Insights into Nanotherapeutic Strategies as an Impending Approach to Liver Cancer Treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (20) ◽  
pp. 1839-1854
Author(s):  
Archu Singh ◽  
Sadat Shafi ◽  
Tanya Upadhyay ◽  
Abul Kalam Najmi ◽  
Kanchan Kohli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Cancer ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Small Molecules ◽  
Poor Prognosis ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Drug Carriers ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Chemotherapy Drugs ◽  
Cause Of Deaths ◽  
Diagnostic Approaches

Liver cancer, being the utmost prevalent fatal malignancy worldwide, is ranked as the fifth leading cause of deaths associated with cancer. Patients with liver cancer are diagnosed often at an advanced stage, contributing to poor prognosis. Of all forms of liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) contributes to 90% of cases, with chemotherapy being the treatment of choice. However, unfavorable toxicity of chemotherapy drugs and the vulnerability of nucleic acid-based drugs to degradation, have limited their application in clinical settings. So, in order to improvise their therapeutic efficacy in HCC treatment, various nanocarrier drug delivery systems have been explored. Furthermore, nanoparticle based imaging provides valuable means of accurately diagnosing HCC. Thus, in recent years, the advent of nanomedicine has shown great potential and progress in dramatically altering the approach to the diagnosis as well as treatment of liver cancer. Nanoparticles (NPs) are being explored as potential drug carriers for small molecules, miRNAs, and therapeutic genes used for liver cancer treatment. This review emphasizes on the current developments and applications of nanomedicine based therapeutic and diagnostic approaches in HCC.

Recent Advances on Glioblastoma Multiforme and Nano-drug Carriers: A Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (31) ◽  
pp. 5862-5874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wang Liao ◽  
Shengnuo Fan ◽  
Yuqiu Zheng ◽  
Shaowei Liao ◽  
Ying Xiong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Glioblastoma Multiforme ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Poor Prognosis ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Drug Carriers ◽  
Therapeutic Resistance ◽  
Average Survival ◽  
Nano Drug Delivery ◽  
New Development

Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is the most frequent glioma with a poor prognosis. The mainstay treatment for GBM is chemotherapy, but the average survival of GBM remains unsatisfactory due to therapeutic resistance. Poor permeability restricted by the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) and the presence of Glioblastoma Stem Cells (GSCs) remain as two problems for chemotherapy. Recently, nanocarriers have attracted much attention in the research of GBM, owing to their advantages in self-assembly, biosafety, release controllability, and BBB penetrability, making them promising candidates for GBM treatment. This article aims to review the biologic signatures of BBB and GSCs, as well as the new development of nano-drug delivery systems to facilitate our understanding of targeted treatment for GBM.

Advances in the use of MOFs for Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment: An Overview

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (33) ◽  
pp. 4174-4184
Author(s):  
Marina P. Abuçafy ◽  
Bruna L. da Silva ◽  
João A. Oshiro-Junior ◽  
Eloisa B. Manaia ◽  
Bruna G. Chiari-Andréo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Rational Design ◽  
Gas Adsorption ◽  
Drug Loading ◽  
Drug Carriers ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
Anticancer Drug Delivery ◽  
Diagnostic Agents

Nanoparticles as drug delivery systems and diagnostic agents have gained much attention in recent years, especially for cancer treatment. Nanocarriers improve the therapeutic efficiency and bioavailability of antitumor drugs, besides providing preferential accumulation at the target site. Among different types of nanocarriers for drug delivery assays, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted increasing interest in the academic community. MOFs are an emerging class of coordination polymers constructed of metal nodes or clusters and organic linkers that show the capacity to combine a porous structure with high drug loading through distinct kinds of interactions, overcoming the limitations of traditional drug carriers explored up to date. Despite the rational design and synthesis of MOFs, structural aspects and some applications of these materials like gas adsorption have already been comprehensively described in recent years; it is time to demonstrate their potential applications in biomedicine. In this context, MOFs can be used as drug delivery systems and theranostic platforms due to their ability to release drugs and accommodate imaging agents. This review describes the intrinsic characteristics of nanocarriers used in cancer therapy and highlights the latest advances in MOFs as anticancer drug delivery systems and diagnostic agents.

