High-Level Aminoglycoside Resistance in Enterococcus Faecalis and Enterococcus Faecium; as a Serious Threat in Hospitals

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Khodabandeh ◽  
Mohsen Mohammadi ◽  
Mohammad Reza Abdolsalehi ◽  
Meysam Hasannejad-Bibalan ◽  
Mehrdad Gholami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Aminoglycoside Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Profile ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Test ◽  
High Level ◽  
Encoding Genes

Aims and Objectives: The present work aimed to evaluate the frequency of aminoglycoside- modifying enzymes encoding genes in the E. faecalis and E. faecium and their antibiotic resistance profile. Methods: A total of 305 different clinical samples were subjected for identification and antibiotic susceptibility test. The high-level aminoglycoside resistance was identified by MIC and Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. The prevalence of aac (6')-Ie-aph (2'')-Ia, aph (3')-IIIa and ant (4')- Ia genes was determined by multiplex- PCR. In total, 100 enterococci strains were isolated. The prevalence of E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates was 78% and 22%, respectively. Results: All isolates were susceptible to linezolid. So, all E. faecalis were susceptible to vancomycin but, 36.4% of E. faecium were resistant to it. The prevalence of multiple drug resistance strains was 100% and 67.9% of E. faecium and E. faecalis, respectively. High-level-gentamicin and streptomycin resistant rates were as follows; 26.9% and 73.1% of E. faecalis and 77.3% and 90.1% of E. faecium. Conclusion: The results of the current study showed a high frequency of aac (6')-Ie-aph (2'')-Ia genes among enterococcal isolates. A high rate of resistance to antimicrobials in Enterococcus is obviously problematic, and a novel policy is needed to decrease resistance in these microorganisms.

scholarly journals CHARACTERIZATION OF VARIOUS VIRULENCE PROPERTIES OF DRUG-RESISTANT KLEBSIELLA ISOLATES: AN IN VITRO STUDY AMONG “SUPERBUGS”

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 138
Author(s):  
Jitendra Chandra Devrari ◽  
Vidya Pai
Keyword(s):  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Disc Diffusion Method ◽  
Microtiter Plate Assay ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Test

 Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the various virulence factors among all extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Klebsiella isolates.Methods: Klebsiella species (n=201) isolated from various non-repeated clinical samples from October 2016 to May 2017 were collected and identified by biochemical method and confirmed by BD Phoenix. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method, and ESBL detection was done by combined disc diffusion method. Capsule detection was done by nigrosin dye staining, hypermucoviscosity was done by string test, biofilm was performed by microtiter plate assay, and hemagglutination was performed with human erythrocytes treated with tannic acid.Results: Among 201 ESBL-producing Klebsiella isolates, 63.2 % were multidrug resistance and 24.4% were extensively drug-resistant. Among these isolates, Klebsiella infection is more in older patients. All isolates were (100%) positive for capsule and siderophores production. Of all 201 isolates, 14 (7%) were strong, 61 (30.3%) were moderate, and 104 (51.8%) were weak biofilm producers. Among these isolates, 36 (17.9%) were type 1 fimbriae, 140 (69.7%) were type 3 fimbriae, and only 17 (8.5%) were positive for hypermucoviscosity.Conclusion: Several virulence factors were studied, in which biofilm with fimbriae is the main cause for the resistance of antibiotics. Bacterial resistance profile found to be high with ESBL production and multiple drug resistance in the majority of the Klebsiella isolates, which is a result of improper antibiogram schedule and their virulence property.

scholarly journals High Level Aminoglycoside Resistance and Distribution of Aminoglycoside Resistant Genes among Clinical Isolates ofEnterococcusSpecies in Chennai, India

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elango Padmasini ◽  
R. Padmaraj ◽  
S. Srivani Ramesh
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Nosocomial Pathogen ◽  
Aminoglycoside Resistance ◽  
Resistant Genes ◽  
Aminoglycoside Resistance Genes ◽  
High Level ◽  
Encoding Genes

