.

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A Novel Drug Delivery of Microspheres

Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics ◽

10.22270/jddt.v11i6.5059 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 257-264

Author(s):

Smily Walia ◽

J.S. Dua ◽

D.N. Prasad

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Medication Administration ◽

Magnetic Microspheres ◽

Target Tissue ◽

Polymeric Microspheres ◽

Target Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Delivery Carrier ◽

Target Drug ◽

Medication Delivery ◽

Novel Drug

Microspheres are multiparticulate drug delivery systems that distribute medications at a predetermined rate to a specific region. Microspheres are free-flowing powders manufactured from biodegradable proteins or synthetic polymers, with particle sizes ranging from 1 to 1000 micrometers. Benefits of using microspheres in medication delivery, bone tissue manufacture, and pollutant absorption and desorption by regeneration .The study demonstrates how microsphere parameters are planned and measured. Bioadhesive microspheres, polymeric microspheres, magnetic microspheres, floating microspheres, and radioactive microspheres are only a few examples of complicated microspheres. Cosmetics, oral medication administration, target drug delivery, ocular drug delivery, gene delivery, and other industries covered in the paper could all benefit from microspheres. To ensure best therapeutic effectiveness, the agent must be delivered to target tissue at an optimal amount during the appropriate timeframe, with low toxicity and adverse effects. There are several methods for delivering the therapeutic substance to the target site in a controlled manner. The use of microspheres as medication carriers is one such technique. The value of microspheres as a novel drug delivery carrier to accomplish site-specific drug delivery was discussed in this article. Keywords: Microspheres, method of preparations, polymer bioadhesion, types of microspheres.

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Patent Perspective on Orodispersible Films

Recent Patents on Drug Delivery & Formulation ◽

10.2174/1872211314666200904104022 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 88-97 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Suresh Gupta ◽

Tegginamath Pramod Kumar ◽

Devegowda Vishakante Gowda

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Patient Compliance ◽

Dosage Forms ◽

Review Article ◽

New Drugs ◽

Oral Dosage ◽

Orodispersible Films ◽

The Cost ◽

Oral Dosage Forms ◽

Novel Drug

: The traditional oral dosage forms (tablets, capsules, syrups, and elixirs) suffer from various disadvantages. They are pretty challenging to administer to patients with dysphagia, mucositis, and vomiting tendency. Therefore, gaining patient compliance using conventional dosage forms is highly cumbersome. One of the most transformative and innovative approaches to overcome such challenges is Orodispersible Films, a Novel Drug Delivery System. They are easy to consume, no need to chew or swallow and they do not even require water for consumption. Therefore, several drugs have been converted into orodispersible films to gain patient compliance. With the advent of these film formulations, new innovations are erupting and accordingly, companies in India are actively protecting them by filing ordinary patent applications in India and internationally under the Patent Cooperation Treaty. Patenting in India poses unique patentability challenges when compared with rest of the world. Nonetheless, meeting all the challenges and obtaining a valid patent not only help in recouping the cost involved in developing new drugs and its novel drug delivery systems but also helps in taking legal action against alleged infringers. This review article identifies key active Indian players in the domain of ODF based on their patent filings in India (and abroad) and also identifies the challenges they face to obtain a grant.

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