Biocompatible Nanovesicular Drug Delivery Systems with Targeting Potential for Autoimmune Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (42) ◽  
pp. 5488-5502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yub Raj Neupane ◽  
Asiya Mahtab ◽  
Lubna Siddiqui ◽  
Archu Singh ◽  
Namrata Gautam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Drug Carriers ◽  
Immunological Tolerance ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
The Body ◽  
Autoimmune Response ◽  
Treatment Modalities

Autoimmune diseases are collectively addressed as chronic conditions initiated by the loss of one’s immunological tolerance, where the body treats its own cells as foreigners or self-antigens. These hay-wired antibodies or immunologically capable cells lead to a variety of disorders like rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis and recently included neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s, Parkinsonism and testicular cancer triggered T-cells induced autoimmune response in testes and brain. Conventional treatments for autoimmune diseases possess several downsides due to unfavourable pharmacokinetic behaviour of drug, reflected by low bioavailability, rapid clearance, offsite toxicity, restricted targeting ability and poor therapeutic outcomes. Novel nanovesicular drug delivery systems including liposomes, niosomes, proniosomes, ethosomes, transferosomes, pharmacosomes, ufasomes and biologically originated exosomes have proved to possess alluring prospects in supporting the combat against autoimmune diseases. These nanovesicles have revitalized available treatment modalities as they are biocompatible, biodegradable, less immunogenic and capable of carrying high drug payloads to deliver both hydrophilic as well as lipophilic drugs to specific sites via passive or active targeting. Due to their unique surface chemistry, they can be decorated with physiological or synthetic ligands to target specific receptors overexpressed in different autoimmune diseases and can even cross the blood-brain barrier. This review presents exhaustive yet concise information on the potential of various nanovesicular systems as drug carriers in improving the overall therapeutic efficiency of the dosage regimen for various autoimmune diseases. The role of endogenous exosomes as biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognosis of autoimmune diseases along with monitoring progress of treatment will also be highlighted.

scholarly journals Alternative approaches to target Myc for cancer treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Wang ◽  
Jiawei Zhang ◽  
Jie Yin ◽  
Yichao Gan ◽  
Senlin Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Small Molecules ◽  
Drug Target ◽  
The Past ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
Global Transcriptome ◽  
Factor C ◽  
Signaling Modules ◽  
Druggable Targets

AbstractThe Myc proto-oncogene family consists of three members, C-MYC, MYCN, and MYCL, which encodes the transcription factor c-Myc (hereafter Myc), N-Myc, and L-Myc, respectively. Myc protein orchestrates diverse physiological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. Myc modulates about 15% of the global transcriptome, and its deregulation rewires the cellular signaling modules inside tumor cells, thereby acquiring selective advantages. The deregulation of Myc occurs in >70% of human cancers, and is related to poor prognosis; hence, hyperactivated Myc oncoprotein has been proposed as an ideal drug target for decades. Nevertheless, no specific drug is currently available to directly target Myc, mainly because of its “undruggable” properties: lack of enzymatic pocket for conventional small molecules to bind; inaccessibility for antibody due to the predominant nucleus localization of Myc. Although the topic of targeting Myc has actively been reviewed in the past decades, exciting new progresses in this field keep emerging. In this review, after a comprehensive summarization of valuable sources for potential druggable targets of Myc-driven cancer, we also peer into the promising future of utilizing macropinocytosis to deliver peptides like Omomyc or antibody agents to intracellular compartment for cancer treatment.

scholarly journals Crk and CrkL as Therapeutic Targets for Cancer Treatment

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 739
Author(s):  
Taeju Park
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Cell ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Therapeutic Targets ◽  
Viral Oncoprotein ◽  
Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Chemotherapy Drugs ◽  
Cell Functions