Enterococci are nosocomial pathogen with multiple-drug resistance by intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms. Aminoglycosides along with cell wall inhibitors are given clinically for treating enterococcal infections. 178 enterococcal isolates were analyzed in this study.E. faecalisis identified to be the predominantEnterococcusspecies, along withE. faecium,E. avium,E. hirae,E. durans,E. disparandE. gallinarum. High level aminoglycoside resistance (HLAR) by MIC for gentamicin (GM), streptomycin (SM) and both (GM + SM) antibiotics was found to be 42.7%, 29.8%, and 21.9%, respectively. Detection of aminoglycoside modifying enzyme encoding genes (AME) in enterococci was identified by multiplex PCR foraac(6′)-Ie-aph(2′′)-Ia;aph(2′′)-Ib;aph(2′′)-Ic;aph(2′′)-Idandaph(3′)-IIIagenes. 38.2% isolates carriedaac(6′)-Ie-aph(2′′)-Iagene and 40.4% isolates carriedaph(3′)-IIIagene.aph(2′′)-Ib; aph(2′′)-Ic; aph(2′′)-Idwere not detected among our study isolates.aac(6′)-Ie-aph(2′′)-Iaandaph(3′)-IIIagenes were also observed in HLARE. durans,E. avium,E. hirae, andE. gallinarumisolates. This indicates that high level aminoglycoside resistance genes are widely disseminated among isolates of enterococci from Chennai.

scholarly journals The Bacteriological Quality, Safety, and Antibiogram ofSalmonellaIsolates from Fresh Meat in Retail Shops of Bahir Dar City, Ethiopia

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melkamnesh Azage ◽  
Mulugeta Kibret
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Bahir Dar ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Fresh Meat

The habit of raw meat consumption in addition to the poor hygienic standards and lack of knowledge contribute to food-borne diseases outbreaks. The objective of this research was to assess the bacterial quality and safety of fresh meat from retail Bahir Dar City, Ethiopia. A total of 30 fresh meat samples were collected from butcher shops. Standard bacteriological methods were used to isolate and enumerate bacteria. Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing ofSalmonellaisolates. The mean counts of AMB, TC, andS. aureuswere log104.53, 3.97, and 3.88 log10cfu/g, respectively.Salmonellawas isolated from 21 (70%) of the samples.Salmonellaisolates in this study were highly susceptible to ciprofloxacin, gentamycin, and norfloxacin while they were resistant to erythromycin and tetracycline. High rate of multiple drug resistance was also noticed inSalmonellaisolates. The microbial loads of meat were above the recommended microbial safety limits. Besides this, the isolation rate ofSalmonellawas high and high levels of drug resistance were documented forSalmonellaisolates. Measures on handling and appropriate personal hygiene practices of workers in the retail shops are recommended to reduce the change of forborne disease outbreaks.

scholarly journals Vancomycin and High Level Aminoglycoside Resistance inEnterococcusspp. in a Tertiary Health Care Centre: A Therapeutic Concern

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seema Mittal ◽  
Pooja Singla ◽  
Antariksha Deep ◽  
Kiran Bala ◽  
Rama Sikka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Vaginal Swab ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Aminoglycoside Resistance ◽  
Sensitivity Testing ◽  
Health Care Centre ◽  
High Level

Aims. This study was aimed at knowing the prevalence of vancomycin and high level aminoglycoside resistance in enterococcal strains among clinical samples.Study Design. It was an investigational study.Place and Duration of Study. It was conducted on 100Enterococcusisolates, in the Department of Microbiology, Pt. BDS PGIMS, Rohtak, over a period of six months from July to December 2014.Methodology. Clinical specimens including urine, pus, blood, semen, vaginal swab, and throat swab were processed andEnterococcusisolates were identified by standard protocols. Antibiotic sensitivity testing of enterococci was performed using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method.Results. High level gentamicin resistance (HLGR) was more common in urine samples (41.5%) followed by blood (36%) samples. High level streptomycin resistance (HLSR) was more common in pus samples (52.6%) followed by blood samples (36%). Resistance to vancomycin was maximum in blood isolates.Conclusion. Enterococci resistant to multiple antimicrobial agents have been recognized. Thus, it is crucial for laboratories to provide accurate antimicrobial resistance patterns for enterococci so that effective therapy and infection control measures can be initiated.

scholarly journals Exploring of Antimicrobial Activity of TriphalaMashi—AnAyurvedicFormulation

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yogesh S. Biradar ◽  
Sheetal Jagatap ◽  
K. R. Khandelwal ◽  
Smita S. Singhania
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Phytochemical Profile ◽  
Dependent Growth ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Dose Dependent

TriphalaMashiis an ayurvedic formulation that was prepared in our lab. Aqueous and alcoholic extracts of both Triphala and TriphalaMashiwere used, to evaluate antimicrobial activity. Comparative phytochemical profile of Triphala and TriphalaMashiwas done by preliminary phytochemical screening, total phenolic content and thin layer chromatography (TLC). Antimicrobial activity includes isolation of pathogens from clinical samples, its characterization, testing its multiple drug resistance against standard antibiotics and antimicrobial activity of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of both Triphala and TriphalaMashiagainst these organisms by using agar gel diffusion method. TriphalaMashicontaining phenolic compounds, tannins exhibited comparable antimicrobial activity in relation to Triphala against all the microorganisms tested. It inhibits the dose-dependent growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In conclusion, it appears that TriphalaMashihas non-specific antimicrobial activity.

scholarly journals Analysis of Aminoglycoside Modifying Enzyme Genes Responsible for High-Level Aminoglycoside Resistance among Enterococcal Isolates

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vishal Shete ◽  
Naveen Grover ◽  
Mahadevan Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Active Agent ◽  
Bactericidal Effect ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Aminoglycoside Resistance ◽  
Enzyme Gene ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
High Level ◽  
Level Resistance

Enzymatic modification results in high-level resistance to aminoglycoside (HLAR), which eliminates the synergistic bactericidal effect of combined exposure to a cell wall-active agent and an aminoglycoside. So aim of the study was to determine prevalence of HLAR enterococcal isolate and to study distribution of aminoglycoside modifying enzyme genes in them. A total of 100 nonrepeat isolates of enterococci from various clinical samples were analyzed. As per Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines enterococci were screened for HLAR by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentration of all isolates for gentamicin and streptomycin was determined by E-test. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out for HLAR enterococcal isolates to identify aminoglycoside modifying enzymes genes responsible for resistance. 60% isolates were found to be high-level gentamicin resistant (HLGR) whereas 45% isolates were found to be high-level streptomycin resistant (HLSR). By multiplex PCR 80% HLGR isolates carried bifunctional aminoglycoside modifying enzyme geneaac(6′)-Ie-aph(2′′)-Iawhereas 18 out of 45 high-level streptomycin resistant, that is, 40%, isolates carriedaph(3′)-IIIa.However,aph(2′′)-Ib, aph(2′′)-Ic, aph(2′′)-Id,andant(4′)-Iagenes which encode other aminoglycosides modifying enzymes were not detected. Bifunctional aminoglycoside modifying enzyme geneaac(6′)-Ie-aph(2′′)-Iais the predominant gene responsible for HLAR.

scholarly journals Prevalence of vancomycin resistance and multiple drug resistance in enterococci in equids in North India

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (07) ◽  
pp. 498-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhoj Raj Singh
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Vancomycin Resistance ◽  
North India ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Emerging Pathogens ◽  
Multiple Drugs

Introduction: Vancomycin resistant and multi-drug-resistant enterococci are the major emerging pathogens in surgical, neonatal, and tertiary care units. Methodology: In this study, 267 enterococci from different clinical and non-clinical samples of equine origin were tested for their antimicrobial drug sensitivity against 19 antimicrobials using disc diffusion method. Results: A total of 80.2% enterococci tested were resistant to vancomycin and 99.6% to multiple-drugs. There was a significant association between haemolytic potential and vancomycin resistance (χ2, 0.00). Enterococci isolates from healthy equids were significantly (χ2, 0.04) less resistant to vancomycin than the isolates from clinically sick animals. Besides vancomycin sensitivity, isolates were also tested for 18 more antimicrobial drugs; maximum numbers of isolates were sensitive to imipenem (75%) followed by tetracycline (60%), amoxicillin+clavulanic acid (54%), and minimum for cefdinir (4%). Conclusion: More than 80% strains of enterococci of equine origin were found resistant to vancomycin and 99.6% were multiple-drug resistant in Northern India. High prevalence of VRE and MDRE in healthy equids might be a potential danger for the health of persons in equine contact.

scholarly journals Detection of high-level aminoglycoside resistance by disc diffusion and e-test amongst the enterococcus species isolated from various clinical samples in a tertiary care hospital

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 3527
Author(s):  
Manisha Paul ◽  
Prem Singh Nirwan ◽  
Preeti Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Enterococcus Species ◽  
Aminoglycoside Resistance ◽  
High Level ◽  
Multiple Drugs ◽  
Enterococcal Infections