Crk and CrkL are cellular counterparts of the viral oncoprotein v-Crk. Crk and CrkL are overexpressed in many types of human cancer, correlating with poor prognosis. Furthermore, gene knockdown and knockout of Crk and CrkL in tumor cell lines suppress tumor cell functions, including cell proliferation, transformation, migration, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, resistance to chemotherapy drugs, and in vivo tumor growth and metastasis. Conversely, overexpression of tumor cells with Crk or CrkL enhances tumor cell functions. Therefore, Crk and CrkL have been proposed as therapeutic targets for cancer treatment. However, it is unclear whether Crk and CrkL make distinct or overlapping contributions to tumor cell functions in various cancer types because Crk or CrkL have been examined independently in most studies. Two recent studies using colorectal cancer and glioblastoma cells clearly demonstrated that Crk and CrkL need to be ablated individually and combined to understand distinct and overlapping roles of the two proteins in cancer. A comprehensive understanding of individual and overlapping roles of Crk and CrkL in tumor cell functions is necessary to develop effective therapeutic strategies. This review systematically discusses crucial functions of Crk and CrkL in tumor cell functions and provides new perspectives on targeting Crk and CrkL in cancer therapy.

scholarly journals Doxorubicin Encapsulation in Carbon Nanotubes Having Haeckelite or Stone–Wales Defects as Drug Carriers: A Molecular Dynamics Approach

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1586
Author(s):  
Leonor Contreras ◽  
Ignacio Villarroel ◽  
Camila Torres ◽  
Roberto Rozas
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Molecular Dynamics ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Nitrogen Doping ◽  
Drug Carriers ◽  
Acidic Ph ◽  
Free Energies ◽  
Interaction Forces ◽  
Chiral Nanotubes ◽  
Binding Free Energies

Doxorubicin (DOX), a recognized anticancer drug, forms stable associations with carbon nanotubes (CNTs). CNTs when properly functionalized have the ability to anchor directly in cancerous tumors where the release of the drug occurs thanks to the tumor slightly acidic pH. Herein, we study the armchair and zigzag CNTs with Stone–Wales (SW) defects to rank their ability to encapsulate DOX by determining the DOX-CNT binding free energies using the MM/PBSA and MM/GBSA methods implemented in AMBER16. We investigate also the chiral CNTs with haeckelite defects. Each haeckelite defect consists of a pair of square and octagonal rings. The armchair and zigzag CNT with SW defects and chiral nanotubes with haeckelite defects predict DOX-CNT interactions that depend on the length of the nanotube, the number of present defects and nitrogen doping. Chiral nanotubes having two haeckelite defects reveal a clear dependence on the nitrogen content with DOX-CNT interaction forces decreasing in the order 0N > 4N > 8N. These results contribute to a further understanding of drug-nanotube interactions and to the design of new drug delivery systems based on CNTs.

scholarly journals Nanoparticles in enhancing microwave imaging and microwave Hyperthermia effect for liver cancer treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 223-236
Author(s):  
Walaa Maamoun ◽  
Mohamed I. Badawi ◽  
Ayman A Aly ◽  
Y. Khedr
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Liver Cancer ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Microwave Imaging ◽  
Healthy Tissue ◽  
Cancer Tissue ◽  
Hyperthermia Treatment ◽  
Hyperthermia Therapy ◽  
Surrounding Healthy Tissue

Abstract Hyperthermia therapy is a promising therapy for liver cancer treatment that utilizes external electromagnetic waves to heat the tumor zone to preferentially kill or minimize cancer cells. Nevertheless, it’s a challenge to realize localized heating of the cancer tissue without harming the surrounding healthy tissue. This research proposes to utilize nanoparticles as microwave absorbers to enhance microwave imaging and achieve localized hyperthermia therapy. A realistic 3D abdomen model has been segmented using 3D Slicer segmentation software, and then the obtained segmented CAD model exported to Computer Simulation Technology (CST STUDIO) for applying the Finite Element Modeling (FEM). Next investigating both imaging and treatment capability. Finally, the specific absorption rate (SAR) and temperature distribution were computed without nanoparticles and with different types of nanoparticles such as gold (GNPs) and silver nanoparticles at frequency 915 MHz. By comparing the achived results, it was seen that Silver nanoparticles can make a great enhancement in raising the temperature. However, this result was unsatisfactory but, after adding gold nanoparticles the temperature exceed 42°C, at frequency 915 MHz which is achieving the hyperthermia treatment without harming the nearby healthy tissue, GNPs also can achieve a great enhancement in SAR result

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