Background: The emergence of Enterococcus species in causing nosocomial infections poses a therapeutic challenge to clinicians. Enterococci are intrinsically resistance to multiple antibiotics. Acquired resistance to commonly used antibiotics like Ampicillin, Vancomycin and Aminoglycosides have made the situation worse and difficult to treat serious Enterococcal infections. The present study aimed at detection of high-level aminoglycoside resistance by disc diffusion and E-test amongst the Enterococcus species isolated from various clinical samples in a tertiary care hospital.Methods: A total of 102 Enterococcus species isolated from various clinical samples and antimicrobial susceptibility was performed by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method as per CLSI guidelines. E-test was done for all high level aminoglycoside resistance Enterococcus species isolated by disc diffusion test.Results: Among 102 isolates, 81 were E. faecalis, 18 were E. faecium and 3 were another Enterococcus. Their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern shows all isolates were sensitive to vancomycin, linezolid and teicoplanin with HLGR, HLSR detected in 40 and 38 isolates of E. faecalis, 17  and 13 isolates of E. faecium respectively by disc diffusion whereas by E-test it was detected in 44 and 40 in E. faecalis and 17 and 14 in E. faecium respectively. E. faecium is found to be more resistance to high level aminoglycoside than E. faecalis.Conclusions: Authors hereby conclude that Enterococci being the common cause of hospital acquired infections with their increasing resistance to multiple drugs and acquisition of HLAR; it must be routinely screened for various drugs to prevent drug resistance in hospital settings for serious Enterococcal infections.

Detection of Metalo-Beta-Lactamase Gene in Carbapenem Resistant Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Isolated From Lahore, Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Humera Kausar ◽  
Shabbir Hussain ◽  
Afia Muhammad Akram
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Routine Laboratory Examination ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Biochemical Testing ◽  
Resistance Rates ◽  
Lactamase Gene

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a widespread organism, caused severe nosocomial infection in human andassociated with multiple drug resistance (MDR) Objective: The present study was carried out to observecurrent antimicrobial resistant pattern of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Lahore and to detect the Metallobeta-lactamase (MBL) gene in carbapenem resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Methods: By screening360 samples total 123 Pseudomonas aeruginosa was identified by standard microbiology techniques suchas microscopy and biochemical testing. The isolated Pseudomonas aeruginosa was evaluated for drugresistance by disc diffusion method and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to identify thecarbapenem resistance causing gene (bla-VIM and bla-IMP) Results: Following antibiotic resistantpattern was observed, Gentamycin (59.00%), Ceftazidime (58.7%), Ceftriaxone (58.00%), Cefotazime(57.0%) and Ciprofloxacin (55.00%). Resistance rates to carbapenem group of antibiotics is Doripenem(30.5%) Meropenem (31.0%) and Imipenem (28.0%). Out of 123 samples of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 28isolates were found resistant to carbapenem group of antibiotic which was supposed to be highlysensitive for this bacterium. Molecular based identification of resistance genes showed that bla-IMP genewas present in 32.1% (09) and bla-VIM was found positive in 17.8% (04) samples. Metallo-beta-lactamasesproducing genes (bla-VIM and bla-IMP), among carbapenem resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa weredetected in 28.1% of samples. If other carbapenem resistant gene were also included this number mightbe higher Conclusions: PCR based test should be included in routine laboratory examination for quickdetection of the resistance causing genes.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Resistance Profile and Chemical Quality Assessment of Groundwater Sources from Periurban Area of Bucharest, Romania

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (10) ◽  
pp. 3549-3554
Author(s):  
Florica Marinescu ◽  
Mihaela Ilie ◽  
Gina Ghita ◽  
Ioana Savin ◽  
Carmen Tociu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Maximum Admissible Concentration ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Profile ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Resistance Rates

Twenty-two groundwater sources mainly used for drinking purpose in Bucharest peri-urban area were investigated for assessment of physico-chemical and microbiological quality with a view to determining its potential risk to public health. Results of chemical analysis revealed that nitrites, sulphates and chlorides were below the permissible levels, while 63.64% of the analysed groundwater sources exceeded the maximum admissible concentration for nitrates, with concentration variations ranging from 67.27 to 523.19 mg/L. The bacteriological analysis showed that in about 63% of groundwater sources total coliform, faecal coliform and enterococci have exceeded the threshold limits recommended by the Drinking Water Directive 98/83/EC and the Romanian Law. Another aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of antibiotic resistance among Gram-negative strains isolated from groundwater sources. There observed the resistance to many antibiotics, particularly: ticarcillin (80%), aztreonam (29%), gentamicin (11%), imipenem (9%), ceftriaxone (9%), ceftazidime (3%) and ciprofloxacin (3%). Significant higher resistance rates were observed in strains isolated from shallow groundwater sources as compared with strains isolated from deep groundwater sources. Pseudomonas sp. (26%) isolates with multiple-drug resistance (MDR) were encountered. The results of the study revealed a bacteriological contamination and high levels of nitrate concentrations in most of the groundwater samples, which could pose an important risk to human health.

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